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历书原文、注释与翻译

作者:司马迁 文章来源:会员上传 请你点此纠错或发表评论

【说明与解析】

《历(li)书(shu)》不(bu)在《史记》亡失的十(shi)篇(pian)(pian)之内,主要是(shi)(shi)司马迁(qian)的手笔是(shi)(shi)无疑的了(也有人持(chi)相反意见,如有人说(shuo)它(ta)系妄人抄录(lu)《汉志》而成(cheng)等,多是(shi)(shi)摘取它(ta)的一二纰(pi)漏为文,可以不(bu)论,)篇(pian)(pian)末所附《历(li)术甲(jia)子篇(pian)(pian)》序至汉成(cheng)帝建始(shi)四年(前29),至少(shao)天汉以后的部分为后人所补(一说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)褚少(shao)孙(sun)所补)也没(mei)有什(shen)么疑问,与此篇(pian)(pian)有关(guan)的大约有二大问题:一、什(shen)么是(shi)(shi)太(tai)初(chu)历(li)?二、太(tai)初(chu)元年的岁名是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么?

第(di)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)问题古(gu)今(jin)以来,聚讼纷纭(yun),晋(jin)·司马彪(biao)《后(hou)汉书·律历(li)(li)志(zhi)》说:“自太初(chu)(chu)(chu)元年(nian)始用(yong)三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li),施行(xing)(xing)百有余年(nian)”。南朝(chao)刘(liu)宋时的(de)何承天则认为,说自太初(chu)(chu)(chu)元年(nian)始用(yong)三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)无(wu)知妄(wang)说。理(li)由(you)是(shi)(shi)《汉志(zhi)》明(ming)明(ming)写着汉成(cheng)帝时人(ren)(ren)(ren)刘(liu)歆(xin)“作(zuo)(zuo)三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li)及谱以说春秋(qiu)”。后(hou)世赞成(cheng)司马彪(biao)意见(jian)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)便主要从破何承天这项理(li)由(you)入手,不(bu)外(wai)说三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)刘(liu)歆(xin)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo),真正作(zuo)(zuo)者是(shi)(shi)邓平,刘(liu)歆(xin)是(shi)(shi)“述而(er)不(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)”等等。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)《汉志(zhi)》为何那(nei)样写?却回答不(bu)出。应该说,太初(chu)(chu)(chu)历(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)《史记(ji)》所(suo)(suo)载的(de)《历(li)(li)术甲子篇》,它虽不(bu)全是(shi)(shi)司马迁原著(甚至全是(shi)(shi)伪作(zuo)(zuo)),却是(shi)(shi)汉代人(ren)(ren)(ren)据(ju)当时所(suo)(suo)行(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)法所(suo)(suo)补,最主要的(de)理(li)由(you)便是(shi)(shi)元凤三年(nian)(前78)曾围绕太初(chu)(chu)(chu)历(li)(li)展开(kai)一(yi)(yi)场论(lun)战。三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li)与(yu)《历(li)(li)术甲子篇》的(de)最大区别(bie)是(shi)(shi)前者为八十(shi)一(yi)(yi)分法(日(ri)法取81),后(hou)者则是(shi)(shi)四分法,而(er)反对太初(chu)(chu)(chu)历(li)(li)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)对太初(chu)(chu)(chu)历(li)(li)的(de)所(suo)(suo)有攻(gong)击都没(mei)有涉及八十(shi)一(yi)(yi)分法,这与(yu)东汉初(chu)(chu)(chu)(时行(xing)(xing)三统(tong)(tong)历(li)(li))人(ren)(ren)(ren)们对汉历(li)(li)的(de)指责形成(cheng)鲜明(ming)对照(zhao)(参见(jian)拙著《中国(guo)古(gu)代科技史》第(di)二编一(yi)(yi)章四节。1991年(nian)3月南开(kai)出版(ban)社(she)版(ban))。

第二个问题是由于(yu)(yu)《历(li)(li)(li)书》和《汉志》都记载(zai),太(tai)初改元(yuan)(yuan)诏书命太(tai)初元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)岁名为(wei)甲(jia)寅,而三统历(li)(li)(li)以为(wei)是丙(bing)子(zi)(zi),《通鉴》又(you)记为(wei)丁(ding)丑(chou)(chou)。对此也(ye)有(you)不少(shao)人提出(chu)过各种解释,僧(seng)一(yi)(yi)行便是较早的(de)一(yi)(yi)个,清季以来又(you)出(chu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)些专门(men)著作,如(ru)收入《诂经精舍(she)文集》中的(de)就有(you)三篇(pian),此外如(ru)王(wang)(wang)元(yuan)(yuan)启《史记正(zheng)伪(wei)》等(deng)书也(ye)有(you)专篇(pian)论述,近现代的(de)一(yi)(yi)些天文史家的(de)著作中也(ye)多(duo)少(shao)涉及了(le)(le)这(zhei)个问题。由于(yu)(yu)丁(ding)丑(chou)(chou)的(de)岁名与今日的(de)甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)号相(xiang)连,不易推翻;而丙(bing)子(zi)(zi)与它只(zhi)(zhi)差一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),赞成丁(ding)丑(chou)(chou)和丙(bing)子(zi)(zi)的(de)人占绝大多(duo)数(shu)。对于(yu)(yu)甲(jia)寅则(ze)有(you)的(de)说它是古历(li)(li)(li)或(huo)殷(yin)历(li)(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)名,有(you)的(de)说它是按(an)超(chao)辰法得出(chu)的(de)结(jie)果(guo),还有(you)的(de)直(zhi)接说它与传统不合,俨然(ran)是把(ba)丁(ding)丑(chou)(chou)作为(wei)正(zheng)统了(le)(le)。只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)少(shao)数(shu)人认为(wei)甲(jia)寅是而丁(ding)丑(chou)(chou)非(fei)。理(li)由倒也(ye)痛快,如(ru)王(wang)(wang)元(yuan)(yuan)启《太(tai)初改历(li)(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)名辨》说:“武帝亲降(jiang)诏书,不应至(zhi)日甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)犹待后人核(he)正(zheng)”。这(zhei)话却是不易反驳。

事(shi)实上(shang),由(you)于列国不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同历(li),大(da)约秦(qin)汉之间的岁(sui)名纷(fen)乱(luan)得很,太(tai)初(chu)历(li)以太(tai)初(chu)上(shang)元(yuan)(yuan)岁(sui)名甲寅,太(tai)初(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年也(ye)取为(wei)甲寅;而三(san)统历(li)按刘歆《世经》排定为(wei)丙子(zi),都无(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke),大(da)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必定作左右袒:非舍班从马,便(bian)要舍马从班,再不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)就说(shuo)××是后人撺乱(luan)之文。对(dui)其由(you)来有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明处,虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妨按孔子(zi)序《尚书》的传统,阙之可(ke)也(ye),下面的注(zhu)文仍然(ran)提出(chu)一种解释(shi)。老实说(shuo),这是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)靠得住的,能为(wei)读者提供(gong)一点(dian)(dian)点(dian)(dian)启示,于愿足(zu)矣(yi)。

 

 

 

  【译文】

上(shang)古时候(hou),历(li)法以(yi)孟春月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)作为正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。这时候(hou)冰雪开始消溶(rong),蛰虫苏(su)醒过来,百草萌生(sheng)新(xin)芽,杜鹃鸟(niao)在原野中啼鸣(ming)。万物都长了一岁:它们从(cong)东(dong)春时降生(sheng),顺次(ci)经历(li)夏秋四季,最(zui)后到(dao)(dao)了冬尽春分的(de)(de)时候(hou)。雄(xiong)鸡(ji)三唱,天色黎明。以(yi)往经过了十二(er)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)节气,直到(dao)(dao)丑月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)即腊月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)结束,日月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)运行(xing)都已成周。日、月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)组成一个(ge)(ge)“明”字,所以(yi)才有(you)了正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)这第一个(ge)(ge)黎明。明就(jiu)是(shi)孟的(de)(de)意思,幽(you)就(jiu)是(shi)幼,幽(you)明就(jiu)是(shi)指雌(ci)雄(xiong)。雌(ci)雄(xiong)交替(ti)出现,而(er)又与以(yi)孟春为正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)历(li)法相符合(he)。太阳(yang)从(cong)西(xi)边落下,自(zi)东(dong)方(fang)升起;而(er)新(xin)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)先在西(xi)方(fang)露明,从(cong)东(dong)方(fang)隐(yin)于(yu)地下。真正(zheng)是(shi)既不由天,也不由人(ren),世间事也大都是(shi)这样,所以(yi)凡事都易于(yu)破坏(huai),难(nan)以(yi)促成了。

帝(di)王受天(tian)命而改(gai)朝换代,对(dui)于(yu)开始(shi)必十分(fen)慎重,所以要更改(gai)历(li)法,改(gai)变服装崇(chong)尚的颜色,推本(ben)天(tian)体运行的起始(shi)时刻,以顺承天(tian)的意旨。

太史公说:神农以(yi)(yi)(yi)前年(nian)代太远,就不必论(lun)了。黄帝时考(kao)察(cha)星(xing)度(du),制定历法,建立了五行(xing)序列,确立起(qi)阴(yin)阳死生消(xiao)长(zhang)的(de)规律(lv),纠正了闰月余分数值的(de)大(da)小,于(yu)是有(you)了分管天地神祗和(he)其他物类的(de)官(guan)员,称为五官(guan)。各自掌管自己(ji)的(de)一套,不相(xiang)杂(za)乱。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)百姓能够有(you)所信赖,神能有(you)灵明。民神各有(you)所职,互相(xiang)敬重,不相(xiang)冒犯,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)神给百姓降下好年(nian)景,百姓以(yi)(yi)(yi)丰洁的(de)礼品飨祭神,以(yi)(yi)(yi)致灾祸不生,养生所需,永不匮乏。

少暤(hao)氏衰落(luo)以(yi)后,诸(zhu)侯(hou)九黎作(zuo)乱,民(min)神不(bu)分,群类混淆,灾祸接连(lian)发生,沴气(qi)犹不(bu)能尽。颛顼即位(wei)后,就(jiu)任命(ming)南正重负责天事,所有的神祗都属他管(guan)理;任命(ming)火正黎负责地事,管(guan)理民(min)事,使恢复以(yi)前的样(yang)子,不(bu)得相(xiang)互侵扰渎乱。

后(hou)(hou)来诸侯(hou)三苗随(sui)九(jiu)黎一(yi)起作(zuo)乱,所(suo)(suo)以重(zhong)(zhong)、黎二(er)(er)官(guan)都不修所(suo)(suo)职,润余的(de)(de)排列失(shi)了(le)次(ci)序,正月的(de)(de)设置也(ye)(ye)与(yu)正岁不合,摄提所(suo)(suo)指(zhi)失(shi)了(le)规律(lv),历(li)法与(yu)天运的(de)(de)次(ci)第不符。尧(yao)时重(zhong)(zhong)新任命重(zhong)(zhong)黎二(er)(er)氏的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)人,不忘旧功(gong),使(shi)他(ta)们恢(hui)复了(le)原来的(de)(de)职务(wu),还设立(li)了(le)羲和(he)的(de)(de)官(guan)职。时刻明,度数(shu)正,就阴(yin)阳调和(he),风雨有(you)节,有(you)了(le)兴旺(wang)景象,百姓没有(you)夭(yao)殇(shang)疾疫。尧(yao)年老以后(hou)(hou)禅位(wei)给舜(shun),在(zai)文祖庙中(zhong)告诚(cheng)舜(shun)说“为(wei)天造(zao)历(li)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)任在(zai)尔一(yi)身”。舜(shun)也(ye)(ye)用(yong)同样的(de)(de)话告诫禹(yu)。由此看(kan)来,造(zao)历(li)法是帝王很为(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)视的(de)(de)事。

夏朝(chao)(chao)以正月为历(li)正,殷朝(chao)(chao)以十二月为历(li)正,周朝(chao)(chao)以十一(yi)月为历(li)正。大凡(fan)三王的历(li)正如同(tong)循环,周而复始。天(tian)下治理(li)得好,就不(bu)(bu)会(hui)乱了次第;治理(li)不(bu)(bu)好,连诸侯也不(bu)(bu)会(hui)执行王者(zhe)的历(li)法。

幽王、厉王以(yi)后,周朝(chao)衰微(wei),列国大(da)夫执国政,史官不(bu)记时日,为君者(zhe)不(bu)行告朔礼,所以(yi)历(li)算世家的(de)(de)子弟纷(fen)纷(fen)出走。有的(de)(de)分散在中(zhong)(zhong)原诸国,有的(de)(de)流入(ru)夷狄,所以(yi)祝祷祭祀的(de)(de)制度(du)荒(huang)废而不(bu)能统一。周襄(xiang)王二(er)十六年(nian)有闰三月(yue),《春秋》书中(zhong)(zhong)非难它置闰月(yue)不(bu)当。先王制定(ding)历(li)法的(de)(de)规则是,先定(ding)历(li)元和年(nian)、月(yue)、日等(deng)开始的(de)(de)时刻(ke)(ke),再由中(zhong)(zhong)气纠(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)十二(er)月(yue)的(de)(de)位(wei)置,有日月(yue)余分则归(gui)于年(nian)末。开始的(de)(de)时刻(ke)(ke)既定(ding),接续下来(lai)的(de)(de)四时等(deng)也无错误;以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)气纠(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)月(yue)位(wei),百姓才不(bu)致迷(mi)惑;余分归(gui)入(ru)年(nian)末,诸事才不(bu)悖乱(luan)。

此(ci)后是(shi)战国纷(fen)(fen)争的(de)时(shi)期,各国的(de)目(mu)的(de)都(dou)只在于(yu)(yu)强国胜(sheng)敌,挽救(jiu)危机,解(jie)决纠(jiu)纷(fen)(fen)而(er)(er)已,那有机会顾(gu)及(ji)编制历(li)法的(de)事!那时(shi)候(hou)只有邹衍(yan)懂得五(wu)(wu)德终(zhong)始(shi)相传,而(er)(er)且(qie)散(san)布(bu)阴阳消长的(de)分(fen)限等理(li)论(lun),因此(ci)而(er)(er)显名(ming)于(yu)(yu)诸侯(hou)。同时(shi)也(ye)由于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)灭六国,战争频(pin)繁,后来虽(sui)然做(zuo)了皇帝,时(shi)日(ri)太短(duan),也(ye)顾(gu)不(bu)上(shang)历(li)法的(de)事。但是(shi)秦(qin)时(shi)颇为(wei)注重推求五(wu)(wu)行胜(sheng)克,自以为(wei)是(shi)得了五(wu)(wu)行中水德的(de)祥瑞,把河改名(ming)为(wei)“德水”,岁(sui)正取为(wei)十月,五(wu)(wu)色中崇尚黑(hei)色。然而(er)(er)历(li)法星度闰(run)月余分(fen)等,未能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)更为(wei)准确一(yi)些。

