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《尔雅注疏》卷五(wu)·释乐第(di)七(qi)

】“释乐第七”。○释曰:案《乐记》云:“乐者,乐也,君子乐得其道,小人乐得其欲也。”《说文》云:“乐,五声八音之总名。象鼓な之形。木,ね也。白,歌也。又象锺磬也。”五声者,商、角、宫、徵、羽也。《律历志》云:“商之为言章也,物成孰可章度。角,触也。物触地而出,戴芒角也。宫,中也。居中央,畅四方,唱始施生,为四声纲也。徵,祉也,物盛大而繁祉也。羽,宇也,物聚藏宇覆之也。”又云:“八音:土曰埙,匏曰笙,皮曰鼓,竹曰管,丝曰弦,石曰磬,金曰锺,木曰。”此篇总释五声之名及八音之器,故名“释乐”也。

宫(gong)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重,商谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敏,角(jiao)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经,徵谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迭,羽(yu)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柳。(皆五音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别名。其(qi)义未详。○徵,之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矢反(fan)。)

】“宫(gong)谓(wei)”至“之(zhi)(zhi)柳(liu)”。○释(shi)曰(yue):案(an)此文则(ze)(ze)宫(gong)一(yi)名(ming)重,商一(yi)名(ming)敏,角(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)名(ming)经(jing),徵一(yi)名(ming)迭(die),羽(yu)(yu)一(yi)名(ming)柳(liu)。但未见义(yi)所(suo)出(chu)也(ye)。注“皆五(wu)”至“未详(xiang)(xiang)”。○释(shi)曰(yue):云“皆五(wu)音”者(zhe),案(an)郑(zheng)玄注《乐(le)记(ji)》云“杂比曰(yue)音”,谓(wei)宫(gong)、商、角(jiao)(jiao)、徵、羽(yu)(yu)清浊(zhuo)相杂和比谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)音。“单出(chu)曰(yue)声(sheng)(sheng)”,谓(wei)五(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)内唯单有一(yi)声(sheng)(sheng),更(geng)无馀声(sheng)(sheng)相杂也(ye)。然(ran)则(ze)(ze)初(chu)发口单出(chu)者(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng),众(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)和合成(cheng)章(zhang)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)音,金、石(shi)、干、戚、羽(yu)(yu)、旄谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le),则(ze)(ze)声(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)初(chu),音为(wei)中(zhong),乐(le)为(wei)末。此云五(wu)音者(zhe),举中(zhong)而(er)言(yan)也(ye)。云“之(zhi)(zhi)别(bie)名(ming)”者(zhe),谓(wei)重、敏、经(jing)、迭(die)、柳(liu)是宫(gong)、商、角(jiao)(jiao)、徵、羽(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)别(bie)名(ming)也(ye)。云“其义(yi)未详(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe),以《尔雅(ya)》之(zhi)(zhi)作以释(shi)六艺(yi),今经(jing)典(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)无此五(wu)名(ming),或在亡逸中(zhong),不(bu)(bu)可得而(er)知其义(yi),故未详(xiang)(xiang)。案(an)孙叔然(ran)云:“宫(gong)浊(zhuo)而(er),故曰(yue)重也(ye)。”孙氏虽有此说,更(geng)无经(jing)据,故不(bu)(bu)取也(ye)。

大瑟谓之洒。(长八尺(chi)一寸,广(guang)一尺(chi)八寸,二十(shi)七弦。○洒,所蟹反。)