汉朝兴起后(hou),高祖说“北畤祀黑帝的(de)(de)事(shi)待我开始办起”,也是(shi)自(zi)认为得了水(shui)德的(de)(de)祥瑞。纵然(ran)是(shi)一些明习(xi)历法(fa)的(de)(de)人以及丞相张(zhang)苍等,也都(dou)以为如此。当时天下刚刚平定,正着力在大的(de)(de)方面建纲设纪,此后(hou)高后(hou)以女(nv)子主政,都(dou)顾不(bu)及此,所以沿袭了秦朝的(de)(de)历法(fa)和(he)服色。

到孝文帝时,鲁人公孙臣以(yi)五(wu)德终始的(de)理论(lun)上书(shu),说“汉朝(chao)所(suo)得(de)是(shi)(shi)土德,应(ying)该改变历(li)元,更改历(li)法,变易(yi)衣服崇尚的(de)颜色。这样(yang)天就会(hui)降(jiang)(jiang)下祥瑞,有(you)(you)黄龙出现”。文帝将此(ci)事交给张(zhang)苍处理,张(zhang)苍也是(shi)(shi)习学律历(li)的(de)人,认(ren)为他说得(de)不(bu)对,把事情(qing)搁(ge)了(le)起来。此(ci)后(hou)果(guo)然(ran)有(you)(you)黄龙出现于(yu)成纪地区,张(zhang)苍引咎降(jiang)(jiang)职,他打算做(zuo)的(de)制定汉历(li)的(de)有(you)(you)关论(lun)述也就不(bu)了(le)了(le)之。又有(you)(you)新垣平以(yi)善于(yu)望(wang)云气的(de)伎艺(yi)得(de)见天子(zi),也对天子(zi)说了(le)些改正历(li)法和服色的(de)事,很得(de)天子(zi)信任,后(hou)来竟然(ran)作乱,所(suo)以(yi)汉文帝再也不(bu)谈改历(li)的(de)事。

直到(dao)今(jin)(jin)皇帝(di)即(ji)位,招致方(fang)士唐都,测(ce)量周(zhou)天各部的(de)(de)星(xing)宿度(du)数(shu);而(er)由巴郡的(de)(de)落下闳运算制(zhi)(zhi)历,然后(hou)(hou)日辰(chen)星(xing)度(du)得(de)与夏历相同。于(yu)是改(gai)定(ding)(ding)年号,更(geng)改(gai)官(guan)名,封(feng)祭泰山。因而(er)下诏书对御(yu)史(shi)说(shuo)道:“过去,主管官(guan)员说(shuo)星(xing)度(du)没有测(ce)定(ding)(ding),于(yu)是朕广泛征求(qiu)、询问臣下意见,该怎样(yang)测(ce)定(ding)(ding)星(xing)度(du),未能(neng)得(de)到(dao)满(man)意的(de)(de)答复(fu)。听说(shuo)古时(shi)黄帝(di)圣德(de)与神灵(ling)相合,固得(de)不死,乘龙仙去。他曾经(jing)察(cha)星(xing)名,验度(du)数(shu),判定(ding)(ding)五音(yin)清浊高低(di),确(que)立起四时(shi)与五行的(de)(de)关系,建立了(le)节气的(de)(de)日分余数(shu)。然而(er)年代太远了(le)。如今(jin)(jin)典籍缺少,礼乐废弛,朕深觉(jue)遗憾。只是朕又无力把它们补修(xiu)完备。今(jin)(jin)造历者运算日分,全都与能(neng)克制(zhi)(zhi)水德(de)的(de)(de)土德(de)相合,如今(jin)(jin)已临近夏至(zhi),以(yi)黄钟为(wei)宫声,林钟为(wei)徵声,太蔟为(wei)商(shang)声,南吕为(wei)羽声,姑洗为(wei)角声。从此之后(hou)(hou),节气重新得(de)正(zheng)(zheng),羽声重新成为(wei)最(zui)清音(yin),律(lv)名等复(fu)又得(de)到(dao)纠(jiu)正(zheng)(zheng),以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)日作为(wei)冬至(zhi)日,此后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)阴阳离自合可循道而(er)行了(le)。已经(jing)算得(de)十一月甲子(zi)(zi)(zi)日夜(ye)半时(shi)为(wei)月朔(shuo)冬至(zhi),更(geng)定(ding)(ding)元封(feng)七年为(wei)太初元年。年名是‘焉逢摄提格’,月名是‘毕聚’,日名已算得(de)为(wei)甲子(zi)(zi)(zi),又算得(de)月朔(shuo)夜(ye)半时(shi)为(wei)冬至(zhi)。”

  历术甲子篇

  

  太初元年,岁名(ming)是(shi)“焉逢摄提格”,月(yue)名(ming)是(shi)“毕(bi)聚”,十一月(yue)朔(shuo)旦日名(ming)得甲子,夜半时为(wei)冬至节(jie)。

  冬至(zhi)在子时,方位为正北。

  全年为十二个月

  月朔无(wu)大余(yu),无(wu)小(xiao)余(yu);

  冬至无大余,无小余;

  焉逢摄提格,即太初元年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大(da)余为五十四(si)(si)日,小余为三百四(si)(si)十八分;

  冬至大余为(wei)五日,小(xiao)余为(wei)八分(fen);

  端蒙单阏,即太初二年。

  有闰月(yue),全(quan)年(nian)为十(shi)三(san)个月(yue),

  月朔大余(yu)四十八日,小(xiao)余(yu)六(liu)百九十六(liu)分;

  冬至大余十(shi)日,小(xiao)余十(shi)六分(fen);

  游兆执徐,即太初三年。

  全(quan)年为十二(er)个月(yue),

  月(yue)朔(shuo)大余十二日,小余六百零三分;

  冬至大余(yu)十五日,小余(yu)二(er)十四(si)分;

  强梧大荒(huang)落,即(ji)太初(chu)四年。

  全年为十二(er)个月,

  月(yue)朔大(da)余七日,小余十一分;

  冬至大(da)余二十一日,无小余;

  徒维敦牂(zang),即(ji)天汉元年。

  有(you)闰月(yue),全年为十三个月(yue),

  月朔大(da)余一日,小余三(san)百五十九分(fen);

  冬至大余二十六日,小余八(ba)分;

  祝犁协洽,即天汉二年(nian)。

  全(quan)年为十二个月,

  月(yue)朔大余(yu)二(er)十五日,小余(yu)二(er)百六十六分(fen);

  冬至大余(yu)三十(shi)一日,小余(yu)十(shi)六(liu)分;

  商横涒滩,即(ji)天汉三年。

  全(quan)年为十二个月(yue),

  月(yue)朔大余十九日,小(xiao)余六百一十四分;

  冬至(zhi)大余三十(shi)(shi)六日,小(xiao)余二十(shi)(shi)四分(fen);

  昭阳作鄂,即天(tian)汉四(si)年。

  有闰月,全年为十(shi)三个月,

  月朔大余十(shi)四日,小余二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)分;

  冬至大(da)余四十二日,无小余;

  横艾淹(yan)茂,即太始元年。

  全年为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔大(da)余(yu)三十(shi)七日,小余(yu)八百(bai)六(liu)十(shi)九分(fen);

  冬至大余四十(shi)七日(ri),小余八分(fen);

  尚章(zhang)大(da)渊献,即太始二年。

  有(you)闰月,全年为十三个月,

  月朔(shuo)大余三十(shi)二日,小余二百(bai)七十(shi)七分;

  冬(dong)至大余五十(shi)(shi)二(er)日,小余十(shi)(shi)六分;

  焉逢困敦,即(ji)太(tai)始三年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大余五十六日(ri),小余一百八(ba)十四分(fen);

  冬至大(da)余五(wu)十七日,小余二(er)十四分(fen);

  端蒙赤奋(fen)若(ruo),即太(tai)始四年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大余五(wu)十(shi)日,小余五(wu)百(bai)三十(shi)二分;

  冬(dong)至大余三日(ri),无小余;

  游兆(zhao)摄提(ti)格(ge),即(ji)征和元年。

  有闰月,全年为十三个月,

  月朔大余四十(shi)四日(ri),小余八(ba)(ba)百八(ba)(ba)十(shi)分;

  冬至大余八日,小余八分;

  强梧单阏(yan),即(ji)征和二年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月(yue)朔大余八(ba)日(ri),小余七百(bai)八(ba)十七分(fen);

  冬至大余十三日,小(xiao)余十六(liu)分;

  徒维执徐,即征和三年。

  全年为十(shi)二个(ge)月,

  月(yue)朔(shuo)大余三日,小(xiao)余一百九十(shi)五分;

  冬至大(da)余十(shi)八(ba),小余二(er)十(shi)四(si)分;

  祝犁大芒落(luo),即征和四年。

  有闰月(yue),全年为十(shi)三个月(yue),

  月朔大余(yu)五(wu)十(shi)七日(ri),小余(yu)五(wu)百四十(shi)三分;

  冬至大余二十四日,无小余;

  商横敦牂,即后(hou)元元年。

  全年(nian)为十二个月,

  月朔大余二十(shi)一日(ri),小余四(si)百(bai)五十(shi)分;

  冬至大(da)余(yu)二十九日,小(xiao)余(yu)八(ba)分;

  昭阳(yang)汁洽,即后元(yuan)二年(nian)。

  有闰月,全(quan)年(nian)为十(shi)三个(ge)月,

  月朔大余十(shi)五日,小余七百(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)八分;

  冬至大(da)余三十(shi)四日,小余十(shi)六分;

  横(heng)艾涒滩,即始(shi)元元年。

  冬至在酉时,方位正西;

  全年为十二个月,

  月(yue)朔(shuo)大余三(san)十九日,小余七百零五分;

  冬至大余(yu)三十(shi)九日,小余(yu)二十(shi)四分;

  尚章作噩,即始元二年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大余三十(shi)四日,小余一百一十(shi)三分(fen);

  冬至大余(yu)四十(shi)五日,无小(xiao)余(yu);

  焉(yan)逢淹茂(mao),即始(shi)元三年。

  有闰月(yue),全年为(wei)十三个月(yue),

  月朔大(da)余(yu)二十八日(ri),小余(yu)四百(bai)六十一(yi)分;

  冬至(zhi)大(da)余五(wu)十(shi)日,小余八分(fen);

  端(duan)蒙(meng)大(da)渊献,即始元四年(nian)。

  全(quan)年为十二个月,

  月朔(shuo)大(da)余(yu)五十二日(ri),小余(yu)三百六(liu)十八分;

  冬至大(da)余五十五日,小余十六分;

  游兆困敦,即(ji)始元五(wu)年。

  全(quan)年为十二个月,

  月(yue)朔大余四十六(liu)(liu)日,小余七百一(yi)十六(liu)(liu)分(fen);

  冬(dong)至无(wu)大余,小余二十四分(fen);

  强梧赤奋若,即始(shi)元六年(nian)。

  有闰年,全年为十三(san)个月,

  月朔大(da)余四十(shi)一(yi)日,小余一(yi)百(bai)二十(shi)四分;

  冬至大余(yu)六日(ri),无小余(yu);

  徒维(wei)摄提(ti)格,即元(yuan)凤元(yuan)年。

  全年为十(shi)二个月(yue),

  月朔大余(yu)五日(ri),小(xiao)余(yu)三十(shi)一分;

  冬至大(da)余(yu)十(shi)一日,小余(yu)八分(fen);

  祝犁(li)单(dan)阏(yan),即元凤二(er)年。

  全年为(wei)十二个月,

  月朔大(da)余五十九日,小(xiao)余三百七(qi)十九分;

  冬至(zhi)大余(yu)十六(liu)日,小(xiao)余(yu)十六(liu)分;

  商横执徐,即元凤(feng)三年(nian)。

  有闰(run)月(yue),全年为十(shi)三(san)个月(yue),

  月朔(shuo)大(da)余(yu)五(wu)十三(san)日,小余(yu)七(qi)百二(er)十七(qi)分;

  冬至大余二(er)十(shi)一日,小余二(er)十(shi)四分(fen);

  昭阳大(da)荒(huang)落,即元凤(feng)四(si)年。

  全年为十二(er)个月,

  月(yue)朔大余(yu)十七日,小(xiao)余(yu)六百三十四分;

  冬至大余(yu)二十七日,无小余(yu);

  横(heng)艾敦牂,即元凤五年。

  有闰月(yue),全年为十(shi)三个(ge)月(yue),

  月朔大余十(shi)二日(ri),小余四十(shi)二分(fen);

  冬(dong)至大余三十二(er)日,小余八分;

  尚(shang)章汁(zhi)洽,即元凤六年(nian)。

  全年(nian)为(wei)十二个月,

  月(yue)朔大(da)余(yu)三十五日(ri),小(xiao)余(yu)八百八十九分;

  冬至大余三十七(qi)日(ri),小余十六分;

  焉逢涒滩,即元平元年(nian)。

  全年为(wei)十二个月,

  月朔大余(yu)三十日,小(xiao)余(yu)二百(bai)九十七分;

  冬至大余(yu)四(si)十二(er)(er)日,小余(yu)二(er)(er)十四(si)分;

  端蒙(meng)作噩,即本(ben)始(shi)元年。

  有闰月,全年为十(shi)三个月,

  月朔大余二十(shi)四(si)日(ri),小余六百四(si)十(shi)五分;

  冬(dong)至大余四十(shi)八日,无小余;

  游兆阉茂,即本始(shi)二年。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大余四十八日,小余五百五十二分;

  冬至(zhi)大(da)余五十三日,小余八分(fen);

  强梧大渊献,即本(ben)始三年。

  全(quan)年为(wei)十二(er)个月,

  月朔大余四十(shi)二日,小余九百分;

  冬至(zhi)大余五(wu)十八日,小(xiao)余十六(liu)分;

  徒维困(kun)敦(dun),即本始四(si)年。

  有闰月,全年为(wei)十(shi)三个月,

  月朔大余三十七日,小余三百零八(ba)分;

  冬至大余(yu)三(san)日,小余(yu)二十四(si)分(fen);

  祝(zhu)犁赤奋若(ruo),即地节元年。

  全(quan)年(nian)为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔大余一(yi)日,小余二百一(yi)十五分;

  冬至大余九日,无小余;