】“大瑟(se)谓(wei)之(zhi)洒(sa)”。注“长(zhang)八(ba)(ba)”至“七弦(xian)(xian)(xian)”。○释曰:瑟(se)者,登(deng)歌所用(yong)之(zhi)乐(le)器也(ye)(ye),故(gu)先释之(zhi)。《世本》曰:“庖牺作五十弦(xian)(xian)(xian),黄帝使(shi)素女鼓瑟(se),哀不(bu)自(zi)胜(sheng),乃破为二十五弦(xian)(xian)(xian),具(ju)二均声(sheng)。”《礼图》旧(jiu)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“雅瑟(se)长(zhang)八(ba)(ba)尺一寸,广一尺八(ba)(ba)寸,二十三(san)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),其(qi)(qi)常用(yong)者十九弦(xian)(xian)(xian),其(qi)(qi)馀四弦(xian)(xian)(xian)谓(wei)之(zhi)番。番,赢(ying)也(ye)(ye)。颂(song)瑟(se)长(zhang)七尺二寸,广尺八(ba)(ba)寸,二十五弦(xian)(xian)(xian),尽用(yong)之(zhi)。”熊(xiong)氏(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“瑟(se)两头有孔(kong),其(qi)(qi)在(zai)下者名(ming)越(yue)(yue)。”《乡饮酒礼》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“二人皆(jie)左(zuo)何(he)瑟(se),後首,挎越(yue)(yue)。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun):“越(yue)(yue),瑟(se)孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)。”《燕礼》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“小臣左(zuo)何(he)瑟(se),面鼓,执越(yue)(yue)。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun):“越(yue)(yue),瑟(se)下孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)。若用(yong)之(zhi)祭祀,则(ze)(ze)(ze)练其(qi)(qi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),疏(shu)其(qi)(qi)越(yue)(yue)。《乐(le)记》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“《清庙》之(zhi)瑟(se),朱弦(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)疏(shu)越(yue)(yue)。”郑(zheng)注云(yun)(yun)(yun):“朱弦(xian)(xian)(xian),练朱弦(xian)(xian)(xian),练则(ze)(ze)(ze)声(sheng)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)。越(yue)(yue),瑟(se)孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)。画疏(shu)之(zhi),使(shi)声(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。以其(qi)(qi)不(bu)练则(ze)(ze)(ze)体劲(jing)而(er)(er)声(sheng)清,练则(ze)(ze)(ze)丝熟而(er)(er)声(sheng)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)也(ye)(ye)。疏(shu),通也(ye)(ye)。使(shi)两头孔(kong)相连而(er)(er)通也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)小则(ze)(ze)(ze)声(sheng)急,孔(kong)大则(ze)(ze)(ze)声(sheng)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)大者别名(ming)洒(sa)。孙叔然云(yun)(yun)(yun):“音(yin)多变,布如洒(sa)出(chu)也(ye)(ye)。”郭云(yun)(yun)(yun)“二十七弦(xian)(xian)(xian)”,未见(jian)所出(chu)。

大琴(qin)谓之离(li)。(或曰(yue)琴(qin)大者二十七弦,未详(xiang)长(zhang)短。《广雅(ya)》曰(yue):“琴(qin)长(zhang)三尺六寸六分(fen),五(wu)弦。)

】“大(da)琴(qin)(qin)谓之(zhi)(zhi)离”。注“或曰(yue)”至“五弦(xian)(xian)(xian)”。○释曰(yue):《琴(qin)(qin)操》曰(yue):“伏(fu)羲作琴(qin)(qin)。”《世本(ben)》云(yun):“神(shen)农作琴(qin)(qin)。”《白虎通(tong)》曰(yue):“琴(qin)(qin)者(zhe)禁也(ye),禁止(zhi)於(wu)邪(xie),以(yi)正人心(xin)也(ye)。”琴(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)者(zhe)别名离也(ye)。孙(sun)叔然云(yun):“音多(duo)变,声流(liu)离也(ye)。”云(yun)“或曰(yue)琴(qin)(qin)大(da)者(zhe)二(er)十(shi)七弦(xian)(xian)(xian),未(wei)详长短”者(zhe),或人言(yan)琴(qin)(qin)有二(er)十(shi)七弦(xian)(xian)(xian),是琴(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)者(zhe)也(ye),但未(wei)详其(qi)长短耳。云(yun)“《广雅》曰(yue):琴(qin)(qin)长三(san)尺六寸六分,五弦(xian)(xian)(xian)”者(zhe),此常用之(zhi)(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)也(ye),象(xiang)三(san)百(bai)六十(shi)六日(ri),五弦(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)五行,大(da)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)为君,小弦(xian)(xian)(xian)为臣(chen),文(wen)王、武王加二(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),以(yi)合君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)恩也(ye)。又(you)(you)五弦(xian)(xian)(xian)第一弦(xian)(xian)(xian)为宫(gong),其(qi)次商(shang)、角、徵、羽,文(wen)武二(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)为少宫(gong)、少商(shang)。又(you)(you)《琴(qin)(qin)操》曰(yue):“广六寸,象(xiang)****也(ye)。”又(you)(you)上曰(yue)池,言(yan)其(qi)平(ping)。下曰(yue)滨,言(yan)其(qi)服。前广後狭,象(xiang)尊卑,上圆下方,法天(tian)地。然琴(qin)(qin)为乐器,通(tong)见《诗》、《书(shu)》,故(gu)此释之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。

大(da)鼓(gu)(gu)谓之{卉(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)},({卉(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)}长(zhang)八寸(cun)。○{卉(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)},坟。)小者谓之应(ying)(ying)。(《诗(shi)》曰(yue)“应(ying)(ying)县鼓(gu)(gu)”,在大(da)鼓(gu)(gu)侧。○应(ying)(ying)音膺。)

】“大(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”至“之(zhi)应(ying)(ying)(ying)”。○释曰(yue)(yue):别鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)小之(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)名{卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)}。《周礼鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)职》曰(yue)(yue):“以{卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)}鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)军事(shi)是也(ye)(ye)。”其(qi)小者(zhe)名应(ying)(ying)(ying),言声应(ying)(ying)(ying)於大(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。李巡云(yun)(yun):“小者(zhe)声音(yin)相承,故曰(yue)(yue)应(ying)(ying)(ying)也(ye)(ye)。”孙(sun)炎云(yun)(yun):“和应(ying)(ying)(ying)大(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。”注(zhu)“{卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)}长八尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”。○释曰(yue)(yue):知者(zhe)案《考工(gong)记(ji)》<韦(wei)军>人(ren)为鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),“长八尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)四尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),中围(wei)加(jia)(jia)三(san)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),谓(wei)之(zhi){卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)}”。後郑(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“中围(wei)加(jia)(jia)三(san)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe),加(jia)(jia)於面(mian)之(zhi)围(wei)以三(san)分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。面(mian)四尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),其(qi)围(wei)十二尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),加(jia)(jia)以三(san)分(fen)一(yi)(yi)(yi),四尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),则中围(wei)十六(liu)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),径五尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)三(san)寸(cun)三(san)分(fen)寸(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。今以合(he)二十版(ban),则版(ban)六(liu)寸(cun)三(san)分(fen)寸(cun)之(zhi)二耳。大(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi){卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)},以{卉(hui)(hui)(hui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)}鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)军事(shi)。郑(zheng)(zheng)司农云(yun)(yun)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)四尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),谓(wei)革所蒙者(zhe)广四尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。”注(zhu)“《诗》曰(yue)(yue)”至“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)侧”。○释曰(yue)(yue):“应(ying)(ying)(ying)县(xian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”,《周颂·有瞽》篇(pian)文也(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)笺云(yun)(yun):“,小鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),在大(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)旁。应(ying)(ying)(ying),鼙之(zhi)属(shu)也(ye)(ye)。”案,引也(ye)(ye),谓(wei)击小鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)引乐声。

大磬谓之【QY57】。(【QY57】形似犁钅官,以玉石为之。○【QY57】,虚骄反。)