  商横摄(she)提格(ge),即地节二年(nian)。

  有闰月,全年(nian)为十三(san)个月,

  月朔大(da)余五十五日,小余五百六十三(san)分;

  冬至大余十(shi)四日,小余八(ba)分;

  昭阳单(dan)阏,即(ji)地节三年。

  冬至在午时,方位(wei)为正南;

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大余十九日,小(xiao)余四百七(qi)十分;

  冬至大余十九日,小余十六分;

  横艾执徐(xu),即地节四年。

  全年(nian)为(wei)十二个月(yue),

  月朔(shuo)大(da)余十三日,小余八百一十八分;

  冬至大余二十(shi)四日,小余二十(shi)四分(fen);

  尚章大荒落,即元(yuan)康元(yuan)年(nian)。

  有(you)闰月(yue),全年为十三(san)个月(yue),

  月朔大余八日,小余二(er)百(bai)二(er)十六分;

  冬至(zhi)大余三十日,无小余;

  焉逢(feng)敦牂,即元(yuan)康二(er)年。

  全年为(wei)十二个月,

  月朔大余(yu)三十二日,小(xiao)余(yu)一百(bai)三十三分;

  冬至大(da)余三十五日,小余八分;

  端(duan)蒙协(xie)洽,即元康三(san)年。

  全年(nian)为十二个月(yue),

  月(yue)朔大余(yu)二十六日(ri),小(xiao)余(yu)四百八(ba)十一分(fen);

  冬至大(da)余(yu)四十日,小余(yu)十六分;

  游兆涒滩,即(ji)元康四年。

  有(you)闰月,全年为十(shi)三个(ge)月,

  月(yue)朔大余(yu)(yu)二(er)十日,小余(yu)(yu)八百二(er)十九(jiu)分;

  冬至大余四(si)十五(wu)日,小余二十四(si)分;

  强梧作(zuo)噩(e),即神雀元年。

  全年为十(shi)二(er)个月,

  月朔大(da)余(yu)四(si)十四(si)日,小余(yu)七百三十六分;

  冬至大余(yu)五十一日,无(wu)小余(yu);

  徒维淹茂,即(ji)神(shen)雀二年。

  全年为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔大余(yu)三十(shi)九日(ri),小余(yu)一百四(si)(si)十(shi)四(si)(si)分(fen);

  冬(dong)至大(da)余五十六日(ri),小余八分;

  祝犁大渊献,即(ji)神雀三年(nian)。

  有闰月(yue),全年为十三个月(yue),

  月朔大余三(san)十(shi)三(san)日,小余四百(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)二分;

  冬至大(da)余一日(ri),小(xiao)余十(shi)六分;

  商横困敦,即神(shen)雀四年(nian)。

  全年(nian)为十二个(ge)月,

  月(yue)朔大余(yu)五十七日(ri),小余(yu)三(san)百九(jiu)十九(jiu)分(fen);

  冬(dong)至大余六(liu)日,小余二十四分;

  昭(zhao)阳赤奋若(ruo),即(ji)五(wu)凤元年。

  有闰(run)月(yue),全年为十(shi)三个月(yue),

  月朔(shuo)大余(yu)五十一日,小(xiao)余(yu)七百四(si)十七分;

  冬至大余十二日,无小余;

  横艾摄提格(ge),即五凤(feng)二年。

  全(quan)年为十二个月,

  月朔大余十(shi)(shi)五(wu)日,小余六百五(wu)十(shi)(shi)四分(fen);

  冬(dong)至大余(yu)十七(qi)日,小(xiao)余(yu)八分;

  尚章单阏,即五凤三年(nian)。

  全年为十二个月,

  月朔大(da)余十日,小余六十二分;

  冬至大(da)余二(er)十二(er)日,小余十六(liu)分(fen);

  焉(yan)逢执徐,即五凤四年。

  有闰月,全年(nian)为十三个月,

  月朔大余(yu)(yu)四日,小余(yu)(yu)四百一十分;

  冬(dong)至大余二十(shi)七日,小余二十(shi)四分;

  端蒙(meng)大荒(huang)落,即甘露元年。

  全(quan)年(nian)为(wei)十(shi)二个月,

  月朔(shuo)大余二十(shi)八日,小(xiao)余三百(bai)一十(shi)七分;

  冬至大余(yu)三(san)十三(san)日,无小余(yu);

  游兆敦牂,即(ji)甘露二年(nian)。

  全年为十二(er)个月,

  月朔大余二十二日,小余六百(bai)六十五分;

  冬至(zhi)大余三十八日,小余八分(fen);

  强梧协洽,即甘露三(san)年。

  有闰月,全年为十三个月,

  月(yue)朔(shuo)大余(yu)十(shi)七日,小余(yu)七十(shi)三分;

  冬至大余(yu)四(si)十三日,小余(yu)十六分;

  徒(tu)维涒(tun)滩,即(ji)甘(gan)露(lu)四年。

  全年为十(shi)二个月(yue),

  月朔大(da)余(yu)四(si)十(shi)日,小(xiao)余(yu)九百二十(shi)分;

  冬至大余四(si)十(shi)八日,小(xiao)余二十(shi)四(si)分(fen);

  祝犁作噩,即黄龙元年。

  有闰月(yue),全年为(wei)十三个(ge)月(yue),

  月(yue)朔大余三十五日(ri),小余三百二(er)十八分(fen);

  冬至大余(yu)五十四日(ri),无小余(yu);

  商横淹茂,即(ji)初元(yuan)元(yuan)年。

  冬至在(zai)卯时,方位(wei)正东;

  全(quan)年为(wei)十二(er)个月(yue),

  月朔大余五十九日,小余二百三十五分(fen);

  冬(dong)至大余(yu)五(wu)十九(jiu)日,小余(yu)八(ba)分;

  昭阳大渊(yuan)献(xian),即初元(yuan)二年。

  全(quan)年为十(shi)二个月(yue),

  月朔大余(yu)五十三日,小余(yu)五百八十三分;

  冬至大余四日(ri),小余十(shi)六分;

  横(heng)艾困敦,即初(chu)元三(san)年。

  有闰月,全年为十三个(ge)月,

  月(yue)朔大(da)余四十七日(ri),小余九百三十一分;

  冬至大余九日,小(xiao)余二十四(si)分;

  尚(shang)章(zhang)赤奋若,即(ji)初元四年(nian)。

  全年为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔大余(yu)十(shi)一日,小余(yu)八百三十(shi)六分;

  冬(dong)至大(da)余十五(wu)日,无(wu)小余;

  焉逢摄(she)提格,即初元五年。

  全年(nian)为十二个月,

  月朔(shuo)大余(yu)六日,小余(yu)二百四十六分;

  冬至大余(yu)二十日,小余(yu)八分(fen);

  端蒙单阏,即永光元年(nian)。

  有闰月,全年为(wei)十三个月,

  月朔无(wu)大余,小余五(wu)百九(jiu)十四分;

  冬至大余(yu)二十(shi)五日,小(xiao)余(yu)十(shi)六(liu)分;

  游兆执徐,即(ji)永光(guang)二年。

  全(quan)年(nian)为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔大余二十四(si)日,小余五百(bai)零一分;

  冬(dong)至大余三十日,小余二十四分(fen);

  强梧(wu)大荒落,即永光三年。

  全年(nian)为十(shi)二个月(yue),

  月朔大余(yu)十八日,小余(yu)八百四(si)十九分(fen);

  冬至大余三十六(liu)日,无小余;

  徒维敦(dun)牂,即永光四年(nian)。

  有闰月,全年为十(shi)三(san)个月,

  月朔大(da)余十(shi)三(san)日,小余二百五十(shi)七分(fen);

  冬至大余四(si)十一日,小余八分;

  祝犁协洽(qia),即永(yong)光五年。

  全年为十二个(ge)月,

  月朔大(da)余(yu)(yu)三十七日(ri),小(xiao)余(yu)(yu)一百(bai)六十四分;

  冬至(zhi)大(da)余四十六日,小余十六分;

  商横涒(tun)滩,即建昭元年。

  有闰月(yue),全年(nian)为十(shi)三个月(yue),

  月朔大余三十一日(ri),小余五百一十二分;

  冬至大余五(wu)十一日(ri),小(xiao)余二十四分;

  昭(zhao)阳作噩,即建昭(zhao)二(er)年。

  全年为十(shi)二个月,

  月朔(shuo)大余五(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu)日,小(xiao)余四百一(yi)十九(jiu)分(fen);

  冬至大(da)余五十七日(ri),无小余;

  横艾阉(yan)茂,即建(jian)昭三年。

  全(quan)年为十二个月,

  月朔大余四十(shi)九(jiu)日,小余七(qi)百六十(shi)七(qi)分;

  冬至大余二日,小余八分;

  尚章大渊献,即建昭四(si)年。

  有闰(run)月,全年为(wei)十三个月,

  月朔大余(yu)四十四日,小余(yu)一(yi)百七十五分(fen);

  冬至大(da)余(yu)七(qi)日,小余(yu)十六分;

  焉逢困敦,即建昭(zhao)五年。

  全年为十二个月(yue),

  月(yue)朔(shuo)大余八日,小余八十二分;

  冬至大余(yu)十二(er)日(ri),小余(yu)二(er)十四(si)分(fen);

  端蒙赤奋若(ruo),即竟(jing)宁(ning)元年。

  全年(nian)为十二个月,

  月朔大余二日,小余四百三十分;

  冬至大(da)余十八日,无小余;

  游兆摄(she)提格,即建始元年(nian)。

  有闰月,全年为十(shi)三个月,

  月朔大余五十六(liu)日,小余七(qi)百七(qi)十八(ba)分(fen);

  冬至大余(yu)二十三日,小余(yu)八(ba)分;

  强(qiang)梧单阏(yan),即建始二年。

  全年(nian)为十二个月,

  月朔(shuo)大余(yu)二十(shi)日,小余(yu)六百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)五分;

  冬至大(da)余二十八日,小余十六分(fen);

  徒维(wei)执徐,即建始三年。

  有闰月,全年为十三个月,

  月朔大余十(shi)五日,小余九十(shi)三分;

  冬至大余三十三日,小余二十四分;

  祝犁大荒(huang)落,即建(jian)始四年。

  

  右(you)边(bian)《历书(shu)》中:大余,是(shi)指(zhi)的余日。小余,是(shi)指(zhi)余分(fen)。端蒙(meng)等(deng),是(shi)年名。包括干(gan)支(zhi)两(liang)部分(fen),支(zhi):如(ru)丑名赤奋若,寅名摄提(ti)格(ge)等(deng)。干(gan),如(ru)丙名游兆等(deng)。正北,是(shi)指(zhi)冬至(zhi)在(zai)子(zi)时;正西,冬至(zhi)在(zai)酉时;正南,冬至(zhi)在(zai)午时;正东,冬至(zhi)在(zai)卯时。

 

【原文及注释】

昔自在古,历建正(zheng)作于(yu)(yu)孟春<1>。于(yu)(yu)时冰泮发蛰<2>,百草奋兴(xing),秭先滜(gao)<3>。物乃岁具<4>,生于(yu)(yu)东<5>,次顺四时,卒(zu)于(yu)(yu)冬分<6>。时鸡三号,卒(zu)明(ming)(ming)<7>。抚十二〔月〕节(jie)<8>,卒(zu)于(yu)(yu)丑<9>。日(ri)月成<10>,故明(ming)(ming)也(ye)。明(ming)(ming)者(zhe)孟也(ye)<11>,幽者(zhe)幼也(ye)<12>,幽明(ming)(ming)者(zhe)雌(ci)雄(xiong)也(ye)<13>。雌(ci)雄(xiong)代兴(xing),而(er)顺至正(zheng)之(zhi)统也(ye)<14>。日(ri)归于(yu)(yu)西,起明(ming)(ming)于(yu)(yu)东<15>;月归于(yu)(yu)东,起明(ming)(ming)于(yu)(yu)西<16>。正(zheng)不(bu)率天<17>,又不(bu)由人(ren),则凡事易坏而(er)难成矣(yi)<18>。