】“大磬谓之【QY57】”。○释曰:磬,乐器名也,以玉石为之。《世本》曰:“无句作磬。”《释名》云:“磬,罄也,声坚罄罄然。”《考工记》曰:“磬氏为磬,倨句一矩有半,其博为一,股为二,鼓为三。参分其股博,去一以为鼓博。参分其鼓博,以其一为之厚。已上则磨其旁,已下则磨其。”是其制也。大者名【QY57】。孙炎云:“【QY57】,乔也。乔,高也。谓其声高也。”李巡云:“大磬声清燥也,故曰【QY57】。【QY57】,操也。注“【QY57】形”至“为之”。○释曰:《字林》云:“钅官,田器也。”自江而南呼犁刃为钅官,此【QY57】形似犁钅官,但大尔。云“以玉(yu)石(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)”者(zhe),《左传》云:“玉(yu)磬纪。”又八音谓磬为(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)。故知“以玉(yu)石(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)”也。

大(da)笙谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)巢,(列(lie)管瓠中(zhong),施(shi)簧(huang)(huang),管端大(da)者十九(jiu)簧(huang)(huang)。)小(xiao)者谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)和(he)。(十三(san)簧(huang)(huang)者。《乡(xiang)射记》曰:“三(san)簧(huang)(huang)一(yi)和(he)而(er)成声。”)

】“大笙(sheng)”至(zhi)“之和”。○释曰(yue)(yue)(yue):《世(shi)本》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“随(sui)作(zuo)笙(sheng)。”《礼记(ji)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“女娲之笙(sheng)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)。”《释名》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“笙(sheng),生(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。象(xiang)物贯地(di)而生(sheng)(sheng)。”《说文》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“笙(sheng),正月之音(yin)。物生(sheng)(sheng),故谓(wei)(wei)之笙(sheng)。”有十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)簧(huang)(huang)(huang),象(xiang)凤之身(shen)。”其大者名巢。巢,高也(ye)(ye)。言其声(sheng)高。小者名和。李巡云(yun)(yun)(yun):“小者声(sheng)少,音(yin)相和也(ye)(ye)。”孙炎(yan)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“应和於(wu)笙(sheng)。”注“列(lie)管(guan)”至(zhi)“九簧(huang)(huang)(huang)”。○释曰(yue)(yue)(yue):瓠,匏也(ye)(ye),以匏为底(di),故八(ba)音(yin)谓(wei)(wei)笙(sheng)为匏。簧(huang)(huang)(huang)者,笙(sheng)管(guan)之中金薄钅叶也(ye)(ye)。笙(sheng)管(guan)必有簧(huang)(huang)(huang),故或谓(wei)(wei)笙(sheng)为簧(huang)(huang)(huang)。《诗(shi)·王(wang)风》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“左(zuo)执簧(huang)(huang)(huang)。”是也(ye)(ye)。大者十(shi)(shi)(shi)九簧(huang)(huang)(huang),以时验而言也(ye)(ye)。注“十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)”至(zhi)“成声(sheng)”。○释曰(yue)(yue)(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)”者,郑司农注《周礼》亦云(yun)(yun)(yun)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)”,相传为然。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“《乡射记(ji)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):三(san)笙(sheng)一和而成声(sheng)”者,彼郑注云(yun)(yun)(yun):“三(san)人吹(chui)笙(sheng),一人吹(chui)和。”是也(ye)(ye)。

大(da)篪谓(wei)之沂。(篪以(yi)竹为(wei)之,长尺(chi)四寸(cun),围三寸(cun),一(yi)孔(kong)上出,一(yi)寸(cun)三分,名翘,横吹之。小者尺(chi)二寸(cun)。《广雅》云:“八孔(kong)。”○篪,池。沂,银。)

】“大篪(chi)谓之沂”。○释曰:李(li)巡曰:“大篪(chi)其声悲(bei)一也。”孙炎曰:“篪(chi)声悲(bei)。沂,悲(bei)也。”《释名(ming)(ming)》曰:“篪(chi),啼(ti)也,声如(ru)婴(ying)儿啼(ti)。”郭云:“篪(chi)以竹为之,长尺(chi)四寸(cun),围(wei)三寸(cun),一孔(kong)上(shang)(shang)出(chu)寸(cun)三分(fen),名(ming)(ming)翘,横吹之。小者(zhe)(zhe)尺(chi)二(er)寸(cun)。《广雅(ya)》云:‘八孔(kong)。’”郑(zheng)司(si)农注《周礼》云:“篪(chi)七空。”盖不数其上(shang)(shang)出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe),故七也。

大埙谓之【A14B】。(埙,烧土为之,大如鹅子,锐上,平,形如称锤,六孔。小者如鸡子。○埙,喧。【A14B】,叫。)

】“大埙谓之【A14B】”。○释曰:《说文》云:“埙,乐器名。从土,熏声。”埙、熏古今字。《释名》云:“埙,喧也,声浊喧喧然。”大埙名【A14B】。孙(sun)炎曰:“音大如(ru)叫呼声。”郭云:“埙,烧(shao)土为(wei)(wei)(wei)之,大如(ru)鹅子,锐上,平,形如(ru)称锤,六孔。小者如(ru)鸡子。”《周礼·小师》注云:“埙,烧(shao)土为(wei)(wei)(wei)之,大如(ru)雁卵。”郑(zheng)司(si)农(nong)亦云“六孔”,是(shi)相(xiang)传为(wei)(wei)(wei)然(ran)也。《世本》云:“暴辛(xin)公(gong)作(zuo)埙。苏成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)作(zuo)篪(chi)(chi)。”谯周《古(gu)史(shi)》云:“古(gu)有埙篪(chi)(chi),尚矣(yi)。周幽王时暴辛(xin)公(gong)善(shan)埙,苏成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)善(shan)篪(chi)(chi),记(ji)者因以为(wei)(wei)(wei)作(zuo),谬矣(yi)。”《世本》之谬,信如(ru)周言(yan)。其云苏公(gong)、暴公(gong)所善(shan),亦未知所出(chu)。盖以《诗·小雅》云:“伯(bo)氏(shi)吹(chui)埙,仲(zhong)氏(shi)吹(chui)篪(chi)(chi)。”苏公(gong)剌(la)暴公(gong)也,故致斯谬。

大钟谓(wei)之(zhi)镛,(《书(shu)》曰:“笙镛以(yi)间。”亦名钅薄。○钅薄音博。)其中谓(wei)之(zhi)剽,小者谓(wei)之(zhi)栈。

】“大(da)(da)(da)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”至“之(zhi)栈”。○释(shi)曰(yue):此(ci)别钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)。《说文(wen)》云(yun):“钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),乐(le)器也(ye)(ye)。”《世本》云(yun):“垂作钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。”《考工记》:“凫氏为钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。”《释(shi)名(ming)(ming)》曰(yue):“钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),空(kong)也(ye)(ye),内空(kong)受(shou)气(qi)多。”其(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)名(ming)(ming)镛。李巡(xun)曰(yue):“大(da)(da)(da)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),音声大(da)(da)(da)。镛,大(da)(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)。”孙炎曰(yue):“镛,深(shen)长(zhang)之(zhi)声。”又名(ming)(ming)钅薄。《大(da)(da)(da)射(she)礼》云(yun):“乐(le)人(ren)宿县(xian)于阼阶东,笙磬(qing)西面,其(qi)(qi)南(nan)(nan)笙钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)南(nan)(nan)钅薄。”郑云(yun):“钅薄,如钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而大(da)(da)(da)。”是也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)不大(da)(da)(da)不小(xiao)者(zhe),名(ming)(ming)剽。孙炎曰(yue):“剽者(zhe),声轻(qing)疾也(ye)(ye)。”李巡(xun)云(yun):“其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)微小(xiao),故曰(yue)剽。剽,小(xiao)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)小(xiao)者(zhe)名(ming)(ming)栈。李巡(xun)云(yun):“栈,浅也(ye)(ye)。”东晋太兴元(yuan)年,会稽剡县(xian)人(ren)家井中(zhong)得一钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),长(zhang)三寸(cun),口径四寸(cun),上有铭(ming)古(gu)文(wen),云(yun)栈,钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)小(xiao)者(zhe),既长(zhang)三寸(cun),自然浅也(ye)(ye)。注“《书(shu)》曰(yue):笙镛以间”。○释(shi)曰(yue):《尚书(shu)·益(yi)稷(ji)》篇文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。