〔注释〕

  <1>建(jian)(jian)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng):设定正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)位置。如(ru)秦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)岁(sui)首(正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)),称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)亥,周以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)岁(sui)首,称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)子(zi)等。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),即(ji)(ji)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。一(yi)年之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)开(kai)始的(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。孟(meng)(meng)春(chun):春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。古人(ren)(ren)把每季三(san)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),依次(ci)名之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孟(meng)(meng)、仲(zhong)、季,如(ru)孟(meng)(meng)春(chun)、仲(zhong)春(chun)、季春(chun)等。 <2>冰(bing)泮:冰(bing)溶化(hua)。泮,原(yuan)义是(shi)(shi)(shi)分散。如(ru)《诗·匏有苦叶》“迨冰(bing)未泮”,毛注:“泮,散也(ye)”。冰(bing)散就是(shi)(shi)(shi)冰(bing)溶化(hua)。发(fa)蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):在地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)冬(dong)眠(称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))的(de)(de)(de)动(dong)物(wu)苏醒(xing)过来(lai)(lai),钻出(chu)地(di)面。《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“启蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,《礼记·月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)令》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“振蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”。今称(cheng)惊(jing)蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。汉代以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)发(fa)蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孟(meng)(meng)春(chun)时的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)候,如(ru)《三(san)统(tong)历(li)(li)》尚(shang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)惊(jing)蛰(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气,此处(chu)同(tong);汉以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后便是(shi)(shi)(shi)仲(zhong)春(chun)(二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue))的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)候了(le)。 <3>秭:即(ji)(ji)杜鹃鸟,又名子(zi)规、鹈(ti)等。《离骚》“恐(kong)鹈(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)先鸣(ming)兮(xi)”,王(wang)逸注说:鹈(ti),“常以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)春(chun)分鸣(ming)也(ye)。”滜:同(tong)号(hao)。鸣(ming)号(hao)。 <4>万(wan)物(wu)于是(shi)(shi)(shi)具有了(le)一(yi)岁(sui)的(de)(de)(de)秉赋。就是(shi)(shi)(shi)又长了(le)一(yi)岁(sui)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。 <5>按(an)五(wu)(wu)行理(li)论(lun),东方(fang)与(yu)春(chun)相应,生(sheng)于东就是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)于春(chun)季的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。 <6>到(dao)(dao)冬(dong)尽结束。卒,《索隐》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“尽也(ye)”。冬(dong)分,《索隐》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“冬(dong)尽之(zhi)(zhi)后,分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)来(lai)(lai)春(chun)”,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)末的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。 <7>很快天(tian)(tian)(tian)就亮了(le)。卒同(tong)猝。与(yu)上(shang)句一(yi)起状黎明(ming)时的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)色(se),细致(zhi)入微。 <8>依次(ci)经过十(shi)(shi)二(er)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)节(jie)气。抚,挨次(ci),一(yi)个(ge)(ge)挨着一(yi)个(ge)(ge)。 <9>自(zi)(zi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)寅(yin)(yin)到(dao)(dao)十(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)丑(chou),恰一(yi)岁(sui)。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“自(zi)(zi)平明(ming)寅(yin)(yin)到(dao)(dao)鸡鸣(ming)丑(chou)”,与(yu)上(shang)句不(bu)(bu)谐,不(bu)(bu)取。 <10>日(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)成(cheng)周。即(ji)(ji)由(you)交会(hui)(hui)到(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)次(ci)在同(tong)一(yi)层次(ci)交会(hui)(hui)谓之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)。日(ri)每天(tian)(tian)(tian)行一(yi)度,月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)每天(tian)(tian)(tian)行十(shi)(shi)三(san)度余,日(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)一(yi)交会(hui)(hui),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)会(hui)(hui)于寅(yin)(yin),则二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)会(hui)(hui)于卯,如(ru)此下(xia)(xia)(xia)去到(dao)(dao)来(lai)(lai)年一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),日(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)重又会(hui)(hui)于寅(yin)(yin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)周,称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)。 <11>古人(ren)(ren)解释(shi)经典,自(zi)(zi)汉以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来(lai)(lai)多(duo)从双声叠韵(yun)字(zi)(zi)求义。如(ru)《周礼·考工(gong)记》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)蹇释(shi)楗,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)齐释(shi)资等。此处(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孟(meng)(meng)释(shi)明(ming)也(ye)属(shu)此类。明(ming)、孟(meng)(meng)本义完全不(bu)(bu)同(tong),但两字(zi)(zi)声母相同(tong),便互相通假了(le)。孟(meng)(meng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)长、大的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思,与(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)文(wen)幽义相对。 <12>幽、幼(you)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)双声字(zi)(zi),见(jian)上(shang)注。 <13>为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴阳理(li)论(lun)。幽属(shu)阴,明(ming)属(shu)阳;阴为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雌,阳为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雄(xiong)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)幽明(ming)就成(cheng)了(le)雌雄(xiong)。按(an):以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)就性质的(de)(de)(de)分类而(er)(er)言,并非幽明(ming)真(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)就有了(le)男女之(zhi)(zhi)别(bie)。 <14>至正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)统(tong):指(zhi)建(jian)(jian)寅(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)统(tong),即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孟(meng)(meng)春(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)历(li)(li)法(fa)。按(an)《汉书·律历(li)(li)志》儿(读ní,泥(ni))宽(kuan)论(lun)历(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)语:夏、商、周三(san)代历(li)(li)法(fa)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)统(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)历(li)(li),夏正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)(jian)寅(yin)(yin),商正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)(jian)丑(chou),周正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)(jian)子(zi),唯建(jian)(jian)寅(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)夏正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)最(zui)得岁(sui)时之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),固称(cheng)至正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)。 <15>指(zhi)太阳东升,西落。 <16>古人(ren)(ren)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)左转(zhuan)(自(zi)(zi)东向(xiang)西转(zhuan)),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)五(wu)(wu)星被天(tian)(tian)(tian)带动(dong)也(ye)向(xiang)左转(zhuan),人(ren)(ren)们才看到(dao)(dao)太阳东升西落;同(tong)时日(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)五(wu)(wu)星等又有一(yi)个(ge)(ge)向(xiang)右(you)行的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)转(zhuan)运动(dong),向(xiang)右(you)行就是(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)西向(xiang)东行,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)们看到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)亮从西方(fang)露出(chu)来(lai)(lai),每天(tian)(tian)(tian)向(xiang)东行十(shi)(shi)三(san)度余,直到(dao)(dao)从东方(fang)没入地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。 <17>当(dang)(dang)真(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)靠(kao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),真(zhen)(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi),当(dang)(dang)真(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)。语出(chu)《大戴(dai)礼》,原(yuan)意(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)通政。率(lv)天(tian)(tian)(tian),一(yi)作法(fa)天(tian)(tian)(tian)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)表率(lv),模(mo)仿天(tian)(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)行。 <18>既不(bu)(bu)靠(kao)天(tian)(tian)(tian),也(ye)不(bu)(bu)由(you)人(ren)(ren),天(tian)(tian)(tian)、人(ren)(ren)都无(wu)所施其力(li),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说物(wu)易(yi)坏(huai)而(er)(er)难(nan)成(cheng)。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)种比(bi)兴的(de)(de)(de)说法(fa),并非“物(wu)易(yi)坏(huai)难(nan)成(cheng)”的(de)(de)(de)理(li)由(you)当(dang)(dang)真(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)率(lv)天(tian)(tian)(tian)”,“不(bu)(bu)由(you)人(ren)(ren)”,古人(ren)(ren)论(lun)事,往往如(ru)此:取其一(yi)端(duan)而(er)(er)已,不(bu)(bu)可太过执着。

  王(wang)者易姓受命<1>,必慎始初,改正(zheng)朔(shuo)<2>,易服(fu)色,推本天(tian)元<3>,顺承厥意<4>。

  太(tai)史公曰<5>:神(shen)(shen)农以前尚(shang)矣。盖黄帝(di)考(kao)定星历,建立(li)五行<6>,起消息<7>,正(zheng)闰余(yu)<8>,于是(shi)有天(tian)地神(shen)(shen)祗物类之(zhi)官<9>,是(shi)谓五官<10>。各司其序<11>,不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)乱也(ye)。民(min)(min)是(shi)以能有信,神(shen)(shen)是(shi)以能有明德<12>。民(min)(min)神(shen)(shen)异业,敬而不(bu)(bu)(bu)渎(du),故神(shen)(shen)降之(zhi)嘉生(sheng)<13>,民(min)(min)以物享<14>,灾祸不(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng),所(suo)求不(bu)(bu)(bu)匮。

  少暤氏之(zhi)衰也<15>,九黎乱(luan)德(de)<16>,民(min)神杂扰,不可放物<17>,祸灾荐至&lt;18>,莫尽其(qi)气<19>。颛顼受之(zhi),乃命南正重(zhong)司(si)天(tian)以(yi)属神<20>,命火正黎司(si)地以(yi)属民(min)<21>,使复旧常,无(wu)相(xiang)侵渎。

  其(qi)后(hou)三苗服九(jiu)黎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)<22>,故二官(guan)(guan)咸废所(suo)(suo)职,而(er)闰余(yu)乖(guai)次,孟陬殄灭<23>,摄提无纪<24>,历数(shu)失序。尧复遂重黎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),不(bu)忘旧者,使复典之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)立羲和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)<25>。明时正(zheng)度,则(ze)阴阳调,风雨节,茂气至<26>,民无夭(yao)疫<27>。年耆禅舜(shun)<28>,申戒文祖<29>,云“天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)历数(shu)在尔(er)躬<30>”。舜(shun)亦以(yi)命(ming)禹(yu)。由是观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),王者所(suo)(suo)重也。

〔注释〕

  <1>王者(zhe)(zhe)易(yi)姓(xing):即(ji)“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王者(zhe)(zhe)易(yi)姓(xing)”。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)朝换代(dai)。受(shou)(shou)命:受(shou)(shou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命。 <2>改(gai)(gai)定历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),指岁(sui)始正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月;朔,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)月朔,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每月初一。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)朔皆改(gai)(gai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法。 <3>《索隐》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“推本天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)气(qi)行(xing)运所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)朔”。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)气(qi)行(xing)运所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)。其(qi)实(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)元(yuan)(yuan),古人(ren)制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)讲究推求上(shang)元(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)计算历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)始点,这(zhei)时候日(ri)月五(wu)(wu)星(xing)处在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)球上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)一位(wei)(wei)(wei)置,即(ji)所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“日(ri)月如(ru)(ru)(ru)合(he)璧(bi),五(wu)(wu)星(xing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)连(lian)珠”。自元(yuan)(yuan)·郭守敬(jing)《授(shou)时历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》开始不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)上(shang)元(yuan)(yuan),只从日(ri)月五(wu)(wu)星(xing)当(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置推起。 <4>顺承天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)旨。厥,其(qi)。指天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。 <5>清(qing)·王元(yuan)(yuan)启(qi)《史(shi)记(ji)三(san)书(shu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)讹(e)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)四(si)(si)字应(ying)在(zai)(zai)“王者(zhe)(zhe)易(yi)姓(xing)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 <6>确(que)(que)立(li)起木(mu)、火(huo)、土、金、水等(deng)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)与(yu)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关(guan)系(xi)。历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)本无关(guan),但为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)给历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法演变(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)理解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),才把(ba)它(ta)纳入五(wu)(wu)行(xing)系(xi)统(tong)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)过后就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)化。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么会(hui)有(you)(you)(you)这(zhei)种变(bian)化?五(wu)(wu)行(xing)理论解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)春(chun)属(shu)(shu)木(mu),夏(xia)属(shu)(shu)火(huo),木(mu)能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)。 <7>确(que)(que)定阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)长变(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关(guan)系(xi)。消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)息,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长、产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、发生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。始见于(yu)《易(yi)经(jing)》。清(qing)·严杰《易(yi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)息解(jie)(jie)(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)息者(zhe)(zhe),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)也(ye)”,阳(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)息,阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。由于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)灭(mie),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)失(shi)(shi)、灭(mie)亡。如(ru)(ru)(ru)清(qing)·汪(wang)家(jia)禧《易(yi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)息解(jie)(jie)(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)往(wang)(wang)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)来(lai)(lai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)息,阳(yang)(yang)(yang)往(wang)(wang)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)来(lai)(lai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。”阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)失(shi)(shi)、灭(mie)亡与(yu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长都叫做息,相(xiang)(xiang)反称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。 <8>正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)确(que)(que)确(que)(que)定闰月余分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。详后注。 <9>于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)了(le)分管(guan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)、神(shen)祗、物(wu)类等(deng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)员(yuan)(yuan)。 <10>即(ji)《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)春(chun)官(guan)(guan)(guan)、夏(xia)官(guan)(guan)(guan)、秋(qiu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)、冬官(guan)(guan)(guan)、中(zhong)官(guan)(guan)(guan),分别名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青云、缙云、白云、黑云、黄云、,合(he)称(cheng)(cheng)五(wu)(wu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)。 <11>司(si):掌(zhang)管(guan)。序(xu)(xu):序(xu)(xu)列。指职(zhi)任系(xi)统(tong)。 <12>神(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)昏愦,有(you)(you)(you)明德,指善恶有(you)(you)(you)报之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类。 <13>神(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)降(jiang)下好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收成(cheng)。嘉(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),应(ying)劭释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘉(jia)谷。应(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)泛指好年(nian)(nian)景,丰收。 <14>百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祭物(wu)(三(san)牲福礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类)享(xiang)(xiang)神(shen)。享(xiang)(xiang),同(tong)(tong)飨。 按(an)(an):神(shen)降(jiang)嘉(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)享(xiang)(xiang)神(shen),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)民神(shen)互(hu)敬(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)渎(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》引(yin)刘伯庄语(yu),释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民“享(xiang)(xiang)福”,误。 <15>按(an)(an)皇(huang)甫谧《帝(di)(di)王世(shi)纪(ji)》等(deng)书(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法,古帝(di)(di)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序(xu)(xu)列在(zai)(zai)黄帝(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少暤,少暤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)颛顼。与(yu)《史(shi)记(ji)·五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪(ji)》不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)否认《历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)迁原(yuan)著。其(qi)实(shi)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)迁并不(bu)(bu)(bu)排(pai)斥其(qi)他书(shu)所(suo)(suo)载的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)(di)王序(xu)(xu)列,这(zhei)从《五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“太史(shi)公后序(xu)(xu)”里就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)难看(kan)到(dao)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)《五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪(ji)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外引(yin)用(yong)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料并不(bu)(bu)(bu)足怪(guai)。 <16>九(jiu)(jiu)黎(li)作(zuo)(zuo)乱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。九(jiu)(jiu)黎(li):《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)少暤时作(zuo)(zuo)乱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸侯。日(ri)·泷川资言《史(shi)记(ji)会(hui)注考证》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)种族(zu)名(ming)。言九(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe),非一族(zu)也(ye)。” <17>不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群(qun)(qun)类区别。王元(yuan)(yuan)启(qi)《史(shi)记(ji)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)讹(e)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)放物(wu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)物(wu)。“《易(yi)》曰(yue)(yue)‘方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类聚(ju),物(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群(qun)(qun)分’。类聚(ju)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辨(bian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),群(qun)(qun)分可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辨(bian)物(wu)。今既民神(shen)杂(za)扰,则群(qun)(qun)类混淆,故曰(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)物(wu)”。 <18>荐至(zhi):层(ceng)杂(za)而至(zhi)、一起来(lai)(lai)到(dao)、多次至(zhi)。《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“荐,集也(ye)。”《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“再也(ye)”。 <19>沴气(qi)未尽。灾祸仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)止(zhi)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。 <20>《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),《左传》重(zhong)芒,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),兼(jian)司(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)属(shu)(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)位(wei)(wei)(wei),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng),官(guan)(guan)(guan)名(ming),南(nan)(nan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)(ru)(ru)同(tong)(tong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)管(guan)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(即(ji)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)事(shi)(shi)(shi))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)员(yuan)(yuan);属(shu)(shu)神(shen),领属(shu)(shu)神(shen)事(shi)(shi)(shi),如(ru)(ru)(ru)祭祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类。 <21>《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),黎(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝融,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),兼(jian)司(si)地(di)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。地(di)属(shu)(shu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)又有(you)(you)(you)称(cheng)(cheng)黎(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)(zhe)。属(shu)(shu)民,领属(shu)(shu)民事(shi)(shi)(shi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)民政(zheng)(zheng)。 <22>三(san)苗(miao)随从九(jiu)(jiu)黎(li)一起作(zuo)(zuo)乱。三(san)苗(miao),《五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪(ji)》《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)马(ma)(ma)(ma)融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“国(guo)(guo)名(ming)也(ye)”,又引(yin)吴起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“三(san)苗(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo),左洞(dong)(dong)庭而右彭蠡(li)。”洞(dong)(dong)庭、彭蠡(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)湖名(ming)。 <23>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“言历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)数(shu)乖误,乃使孟陬殄灭(mie),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得其(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)。”孟陬,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月。 <24>《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)《汉书(shu)音(yin)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“摄(she)提(ti),星(xing)名(ming),随斗(dou)杓(北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)星(xing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)勺。杓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勺把(ba),指北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)星(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)五(wu)(wu)、六(liu)、七三(san)颗星(xing)。)所(suo)(suo)指建(jian)十二月。若历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)误,春(chun)三(san)月当(dang)(dang)指辰而指巳,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谓(wei)失(shi)(shi)序(xu)(xu)(按(an)(an):即(ji)‘元(yuan)(yuan)纪(ji)’)”。 <25>羲(xi)(xi)(xi)和:官(guan)(guan)(guan)名(ming)。《尚书(shu)·尧(yao)典》有(you)(you)(you)羲(xi)(xi)(xi)仲、羲(xi)(xi)(xi)叔,和仲、和叔,孔(kong)安(an)国(guo)(guo)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“羲(xi)(xi)(xi)仲,居(ju)治(zhi)东方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)”;“羲(xi)(xi)(xi)叔,居(ju)治(zhi)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)”;“和仲,居(ju)治(zhi)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan),掌(zhang)秋(qiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)政(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)”;“和叔”,当(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)治(zhi)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan),掌(zhang)冬天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)政(zheng)(zheng)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)知羲(xi)(xi)(xi)和是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分掌(zhang)四(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)(wen)星(xing)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)员(yuan)(yuan)。又《尚书(shu)·征》中(zhong)孔(kong)安(an)国(guo)(guo)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“羲(xi)(xi)(xi)氏(shi)、和氏(shi),世(shi)掌(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)四(si)(si)时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)。自唐虞至(zhi)三(san)代(dai),世(shi)职(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝。”称(cheng)(cheng)羲(xi)(xi)(xi)和为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。 <26>茂气(qi):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)。显示兴旺景象。 <27>夭疫(yi)夭殇和疾疫(yi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)年(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夭,时疾流行(xing)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)疫(yi)。 <28>年(nian)(nian)耆(qi):年(nian)(nian)老(lao)。《礼记(ji)·曲礼》:“六(liu)十曰(yue)(yue)耆(qi)。”相(xiang)(xiang)传尧(yao)在(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)七十年(nian)(nian)得舜,又二十年(nian)(nian)令(ling)舜摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng),禅(shan)(shan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)时必不(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)六(liu)十岁(sui)。因此(ci),这(zhei)里耆(qi)泛指年(nian)(nian)老(lao)。 禅(shan)(shan)舜:禅(shan)(shan)帝(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)舜。即(ji)把(ba)帝(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)让(rang)给舜。 <29>申戒(jie)饬(chi)于(yu)文(wen)(wen)祖(zu)(zu)庙(miao)中(zhong)。申戒(jie),申明戒(jie)语(yu)。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)告诫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si);文(wen)(wen)祖(zu)(zu),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祖(zu)(zu)庙(miao),或(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)明堂(tang)、世(shi)室(shi)等(deng)。《五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“文(wen)(wen)祖(zu)(zu)者(zhe)(zhe),尧(yao)大(按(an)(an):读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太)祖(zu)(zu)也(ye)”。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》引(yin)《尚书(shu)帝(di)(di)命验》注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“唐虞谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)府,夏(xia)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)室(shi),殷谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)屋,周谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明堂(tang),皆祀五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)也(ye)。文(wen)(wen)祖(zu)(zu)者(zhe)(zhe),赤帝(di)(di)熛怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府,名(ming)曰(yue)(yue)文(wen)(wen)祖(zu)(zu)。”王者(zhe)(zhe)祭五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祖(zu)(zu)配,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明堂(tang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祖(zu)(zu)庙(miao)。 <30>语(yu)出《论语(yu)·尧(yao)曰(yue)(yue)》何晏释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)数(shu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“列次”,全句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):按(an)(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)数(shu)做帝(di)(di)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次序(xu)(xu),该轮(lun)到(dao)你(ni)了(le)。司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)迁引(yin)此(ci)句把(ba)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)数(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),全句可(ke)(ke)(ke)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):制定(反映(ying)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)数(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法,责任落在(zai)(zai)你(ni)身上(shang)了(le)。由于(yu)制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王者(zhe)(zhe)独(du)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)责任,两种解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皆通,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)告诉(su)舜,要把(ba)王位(wei)(wei)(wei)禅(shan)(shan)让(rang)给他,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)资勉励的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。

  夏(xia)正以正月<1&gt;,殷(yin)正以十二月,周正以十一月。盖(gai)三(san)王之正若循环,穷则反(fan)本<2>。天下有道(dao),则不(bu)失纪序<3>;无(wu)道(dao),则正朔不(bu)行于(yu)诸侯。

  幽(you)、厉之后(hou),周室微(wei),陪臣执政<4>,史不(bu)(bu)记(ji)时,君不(bu)(bu)告朔<5>,故畴人子(zi)弟分散<6>,或在诸夏<7>,或在夷(yi)狄,是以其(qi)废而不(bu)(bu)统<8>。周襄王(wang)(wang)二十(shi)六年闰三(san)月,而《春(chun)秋》非之<9>。先王(wang)(wang)之正时也,履端于(yu)始<10>,举正于(yu)中<11>,归邪于(yu)终<12>。履端于(yu)始,序则(ze)不(bu)(bu)愆<13>;举正于(yu)中,民则(ze)不(bu)(bu)惑;归邪于(yu)终,事则(ze)不(bu)(bu)悖。

  其后(hou)战国(guo)并争,在于强国(guo)禽敌<14>,救急(ji)解(jie)纷(fen)而(er)(er)已(yi),岂(qi)遑念斯哉<15>!是时独有邹(zou)衍,明(ming)于五德(de)(de)之(zhi)传<16>,而(er)(er)散消息之(zhi)分<17>,以显诸侯(hou)。而(er)(er)亦因秦灭六国(guo),兵(bing)戎极烦,又升至尊之(zhi)日(ri)浅,未暇遑也。而(er)(er)亦颇(po)推五胜(sheng)<18>,而(er)(er)自以为获水(shui)德(de)(de)之(zhi)瑞,更名河曰“德(de)(de)水(shui)”,而(er)(er)正以十月<19>,色上黑(hei)<20>。然历(li)度闰余,未能睹其真也。

〔注释〕

  <1>夏(xia)(xia)(xia)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng):夏(xia)(xia)(xia)朝(chao)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)开始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),历(li)(li)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)开端。 <2>一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)完了(le),重(zhong)新(xin)开始。按:三(san)(san)(san)(san)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先秦(qin)(qin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。近代(dai)以(yi)来(lai),有董作(zuo)宾《殷(yin)历(li)(li)谱》力(li)主此说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),其(qi)余学(xue)者(zhe)多(duo)不认可,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)系(xi)统(tong)、完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)从(cong)战国(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期以(yi)后(hou)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),周(zhou)(zhou)历(li)(li)尚极幼稚,建(jian)(jian)子之说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)无(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)证(zheng)明(ming),殷(yin)历(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)丑,夏(xia)(xia)(xia)历(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)寅就(jiu)更无(wu)从(cong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)起了(le)。即便(bian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)都属(shu)实(shi),循(xun)环(huan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)无(wu)事(shi)(shi)实(shi)根据,周(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)以(yi)后(hou),有秦(qin)(qin)历(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)亥(hai),并没(mei)有“反本”。三(san)(san)(san)(san)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)循(xun)环(huan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)汉人(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)适(shi)应(ying)(ying)改(gai)历(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要制(zhi)造出(chu)来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)论(lun),太(tai)初(chu)历(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)寅,表示不承认是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)继承秦(qin)(qin)朝(chao)之统(tong),而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)直接上继周(zhou)(zhou)统(tong),周(zhou)(zhou)统(tong)绝(jue)则(ze)(ze)反夏(xia)(xia)(xia),夏(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寅统(tong),适(shi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)太(tai)初(chu)历(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)同。 <3>纪序(xu)(xu)(xu):纪元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)。就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)。 <4>陪臣(chen):列国(guo)(guo)(guo)之臣(chen)。《礼(li)(li)记(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)下(xia)》:列国(guo)(guo)(guo)之大夫“自(zi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曰陪臣(chen)某。”陪臣(chen)执(zhi)政(zheng),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)列国(guo)(guo)(guo)大夫执(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)。 <5>告朔(shuo):月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)(ji)。《集解(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li),人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)告朔(shuo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)庙,有祭(ji)(ji),谓(wei)之朝(chao)(读zhǎo,召)享。 <6>畴(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren):星历(li)(li)算学(xue)者(zhe),古皆(jie)世(shi)(shi)传其(qi)业,称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)畴(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。《集解(jie)》引如(ru)淳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“家(jia)(jia)业世(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)传为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)畴(chou)”,世(shi)(shi)传其(qi)业者(zhe)很多(duo),不都称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)畴(chou);而(er)(er)历(li)(li)算学(xue)者(zhe)纵然不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得自(zi)家(jia)(jia)传,也(ye)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)畴(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。愚(yu)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)畴(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)执(zhi)筹为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)总称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。 <7>诸夏(xia)(xia)(xia):华夏(xia)(xia)(xia)诸国(guo)(guo)(guo)。就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)各国(guo)(guo)(guo)。 <8>全句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)畴(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)子弟分(fen)散,无(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)观(guan)天以(yi)占吉(ji)凶,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)祥废,无(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)统(tong)理(li)。祥,如(ru)同祈祥。祈祷以(yi)求吉(ji)祥。 <9>周(zhou)(zhou)襄王二(er)十(shi)六(liu)年就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鲁文公元(yuan)年(前(qian)626),事(shi)(shi)见《左传·文元(yuan)》纪事(shi)(shi):“于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)三(san)(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)非礼(li)(li)也(ye)。”杜(du)(du)预注:“于(yu)(yu)(yu)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)当(dang)在僖(xi)公末年,误(wu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)今年三(san)(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run),盖时(shi)达历(li)(li)者(zhe)所(suo)(suo)(suo)讥。”按:所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“非礼(li)(li)也(ye)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)左传的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua),《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)经(jing)(jing)》与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《公羊》、《谷梁》等(deng)(deng)都无(wu)此语。原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)时(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)不颁正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)朔(shuo),列国(guo)(guo)(guo)自(zi)制(zhi)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa),未必都按岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)则(ze)(ze)。董作(zuo)宾《殷(yin)历(li)(li)谱》考订殷(yin)周(zhou)(zhou)间置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有无(wu)节(jie)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)、无(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)和岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)三(san)(san)(san)(san)种(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa),前(qian)二(er)种(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根据本月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节(jie)气(qi)或(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有无(wu)设立闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),都优(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。 <10>履:推步。指制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全过程。 端:端正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。动词(ci),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之使(shi)无(wu)错谬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。 始:历(li)(li)始。如(ru)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、夜(ye)半、朔(shuo)旦冬至(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。全句意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)必须从(cong)历(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)开头就(jiu)务求端正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)无(wu)误(wu)。 <11>有两种(zhong)解(jie)释(shi):一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)《集解(jie)》引韦昭语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“气(qi)在望(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),则(ze)(ze)时(shi)日昏(hun)明(ming)皆(jie)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)。”即“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”指月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)望(wang),月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)由月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晦、朔(shuo)、弦、望(wang)决(jue)定(ding)(ding)(举“望(wang)”以(yi)概其(qi)余)。参见王元(yuan)启《史记(ji)三(san)(san)(san)(san)书正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)讹》。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”指中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)。以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)定(ding)(ding)诸月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)位置(zhi)。如(ru)有春(chun)(chun)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),有秋(qiu)(qiu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),有夏(xia)(xia)(xia)至(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),有冬至(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)等(deng)(deng)。参见《左传·文元(yuan)》杜(du)(du)预注。若强调岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run),以(yi)前(qian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长。因(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)诸月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)位置(zhi),无(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)必然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不合(he)。 <12>有二(er)种(zhong)解(jie)释(shi):一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)《集解(jie)》引韦昭语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“邪(xie)(xie),余分(fen)也(ye)。终(zhong)(zhong),闺月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)”。积邪(xie)(xie)分(fen)够三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)日则(ze)(ze)设为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把邪(xie)(xie)分(fen)都归(gui)(gui)入闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)了(le)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)释(shi)“终(zhong)(zhong)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)”,积邪(xie)(xie)分(fen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。清(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)范景福《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)闰(run)(run)(run)(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在岁(sui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)》(收入阮(ruan)元(yuan)《诂(gu)经(jing)(jing)精舍文集》卷六(liu))说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》经(jing)(jing)、传、疏解(jie)释(shi)归(gui)(gui)余于(yu)(yu)(yu)终(zhong)(zhong),“皆(jie)不言归(gui)(gui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)何时(shi),惟(wei)万(wan)充宗(清(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren),名万(wan)斯(si)大,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)万(wan)斯(si)同之兄)明(ming)言归(gui)(gui)余日于(yu)(yu)(yu)岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)”。 <13>《左传·文元(yuan)》杜(du)(du)预解(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“四时(shi)无(wu)愆过”。即释(shi)“序(xu)(xu)(xu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四时(shi);愆,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)过失。历(li)(li)始正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)则(ze)(ze)四时(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。 <14>强国(guo)(guo)(guo):使(shi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)强盛。 禽:同擒。 <15>遑:闲暇、空闲。 <16>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)德之传:木、火、土(tu)、金(jin)、水(shui)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)德之间互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)转(zhuan)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)规(gui)律。又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)德终(zhong)(zhong)始说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)运终(zhong)(zhong)始说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)等(deng)(deng)。有相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)、相(xiang)(xiang)克两种(zhong)序(xu)(xu)(xu)列。三(san)(san)(san)(san)代(dai)以(yi)前(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公天下(xia),按相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)列转(zhuan)化(hua),如(ru)黄帝(di)土(tu)德;土(tu)能(neng)生(sheng)金(jin),少氏继黄帝(di)而(er)(er)立,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)德;金(jin)能(neng)生(sheng)水(shui),颛顼(xu)(xu)继少暤而(er)(er)立,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)德;水(shui)能(neng)生(sheng)木,帝(di)俈继颛顼(xu)(xu)而(er)(er)立等(deng)(deng)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)代(dai)以(yi)后(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)家(jia)(jia)天下(xia),强陵(ling)弱,明(ming)兼昧,惟(wei)力(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)视,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)按相(xiang)(xiang)克序(xu)(xu)(xu)列转(zhuan)化(hua),如(ru)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木德;金(jin)能(neng)克木,商为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)德,起而(er)(er)灭(mie)夏(xia)(xia)(xia);火能(neng)克金(jin),周(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火德,起而(er)(er)灭(mie)商;水(shui)能(neng)克火,秦(qin)(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)德,起而(er)(er)灭(mie)周(zhou)(zhou)等(deng)(deng)。此等(deng)(deng)理(li)论(lun)盛行(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)汉之间,后(hou)转(zhuan)衰。 <17>意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),散布(bu)阴阳消(xiao)长的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)限(xian)(xian)或(huo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界限(xian)(xian)、条件等(deng)(deng)这样(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些理(li)论(lun)。散,散布(bu)、传播;分(fen),分(fen)限(xian)(xian)、界限(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)。 <18>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)胜:五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)胜。 <19>十(shi)二(er)辰与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying),十(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)亥(hai);与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying),亥(hai)居北(bei)(bei)方;北(bei)(bei)方与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying),属(shu)水(shui)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)自(zi)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)得水(shui)德,便(bian)推重(zhong)十(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),以(yi)十(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。 <20>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)应(ying)(ying)关系(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)色黑,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)得水(shui)德者(zhe)尚黑。

  汉兴(xing),高祖曰“北(bei)畤待我而起(qi)”<1>,亦自(zi)以为(wei)获水德之瑞。虽明习历及(ji)张苍等(deng),咸(xian)以为(wei)然。是(shi)时天下初定,方(fang)纲纪大基,高后女主,皆未遑,故袭(xi)秦正朔服(fu)色。

  至孝文(wen)时,鲁人公孙臣(chen)以(yi)终始五德上书(shu),言(yan)“汉得土德,宜更元(yuan)<2>,改正(zheng)朔,易(yi)服(fu)色。当(dang)有瑞(rui),瑞(rui)黄龙(long)见。”事下丞相(xiang)张苍(cang),张苍(cang)亦(yi)学律历,以(yi)为非是,罢之。其后黄龙(long)见成纪,张苍(cang)自黜,所(suo)欲(yu)论著不(bu)成。而新垣平以(yi)望气见,颇(po)言(yan)正(zheng)历服(fu)色事,贵幸,后作乱(luan),故孝文(wen)帝废不(bu)复(fu)问。

  至(zhi)(zhi)今上即(ji)位,招致方士唐都,分(fen)(fen)其天(tian)部<3>;而巴(ba)落下闳运算(suan)转历<4>,然后(hou)日(ri)辰(chen)之度(du)与(yu)夏(xia)正同<5>。乃改元,更(geng)官号,封泰山。因(yin)诏御史(shi)曰:“乃者,有司言星度(du)之未定也(ye),广延宣问(wen),以理(li)星度(du),未能(neng)詹也(ye)<6>。盖(gai)闻(wen)昔者黄(huang)(huang)帝合而不死<7>,名(ming)察度(du)验<8>,定清浊<9>,起五部<10>,建气(qi)物分(fen)(fen)数<11>。然盖(gai)尚矣。书(shu)缺乐弛,朕甚闵焉(yan)。朕唯未能(neng)循明也(ye)<12>。绩日(ri)分(fen)(fen)<13>,率(lv)应水德之胜<14>。今日(ri)顺夏(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)<15>,黄(huang)(huang)钟为(wei)宫(gong)<16>,林钟为(wei)徵,太蔟为(wei)商,南吕为(wei)羽,姑冼(xian)为(wei)角(jiao)。自(zi)是(shi)以后(hou),气(qi)复(fu)正<17>,羽声(sheng)复(fu)清<18>,名(ming)复(fu)正变<19>,以至(zhi)(zhi)子日(ri)当冬至(zhi)(zhi)<20>,则阴阳离合之道行焉(yan)<21>。十二月(yue)甲(jia)(jia)子朔旦冬至(zhi)(zhi)已詹<22>,其更(geng)以七(qi)年为(wei)太初元年。年名(ming)‘焉(yan)逢摄提格’<23>,月(yue)名(ming)‘毕聚’<24>,日(ri)得甲(jia)(jia)子,夜(ye)半(ban)朔旦冬至(zhi)(zhi)<25>。”

〔注释〕

  <1>周秦(qin)之(zhi)间,分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)别(bie)祭(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝于(yu)东、西、南、北畤(zhi)。汉(han)初(chu)建(jian)国;五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畤(zhi)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)缺少(shao)祭(ji)祀(si)黑帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北畤(zhi),高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)问(wen)群(qun)臣(chen)原(yuan)因何(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),群(qun)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)答。高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)省悟说(shuo):“原(yuan)来(lai)北畤(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等待我来(lai)建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”。参(can)见《封禅(shan)书(shu)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)。 <2>元(yuan):历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)元(yuan)。计算历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)开始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)子(zi)(zi)。更元(yuan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)。 <3>将天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)划(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)干部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),以(yi)(yi)便进行(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)体观测(ce)。古人(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四宫(gong)(gong)(gong)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)次,每一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)次随时(shi)(shi)代不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)度(du)数(shu)略(lve)有(you)差异。太(tai)(tai)初(chu)改(gai)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),重分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)部,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要重新测(ce)定各(ge)(ge)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)次包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精确(que)度(du)数(shu),即重新进行(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)体测(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。 <4>运(yun)算转(zhuan)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li):通(tong)(tong)过运(yun)算编制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)表(biao),由(you)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)表(biao)转(zhuan)推(tui)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。由(you)于(yu)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)循(xun)环性(xing),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)干年(nian)后(hou),历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)就(jiu)又重新出现原(yuan)来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)样子(zi)(zi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)推(tui)求(qiu)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),如(ru)(ru)轮之(zhi)转(zhuan),称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)转(zhuan)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 <5>与(yu)(yu)夏(xia)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)同(tong)(tong):就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)(yu)夏(xia)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相同(tong)(tong)。 <6>詹:通(tong)(tong)赡。满足(zu)。全句(ju)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没有(you)得到满意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答复(fu)(fu)。《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)徐广语,说(shuo)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)‘售’。”又《汉(han)书(shu)·律(lv)(lv)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)志(zhi)(zhi)》作(zuo)讎,皆通(tong)(tong)。 <7>《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)孟(meng)康语解(jie)(jie)(jie)释说(shuo):“合(he)(he),作(zuo)也(ye)。黄(huang)帝作(zuo)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)终复(fu)(fu)始(shi)无(wu)穷已,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死。”又引(yin)臣(chen)瓒语,说(shuo):“黄(huang)帝圣德(de),与(yu)(yu)虚合(he)(he)契,升龙登仙于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)合(he)(he)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死。”以(yi)(yi)后(hou)说(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。 <8>名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)察:星(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)称,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)考(kao)辨明(ming)白,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)令含胡、混淆。度(du)验(yan):星(xing)(xing)度(du)数(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)验(yan)证无(wu)误。 <9>确(que)定五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)下清(qing)(qing)浊。音(yin)(yin)细(xi)而(er)高(gao)(gao)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)(qing),低而(er)沉者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浊。 <10>确(que)立(li)起历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)部之(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)联系(xi)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)部,即五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)。指(zhi)(zhi)木(mu)、火、土、金(jin)、水。 <11>确(que)定二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四节气(qi)以(yi)(yi)及历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其他名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)物(指(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)种参(can)数(shu))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。 <12>叹惋之(zhi)词:虽“甚(shen)闵(min)焉”,而(er)未(wei)循(xun)而(er)明(ming)之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)补(bu)其缺漏。《汉(han)书(shu)·律(lv)(lv)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)志(zhi)(zhi)》作(zuo)“未(wei)能(neng)修明(ming)。”循(xun)同(tong)(tong)修。 <13>《索隐》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释说(shuo):“绩(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe),女工缉(ji)(ji)之(zhi)意(yi),以(yi)(yi)言(yan)造历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)算运(yun)者(zhe)犹(you)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)女工缉(ji)(ji)而(er)织之(zhi)也(ye)。”。按(an):绩(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)纺(fang)绩(ji)(ji)(ji)。抽(chou)棉麻为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纱(sha)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纺(fang)(或(huo)(huo)谓之(zhi)),缉(ji)(ji)纱(sha)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)线谓为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绩(ji)(ji)(ji)。这里比喻制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)嫌微细(xi),积(ji)(ji)少(shao)成(cheng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。(言(yan)其抽(chou)丝缕为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纱(sha),绩(ji)(ji)(ji)纱(sha)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),积(ji)(ji)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)布匹;制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)积(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),积(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),积(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)年(nian)。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen):分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)长(zhang)短为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)干分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)数(shu)。 <14>率(lv)(lv):全都(dou)、大率(lv)(lv)、通(tong)(tong)常。水德(de)之(zhi)胜:指(zhi)(zhi)土德(de)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)土胜水。 <15>如(ru)(ru)今时(shi)(shi)令已快到了夏(xia)至(zhi)。夏(xia)至(zhi),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)。 <16>由(you)于(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)旋相为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),此(ci)(ci)处(chu)申明(ming)黄(huang)钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),林(lin)钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵等是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了说(shuo)明(ming)已得十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。 <17>节气(qi)重又得到夏(xia)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。 <18>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)声最(zui)浊,羽声最(zui)清(qing)(qing)。羽声不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)(qing)则(ze)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)(yin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),说(shuo)明(ming)长(zhang)度(du)单位不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)确(que)(失之(zhi)过长(zhang)),制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会准确(que),这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)先(xian)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。 <19>有(you)两种解(jie)(jie)(jie)释:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)认(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“各(ge)(ge)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)误文(wen)(wen)(wen),“各(ge)(ge)复(fu)(fu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)变”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo),羽声复(fu)(fu)清(qing)(qing),其余(yu)各(ge)(ge)声也(ye)都(dou)恢(hui)复(fu)(fu)了按(an)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)确(que)比率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声皆正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)认(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“变”字(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衍文(wen)(wen)(wen),“名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)复(fu)(fu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)与(yu)(yu)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相关的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)物都(dou)恢(hui)复(fu)(fu)到了正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)确(que)状态。译文(wen)(wen)(wen)取后(hou)说(shuo)。 <20>此(ci)(ci)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何(he)(he)必欲(yu)选择(ze)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)好是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)(dong)至(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)开端,下句(ju)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对此(ci)(ci)问(wen)题的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)答。 <21>王元(yuan)启解(jie)(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)“古者(zhe)太(tai)(tai)初(chu)上(shang)元(yuan)甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)夜(ye)(ye)半冬(dong)(dong)至(zhi),七曜(yao)(yào,耀,指(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing))皆会于(yu)斗牵牛(niu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)度(du),自(zi)此(ci)(ci)而(er)后(hou),诸(zhu)曜(yao)或(huo)(huo)迟或(huo)(huo)疾(ji);各(ge)(ge)异其行(xing),所(suo)谓离(li)(li)合(he)(he)之(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)。”阴(yin)阳(yang),此(ci)(ci)处(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)七曜(yao)诸(zhu)星(xing)(xing),如(ru)(ru)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)。金(jin)、水为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin),木(mu)、火为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)之(zhi)类(lei);离(li)(li)合(he)(he)之(zhi)道(dao),当(dang)离(li)(li)者(zhe)离(li)(li),当(dang)合(he)(he)者(zhe)合(he)(he),各(ge)(ge)循(xun)其道(dao)。 <22>制历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)要求(qiu)以(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朔(shuo)旦(dan)冬(dong)(dong)至(zhi),这一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)条已经可以(yi)(yi)得到满足(zu)了。由(you)于(yu)当(dang)时(shi)(shi)已经推(tui)算出当(dang)年(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)旦(dan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)(dong)至(zhi)节,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)才有(you)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)。 <23>此(ci)(ci)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)岁(sui)(sui)纪年(nian)法(fa),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)新名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代替干支(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)号,表(biao)示(shi)太(tai)(tai)岁(sui)(sui)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位置(zhi)。《尔(er)(er)雅》所(suo)载新名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),抄录如(ru)(ru)下,后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注:“太(tai)(tai)岁(sui)(sui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)甲(jia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)阏逢,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)乙曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)旃(zhan)蒙,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丙(bing)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)柔兆,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丁曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)强圉(yǔ,语),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)戊曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)著(zhu)雍,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)己曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)屠维(wei),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)庚曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)章,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)辛曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)重光,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)壬(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)玄黓(yì,意(yi)),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)癸曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)昭阳(yang)。“以(yi)(yi)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)岁(sui)(sui)阳(yang)。”太(tai)(tai)岁(sui)(sui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)寅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)摄提(ti)格,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卯曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)单阏,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)辰曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)执(zhi)徐,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)巳曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大荒落,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)午曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)敦牂(zang)(zāng,脏(zang)),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未(wei)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)协洽,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)申曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)涒(tūn吞(tun))滩,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)酉曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)作(zuo)噩,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)戌(xu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)阉茂,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)亥曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大渊献,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)困敦,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)赤(chi)奋若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)。”《历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阏逢摄提(ti)格显(xian)然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)寅岁(sui)(sui)。 <24>录《尔(er)(er)雅》所(suo)载月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)如(ru)(ru)下:“月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)甲(jia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)毕(bi)(bi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)乙曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)橘,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丙(bing)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)修,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丁曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)圉,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)戊曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)厉(li),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)己曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)庚曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)窒(zhī,支(zhi)),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)辛曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)塞,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)壬(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)终,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)癸曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)极”。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)阳(yang)。“正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陬(zou)(zou),二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)如(ru)(ru),三月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寎,四月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)余(yu),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皋,六月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)且(qie)(jū居(ju)),七月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相,八月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)壮,九月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玄,十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang),十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)辜,十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)涂”。月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)阳(yang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)顺序排定,与(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)结合(he)(he),六十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周;十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)则(ze)每年(nian)位置(zhi)固定不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变。如(ru)(ru)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)得甲(jia)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)毕(bi)(bi)陬(zou)(zou),得乙则(ze)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)橘陬(zou)(zou),余(yu)类(lei)推(tui)。《历(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“毕(bi)(bi)聚(ju)”,聚(ju)与(yu)(yu)陬(zou)(zou)同(tong)(tong)。 <25>以(yi)(yi)上(shang)数(shu)句(ju)颇为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)支(zhi)离(li)(li):“月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)封七年(nian)(即太(tai)(tai)初(chu)元(yuan)年(nian))正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),“日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)得甲(jia)子(zi)(zi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)封六年(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(即太(tai)(tai)初(chu)元(yuan)年(nian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue))朔(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),“夜(ye)(ye)半朔(shuo)旦(dan)冬(dong)(dong)至(zhi)”又与(yu)(yu)前文(wen)(wen)(wen)重复(fu)(fu)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)有(you)人(ren)认(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)“年(nian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”以(yi)(yi)下二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)人(ren)传(chuan)写(xie),误接于(yu)诏书(shu)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi),可备一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)。参(can)见清(qing)(qing)·金(jin)衍绪《史记太(tai)(tai)初(chu)元(yuan)年(nian)岁(sui)(sui)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)辨》;收入《诂经精舍文(wen)(wen)(wen)集》卷(juan)八。

历术甲子篇<1>

太(tai)初(chu)元年(nian),岁名(ming)“焉(yan)逢摄提格”,月(yue)名(ming)“毕聚”,日得(de)甲子,夜半朔旦冬至。

  正北<2>

  十(shi)二(er)<3>

  无大余(yu)<4>,无小余(yu)<5>;

  无(wu)大余(yu)(yu)<6>,无(wu)小余(yu)(yu)<7>;;

  焉逢摄提格太(tai)初(chu)元年<8>。

  〔注释〕

  <1>《索隐》说(shuo):“以十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)旦冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi),甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)阳气(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)之首,故以甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)命历(li)术为(wei)(wei)(wei)篇首,非谓此年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)岁在(zai)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也。” <2>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)辰次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方位(wei)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)夜半子(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方位(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)正北。 <3>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)数(shu)(shu)(shu),无(wu)(wu)闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),有闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。 <4>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)(yi)行(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)计算(suan)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)参数(shu)(shu)(shu),《索隐》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。已知本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming),将(jiang)本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)总(zong)天数(shu)(shu)(shu)减去所(suo)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)周(zhou)(zhou)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)60日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),含(han)几甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)减去几个(ge)(ge)60日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)),剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不足一(yi)(yi)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),整(zheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)数(shu)(shu)(shu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。从本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi),数(shu)(shu)(shu)到大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)之外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(例见下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)注)。由于(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)把(ba)元(yuan)(yuan)封(feng)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),而(er)(er)元(yuan)(yuan)封(feng)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)旦冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起算(suan)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)期,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发(fa)生在(zai)朔(shuo)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)夜半子(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi),所(suo)以说(shuo)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前)没有大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。 <5>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)不足一(yi)(yi)整(zheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)测得(de)每(mei)(mei)(mei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)个(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)整(zheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)数(shu)(shu)(shu)之外(wai)还有小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)数(shu)(shu)(shu),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)数(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。同样由于(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)从十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)起算(suan),所(suo)以说(shuo)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“无(wu)(wu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。 <6>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)(yi)行(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)计算(suan)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)参数(shu)(shu)(shu),《索隐》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。已知本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming),从本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)总(zong)天数(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)除去所(suo)包含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)周(zhou)(zhou)数(shu)(shu)(shu),剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)数(shu)(shu)(shu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。从本(ben)(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming),数(shu)(shu)(shu)到大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)之外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(例见下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)注)。由于(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)从元(yuan)(yuan)封(feng)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起算(suan)(这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时(shi)已经是(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)法中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),所(suo)以太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。 <7>小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),即不足一(yi)(yi)整(zheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)以每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),每(mei)(mei)(mei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)分(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)32分(fen)(fen)(fen),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)合8分(fen)(fen)(fen),每(mei)(mei)(mei)隔一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)增(zeng)加8分(fen)(fen)(fen),四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)积(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),入(ru)大(da)(da)(da)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。同样由于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自元(yuan)(yuan)封(feng)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起算(suan),冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前无(wu)(wu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。 <8>此句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)上(shang)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)寅(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)即太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)而(er)(er)言。后同此。按(an):《历(li)书》所(suo)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)法年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),即以天正十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)起止日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)期。如(ru)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)头(tou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu);冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)截止头(tou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。而(er)(er)实际(ji)上(shang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(chu)历(li)规定一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)期是(shi)(shi)(shi)从正月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)开始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。历(li)法年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)比实际(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)早约一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)半月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。

  十(shi)二(er)<1>

  大(da)余(yu)五十(shi)四<2>,小(xiao)余(yu)三百四十(shi)八(ba)<3>;

  大余五<4>,小余八<5>;

  端蒙单阏二年(nian)<6>。

〔注释〕

  <1>本(ben)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(即(ji)(ji)太(tai)(tai)(tai)初二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian))为(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)二(er)(er)个月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),无闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。 <2>测得每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),全年(nian)(nian)(nian)12个月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)共日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。分(fen)数(shu)部(bu)分(fen)归入(ru)下年(nian)(nian)(nian)。整(zheng)数(shu)354日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)分(fen)配于(yu)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之中,每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)29天半(ban)。实(shi)际(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份不能含半(ban)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),命大月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),小(xiao)(xiao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)29日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),大小(xiao)(xiao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)相间安排(pai),六大六小(xiao)(xiao),恰(qia)354日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。欲知下年(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔甲(jia)(jia)子(zi),354日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)除(chu)6甲(jia)(jia)子(zi)300日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),余(yu)54日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大余(yu)。自甲(jia)(jia)子(zi)起算大余(yu)外,即(ji)(ji)第(di)55日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)戊(wu)午(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)下年(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔的(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)。 <3>由上(shang)注,全年(nian)(nian)(nian)354日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)零分(fen)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),其(qi)中分(fen)子(zi)348分(fen)便是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)。此(ci)(ci)后每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)加29日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),499分(fen),小(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)积(ji)够(gou)940分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),入(ru)于(yu)大余(yu)之中本(ben)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)便为(wei)(wei)(wei)大月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),不足为(wei)(wei)(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)29日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。 <4>太(tai)(tai)(tai)初历测得一(yi)个回归年(nian)(nian)(nian)(从冬至(zhi)到下年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi))的(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)数(shu)是(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),已(yi)知上(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)甲(jia)(jia)子(zi),欲求下年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming),将一(yi)个回归年(nian)(nian)(nian)数(shu)除(chu)去6甲(jia)(jia)子(zi)(360日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)),余(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),其(qi)中整(zheng)数(shu)部(bu)分(fen)5便是(shi)(shi)大余(yu)。自太(tai)(tai)(tai)初元年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(甲(jia)(jia)子(zi))起算,后数(shu)第(di)6日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)己巳,便是(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)初二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi)的(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)。余(yu)仿(fang)此(ci)(ci)。 <5>上(shang)注中的(de)(de)余(yu)数(shu),其(qi)中日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)合8分(fen)(每日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)析(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)32分(fen))便是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)。小(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)满32分(fen)入(ru)大余(yu)。 <6>前引《尔雅》文(wen)“端蒙(meng)”作旃蒙(meng),为(wei)(wei)(wei)乙;单(dan)阏为(wei)(wei)(wei)卯,知端蒙(meng)单(dan)阏即(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乙卯年(nian)(nian)(nian)。二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian):指太(tai)(tai)(tai)初二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。后仿(fang)此(ci)(ci),不另注。

  闰十三<1>

  大余(yu)(yu)四(si)十八&lt;2>,小余(yu)(yu)六(liu)百九十六(liu)<3>;

  大余十(shi)<4>,小余十(shi)六<5>;

  游兆执徐(xu)三年(nian)<6>。

<1>表示本年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue),全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)共(gong)十(shi)三(san)个月(yue)(yue)(yue)。如前述,每个回归(gui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri),而历(li)(li)法(fa)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)才日(ri)(ri),差(cha)(cha)约十(shi)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri),三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)差(cha)(cha)一(yi)(yi)个月(yue)(yue)(yue)余(yu)(yu),九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)差(cha)(cha)一(yi)(yi)季,月(yue)(yue)(yue)与(yu)季节便(bian)失去了固定关系,即(ji)今(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)夏季,若干(gan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)的(de)六月(yue)(yue)(yue)就成了严冬(dong),很不方(fang)便(bian)。为(wei)(wei)此(ci),在(zai)历(li)(li)法(fa)中设置(zhi)(zhi)了闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue),以求得历(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和回归(gui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)平(ping)衡。方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)将每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)差(cha)(cha)数(shu)归(gui)入下年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),积(ji)够(gou)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)则置(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue),当年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)便(bian)是(shi)十(shi)三(san)个月(yue)(yue)(yue)。旧(jiu)历(li)(li)大约是(shi)每三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)闰(run),五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)再闰(run)。十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)置(zhi)(zhi)七(qi)个闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)。若按《汉书·律(lv)历(li)(li)志》所(suo)说的(de)阳历(li)(li)(即(ji)设置(zhi)(zhi)大小(xiao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)时,使月(yue)(yue)(yue)先朔而生(sheng))计算(suan),本年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)闰(run)七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)。《通鉴》闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)太初二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue)(yue),不合(he)(he)。 <2>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)54,加上本年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)54,合(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)108日(ri)(ri),除去一(yi)(yi)甲子60,余(yu)(yu)48日(ri)(ri)。所(suo)以说是(shi)大余(yu)(yu)48。 <3>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)余(yu)(yu)348分(fen)(fen),今(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又余(yu)(yu)348分(fen)(fen),合(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)696分(fen)(fen)。 <4>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)5,今(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又余(yu)(yu)5,合(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)大余(yu)(yu)10。后(hou)仿(fang)此(ci),不另注。 <5>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)余(yu)(yu)8分(fen)(fen),今(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又余(yu)(yu)8分(fen)(fen),合(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)16分(fen)(fen),余(yu)(yu)仿(fang)此(ci)。 <6>前引《尔雅》游(you)(you)兆(zhao)作柔(rou)兆(zhao),同。游(you)(you)兆(zhao)执(zhi)徐为(wei)(wei)丙辰年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。

  十二

  大余十二<1>,小余六百三(san)<2>;

  大余十五,小余二(er)十四;

  强梧大荒落四(si)年<3>。

  十二

  大(da)余(yu)七,小余(yu)十(shi)一;

  大余二十(shi)一<4>,无(wu)小余<5>;

  徒维敦牂天汉元年<6>。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)一,小余(yu)三百五十九;

  大(da)余(yu)二(er)十(shi)六(liu),小余(yu)八;

  祝犁(li)协洽二年(nian)<7>。

  十二

  大余二十五,小余二百六十六;

  大(da)余三十一;小(xiao)余十六;

  商横涒滩三年<8>。

  十二

  大余(yu)十九,小余(yu)六百一十四;

  大(da)余三十六,小余二十四;

  昭阳作(zuo)鄂四年<9>。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)(yu)十四,小余(yu)(yu)二十二;

  大余四十二,无小(xiao)余;

  横艾淹茂太始元年<10>。

  十二

  大(da)余三十七(qi),小余八百六十九;

  大余(yu)四十七,小(xiao)余(yu)八;

  尚章大渊(yuan)献二年<11>。

  闰十三

  大(da)余三十二,小余二百七十七;

  大余五十(shi)二,小余一(yi)十(shi)六;

  焉逢困敦(dun)三年<12>。

  十二

  大余五十六,小(xiao)余一百八十四(si);

  大余五十七,小余二十四(si);

  端蒙赤(chi)奋若(ruo)四年<13>。

  

  〔注释〕

  <1>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)48日(ri)(ri)(ri),加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)所余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)54日(ri)(ri)(ri),由(you)于(yu)(yu)上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)闰(run)月(yue)(yue)(闰(run)月(yue)(yue)也(ye)是(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)),再(zai)加(jia)29日(ri)(ri)(ri),合为(wei)(wei)(wei)131日(ri)(ri)(ri),除(chu)去2甲子120日(ri)(ri)(ri),余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)11日(ri)(ri)(ri),加(jia)上小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)积成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)(见注 <2>),为(wei)(wei)(wei)12日(ri)(ri)(ri),所以大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)12日(ri)(ri)(ri)。此(ci)后每(mei)逢上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)闰(run),本年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)除(chu)了(le)(le)加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)54日(ri)(ri)(ri)外(wai),另(ling)加(jia)闰(run)月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)29日(ri)(ri)(ri)。不(bu)(bu)另(ling)注。 <2>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)696分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)348分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),再(zai)加(jia)上闰(run)月(yue)(yue)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)499分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),合为(wei)(wei)(wei)1543分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。除(chu)去940分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)整日(ri)(ri)(ri),归入大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)603分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。所以小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)603。此(ci)后每(mei)逢上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)闰(run),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)除(chu)了(le)(le)加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)所余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)348分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之外(wai),还要(yao)加(jia)上闰(run)月(yue)(yue)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)499。不(bu)(bu)另(ling)注。 <3>前引《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》,强梧(wu)作强圉。强梧(wu)大荒落(luo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)丁(ding)巳(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。 <4>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)15,加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)5,为(wei)(wei)(wei)20日(ri)(ri)(ri),再(zai)加(jia)上小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)积成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)1日(ri)(ri)(ri),合为(wei)(wei)(wei)21日(ri)(ri)(ri),所以说大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)21日(ri)(ri)(ri)。 <5>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)24分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),加(jia)上当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)8分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)合为(wei)(wei)(wei)32分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),恰是(shi)一(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数(shu),入于(yu)(yu)大余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),所以说无小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。 <6>上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(太(tai)初(chu)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))为(wei)(wei)(wei)丁(ding)巳(si),本年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)成(cheng)戊(wu)午(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),前引《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》“戊(wu)曰著雍(yong)”,“午(wu)曰敦牂(zang),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)名(ming)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)著雍(yong)敦牂(zang)。此(ci)处为(wei)(wei)(wei)徒维(wei)敦牂(zang),与(yu)(yu)《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。 <7>由(you)前引《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》文,天汉二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)名(ming)(己末)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)屠维(wei)协(xie)洽。此(ci)处为(wei)(wei)(wei)祝犁协(xie)洽,与(yu)(yu)《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。 <8>天汉三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)庚申,《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)上章(zhang)涒(tun)滩(tan),此(ci)处作商横涒(tun)滩(tan),与(yu)(yu)《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。 <9>辛酉年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》作重光作噩(e),此(ci)处为(wei)(wei)(wei)昭(zhao)(zhao)阳作鄂。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。 <10>壬戌年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》作玄黓阉茂(mao),此(ci)处为(wei)(wei)(wei)横艾(ai)淹(yan)茂(mao)。艾(ai)读如刈,与(yu)(yu)黓同(tong)(tong)音(yin);玄与(yu)(yu)横亦是(shi)地区读音(yin)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)讹变。 <11>癸亥(hai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)作昭(zhao)(zhao)阳大渊献,与(yu)(yu)此(ci)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。《索(suo)隐》释亥(hai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)困敦,又(you)不(bu)(bu)知其所据(ju)。 <12>甲子岁(sui),《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》“焉(yan)”作“阏”,同(tong)(tong)音(yin)字。 <13>乙丑岁(sui),《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》“端(duan)”作“旃”。同(tong)(tong)韵而讹。《索(suo)隐》“赤奋若(ruo)”作“汭汉”,不(bu)(bu)知所据(ju)。按:由(you)以上可(ke)知,《历术甲子篇》中的(de)(de)(de)岁(sui)阳多与(yu)(yu)《尔(er)(er)(er)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)》不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),其中多数(shu)是(shi)讹音(yin)字,也(ye)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)根本不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。后不(bu)(bu)注。

 

 

  十二

  大余(yu)五十(shi),小余(yu)五百三(san)十(shi)二;

  大(da)余(yu)三,无小(xiao)余(yu);

  游兆摄(she)提(ti)格征和元年。

  闰(run)十三<1>

  大余四十四,小余八百八十;

  大余八,小余八;

  强梧单阏二年。

  十二

  大余(yu)八,小余(yu)七百(bai)八十七;

  大余(yu)十(shi)三,小余(yu)十(shi)六;

  徒维执徐三年。

  十二

  大余三,小余一百九十五(wu);

  大(da)余十八,小余二十四;

  祝犁大(da)芒落四年(nian)<2>。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)五十七(qi),小余(yu)五百四(si)十三;

  大余二十四,无(wu)小余;

  商横敦牂(zang)后(hou)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)。

  十二

  大余(yu)二(er)十一,小(xiao)余(yu)四百五十;

  大余二十九(jiu),小(xiao)余八(ba);

  昭(zhao)阳汁(zhi)洽二年<3>。

  闰十三<4>

  大余十五(wu),小余七百九(jiu)十八;

  大(da)余三十(shi)(shi)四(si),小(xiao)余十(shi)(shi)六(liu);

  横艾涒滩始元元年。

  正西<5>

  十二

  大余(yu)三十九,小(xiao)余(yu)七百五(wu);

  大余三十(shi)九,小余二十(shi)四;

  尚章作(zuo)噩二(er)年(nian)<6>。

<1>《汉(han)书·武(wu)帝纪(ji)》征(zheng)和二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)闰四月(yue)。 <2>太初(chu)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)“大芒落”作(zuo)“大荒(huang)落”,《尔雅》亦(yi)作(zuo)“大荒(huang)落” <3>前(qian)天汉(han)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)“汁洽(qia)(qia)” 作(zuo)“协(xie)洽(qia)(qia)”,《尔雅》亦(yi)作(zuo)“协(xie)洽(qia)(qia)”。 <4>《汉(han)书·武(wu)帝纪(ji)》为(wei)(wei)闰九月(yue)。 <5>自太初(chu)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)到始元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)104-前(qian)86年(nian)(nian)(nian)),已(yi)履19年(nian)(nian)(nian),每个(ge)回归年(nian)(nian)(nian)天数中(zhong)有余分,19年(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei),除去(qu)4整日(ri),余日(ri)。始元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)冬(dong)至必在(zai)过了日(ri)之(zhi)后。一日(ri)为(wei)(wei)十二(er)辰,日(ri)当在(zai)酉时(shi)(shi),即始元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)至加于酉时(shi)(shi)(酉时(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)冬(dong)至)。酉的(de)方位为(wei)(wei)正(zheng)西。所以(yi)此(ci)处“正(zheng)西”就是冬(dong)至加于酉时(shi)(shi)的(de)意思。 <6>天汉(han)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)所纪(ji)为(wei)(wei)“作(zuo)鄂”,《尔雅》为(wei)(wei)“作(zuo)噩”,与此(ci)同。

  十二

  大(da)余三十四(si),小余一百一十三;

  大余四十五,无(wu)小(xiao)余;

  焉逢淹茂三年

  闰十三

  大(da)余二十(shi)八,小(xiao)余四(si)百六十(shi)一;

  大余(yu)五(wu)十(shi),小余(yu)八(ba);

  端蒙大(da)渊献四年。

  十二

  大余五(wu)十二(er),小余三(san)百(bai)六十八;

  大余五十五,小余十六;

  游兆困敦五年。

  十二

  大(da)余四十六,小(xiao)余七百一十六;

  无大余,小余二十(shi)四(si);

  强梧赤奋若(ruo)六年。

  闰十三

  大余四(si)十一,小余一百二(er)十四(si);

  大余六,无小(xiao)余;

  徒(tu)维(wei)摄提格(ge)元(yuan)凤元(yuan)年(nian)。

  十二

  大余(yu)五,小余(yu)三十一;

  大余(yu)十一,小(xiao)余(yu)八;

  祝犁单阏二年。

  十二

  大(da)余五十(shi)九,小余三百(bai)七十(shi)九;

  大余十(shi)六(liu),小(xiao)余十(shi)六(liu);

  商横执徐三年。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)五(wu)十三,小余(yu)七百二十七;

  大(da)余(yu)(yu)二(er)十一,小余(yu)(yu)二(er)十四;

  昭(zhao)阳大荒落四年。

  十二

  大余十七,小余六(liu)百三十四;

  大(da)余二(er)十七,无小余;

  横艾敦牂五年。

  闰十三

  大余十二(er),小余四十二(er);

  大余三十二,小余八;

  尚章汁洽六年。

  十二

  大(da)余三十(shi)五,小余八百八十(shi)九;

  大余三(san)十七(qi),小余十六;

  焉逢涒滩元平元年。

  十二

  大余三十,小余二百九十七;

  大(da)余(yu)四十二(er),小(xiao)余(yu)二(er)十四;

  端蒙作噩本始元年(nian)。

  闰十三

  大余二十四(si),小(xiao)余六(liu)百四(si)十五;

  大余四十(shi)八,无小余;

  游兆阉茂二年。

  十二

  大余四十(shi)八,小(xiao)余五(wu)百(bai)五(wu)十(shi)二;

  大余五十(shi)三,小余八;

  强梧大渊(yuan)献三年。

  十二

  大余(yu)四十二,小余(yu)九百(bai);

  大(da)余(yu)五十八,小余(yu)十六(liu);

  徒维困敦四年。

  闰十三

  大余三(san)十七,小余三(san)百八;

  大余三,小(xiao)余二十四;

  祝犁赤奋(fen)若地节元年。

  十二

  大(da)余一(yi),小余二百一(yi)十五(wu);

  大余(yu)九,无小(xiao)余(yu);

  商(shang)横摄提(ti)格二(er)年(nian)。

  闰十三

  大余五(wu)十五(wu),小余五(wu)百(bai)六十三(san);

  大余(yu)十(shi)四(si),小余(yu)八(ba);

  昭阳单阏三年。

  正南(nan)<1>

  十二

  大余(yu)十九,小余(yu)四(si)百七十;

  大余(yu)(yu)十九,小余(yu)(yu)十六;

  横艾执徐四年。

  

  <1>自太初(chu)(chu)元年(nian)(nian)(前104)至(zhi)地(di)节三(san)年(nian)(nian)(前67)共(gong)38年(nian)(nian),每年(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)余(yu)为日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),38年(nian)(nian)余(yu)分为,除去9整日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),余(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),那末(mo)除去整日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之外,需再过日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)才能到(dao)下年(nian)(nian)(地(di)节四年(nian)(nian))冬(dong)至(zhi),即冬(dong)至(zhi)加(jia)时在(zai)午。十二辰午居(ju)正(zheng)南方,所以,此(ci)处“正(zheng)南”的(de)意思是地(di)节四年(nian)(nian)冬(dong)至(zhi)加(jia)于午时。此(ci)后(hou)初(chu)(chu)元二年(nian)(nian)有“正(zheng)东”,算法同,不另注(zhu)。

  十二

  大(da)余十三,小余八百一十八;

  大余二(er)十四,小余二(er)十四;

  尚章大荒落元(yuan)康元(yuan)年。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)八,小余(yu)二百二十六(liu);

  大余三十,无小(xiao)余;

  焉逢敦牂二年。

  十二

  大余三十(shi)二,小(xiao)余一百三十(shi)三;

  大余三十五,小余八;

  端蒙协洽三年。

  十二

  大余二十六,小余四(si)百八十一,

  大余四十,小余十六;

  游兆涒滩四年。

  闰十三

  大余二十,小余八百二十九;

  大余四十(shi)五,小余二十(shi)四;

  强梧作噩神雀(que)元年。

  十二

  大余四十四,小(xiao)余七(qi)百三十六;

  大余五(wu)十一(yi),无小余;

  徒维淹茂二年

  十二

  大余三十九,小余一(yi)百四(si)十四(si);

  大余五十六,小余八;

  祝(zhu)犁大渊献三(san)年。

  闰十三

  大余三(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san),小(xiao)余四(si)百九十(shi)(shi)二;

  大余一,小(xiao)余十六(liu);

  商横困敦四年。

  十二

  大余五十(shi)七,小余三百九十(shi)九;

  大余六(liu),小余二十四;

  昭阳赤奋若五凤元年。

  闰十三

  大(da)余五十一(yi),小余七百(bai)四(si)十七;

  大余(yu)十二,无(wu)小余(yu);

  横艾摄提(ti)格二年。

  十二

  大余十五,小余六百五十四;

  大余(yu)十(shi)七,小余(yu)八;

  尚章单阏三年。

  十二

  大(da)余(yu)(yu)十,小余(yu)(yu)六十二;

  大余(yu)(yu)二(er)十二(er),小余(yu)(yu)十六;

  焉逢执徐四年。

  闰十三

  大余四,小(xiao)余四百(bai)一(yi)十;

  大余(yu)二(er)十七(qi),小余(yu)二(er)十四;

  端蒙大荒(huang)落甘露元(yuan)年。

  十二

  大余(yu)二十八,小余(yu)三百(bai)一十七;

  大余三十三,无小余;

  游兆敦牂二年。

  十二

  大余二十(shi)二,小余六(liu)百六(liu)十(shi)五(wu);

  大余三(san)十八;小余八;

  强梧协洽三年。

  闰十三

  大余十(shi)七,小余七十(shi)三;

  大余四(si)十(shi)(shi)三,小余十(shi)(shi)六;

  徒维涒滩四年。

  十二

  大余(yu)四十,小(xiao)余(yu)九百二十;

  大余四(si)十八,小余二十四(si);

  祝犁作噩黄龙元年(nian)。

  闰十三

  大余三十(shi)五(wu),小余三百(bai)二十(shi)八;

  大(da)余(yu)五十四(si),无小余(yu);

  商横淹(yan)茂(mao)初元(yuan)元(yuan)年。

  正东

  十二

  大余(yu)五十九,小(xiao)余(yu)二百三十五;

  大(da)余(yu)五十(shi)九,小余(yu)八;

  昭阳大渊献二年。

  十二

  大余五十三(san),小(xiao)余五百八十三(san);

  大余四,小余十六;

  横艾困敦三年。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)四十七,小余(yu)九百三十一;

  大(da)余九,小(xiao)余二十四;

  尚章赤(chi)奋若四年。

  十二

  大余(yu)十(shi)一,小余(yu)八百三(san)十(shi)八;

  大余十五,无小(xiao)余;

  焉逢摄提格五年(nian)。

  十二

  大余六(liu),小余二百四十(shi)六(liu);

  大余二(er)十,小余八;

  端蒙单(dan)阏(yan)永(yong)光元年。

  闰十三

  无(wu)大余,小余五百九十(shi)四;

  大(da)余(yu)二十五,小余(yu)十六;

  游兆执徐二年

  十二

  大余(yu)二十四(si),小(xiao)余(yu)五百一;

  大(da)余(yu)三(san)十,小余(yu)二十四(si);

  强梧大荒落三年。

  十二

  大余十八,小(xiao)余八百四十九;

  大余三十六,无小余;

  徒维敦牂四年。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)十三,小余(yu)二百五(wu)十七;

  大余四十一(yi),小余八(ba);

  祝犁协洽五年。

  十二

  大余三(san)十七,小余一百(bai)六十四;

  大余(yu)四十(shi)六(liu),小(xiao)余(yu)十(shi)六(liu);

  商横涒(tun)滩(tan)建昭元年。

  闰十三

  大(da)余三十(shi)一,小余五百一十(shi)二;

  大余五(wu)十一,小(xiao)余二十四;

  昭阳作噩二年。

  十二

  大(da)余(yu)五(wu)十五(wu),小余(yu)四百一十九;

  大余五(wu)十七,无小(xiao)余;

  横艾阉茂三年。

  十二

  大余(yu)四十九,小余(yu)七百(bai)六(liu)十七;

  大余(yu)二,小余(yu)八;

  尚章大渊献四年。

  闰十三

  大余四十四,小余一百七十五;

  大(da)余七,小余十六;

  焉逢困敦五年。

  十二

  大余(yu)八,小余(yu)八十二;

  大余(yu)(yu)十(shi)二,小余(yu)(yu)二十(shi)四;

  端蒙(meng)赤奋若竟宁元年。

  十二

  大(da)余二,小余四百三(san)十;

  大余(yu)十(shi)八,无(wu)小余(yu);

  游兆(zhao)摄提格建始(shi)元年。

  闰十三

  大余(yu)五(wu)十(shi)六,小余(yu)七百七十(shi)八;

  大余二十三,小余八;

  强梧单阏二年。

  十二

  大余十二,小(xiao)余六(liu)百八十五(wu);

  大余二十八(ba),小余十六;

  徒维执徐三年。

  闰十三

  大余十五(wu),小余九十三;

  大(da)余三十(shi)三,小(xiao)余二十(shi)四;

  祝犁(li)大(da)荒(huang)落四年。

  

  右《历书》:大余者(zhe),日也(ye)(ye)<1>。小余者(zhe),月也(ye)(ye)<2>。端(旃)蒙者(zhe)<3>,年名也(ye)(ye)。支:丑名赤奋若,寅名摄提格(ge)<4>。干:丙名游(you)兆<5>。正(zheng)北,冬至加(jia)子时<6>;正(zheng)西(xi),加(jia)酉时;正(zheng)南,加(jia)午时;正(zheng)东(dong),加(jia)卯时。

〔注释〕

  <1>指余数中整日的数目。 <2>小余是余数中不足一日的部分,即分数部分。由于把月朔小余依次加上每月余分499,可以决定该月是大月或小月(大于940分为大月,不足940分为小月);而冬至小余决定了冬至所在辰次,即天正(历法正月)十一月的位置。所以释小余为“月也”,是有道理的。《正义》说“小余又非是”,不妥。 <3>年名由二部分组成:一为岁阳,如端蒙等;二为岁名,即太岁所在的十二辰次名。文中只举岁阳部分,是略语 <4>举丑、寅二支以概其余。 <5>举丙名以概其余。 <6>加子时:就是加于子时,或者说在子时。后同此,不另注。

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