大(da)箫谓(wei)之言,(编(bian)二(er)十三管,长(zhang)尺(chi)四寸。)小(xiao)者谓(wei)之。(十六管,长(zhang)尺(chi)二(er)寸。箫,一名籁。○,音交。)

】“大(da)箫(xiao)(xiao)”至“之(zhi)”。○释曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)别箫(xiao)(xiao)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)也(ye)。《风俗(su)通(tong)》云(yun):“舜作箫(xiao)(xiao)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)参差,以象(xiang)凤翼(yi)。十管(guan),长二尺。”《博雅》曰(yue)(yue):“箫(xiao)(xiao)大(da)者二十三管(guan),无(wu)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者十六(liu)管(guan),有。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)者名(ming)(ming)(ming)言。李(li)巡曰(yue)(yue):“大(da)箫(xiao)(xiao),声大(da)者言言也(ye)。”郭(guo)云(yun):“编二十三管(guan),长尺四寸。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者名(ming)(ming)(ming)茭(jiao)。李(li)巡曰(yue)(yue):“小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者声扬而小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),故言茭(jiao)。茭(jiao),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)。”郭(guo)云(yun):“十六(liu)管(guan),长尺二寸。箫(xiao)(xiao),一名(ming)(ming)(ming)籁(lai)。”又《通(tong)卦验》云(yun):“箫(xiao)(xiao)长尺四寸,其(qi)(qi)(qi)言管(guan)数、长短虽异,要(yao)是(shi)编小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)竹管(guan)为之(zhi)耳。”

大管(guan)谓之(zhi){乔},(管(guan)长(zhang)尺,围(wei)寸,并漆(qi)之(zhi),有。贾氏以为如(ru)篪,六孔。”○{乔},娇。)其中谓之(zhi){涅},小者谓之(zhi){眇(miao)}。({涅},乃(nai)结(jie)切。{眇(miao)}音眇(miao)。)

】“大(da)(da)(da)管(guan)”至“之(zhi)(zhi){眇}”。○释曰(yue):别管(guan)大(da)(da)(da)小之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)。大(da)(da)(da)管(guan)名(ming)(ming){乔}。李(li)巡云:“声(sheng)高(gao)大(da)(da)(da),故(gu)曰(yue){乔}。{乔},高(gao)也(ye)。郭云:“管(guan)长尺,围寸,并(bing)漆之(zhi)(zhi),有。贾氏以为如篪,六孔。”《小师》注云:“管(guan)如笛,形小,并(bing)两管(guan)而吹之(zhi)(zhi)。今大(da)(da)(da)予乐官(guan)有之(zhi)(zhi)。”是也(ye)。其(qi)中(zhong)不大(da)(da)(da)不小者,名(ming)(ming){眇}。

大谓(wei)之产,(如笛(di),三孔而短(duan)小。)其中(zhong)谓(wei)之仲,小者谓(wei)之{约}。

】“大”至“之{约(yue)}”。○释曰(yue):,乐器名(ming)。其大者(zhe)名(ming)产(chan),其中者(zhe)名(ming)仲,小(xiao)者(zhe)名(ming){约(yue)}。郭云(yun):“如笛,三孔而短(duan)小(xiao)。”《广(guang)雅》云(yun):“七孔。”《周礼》:“笙师掌教吹。”郑注云(yun):“如笛,三空。”《诗·邶风》云(yun):“左手执。”毛传云(yun):“六孔。”所见(jian)异也。

徒鼓瑟谓之步,(独作之。)徒吹谓之和,徒歌谓之谣,(《诗》云:“我歌且谣。”○吹,昌睡切。和,去声。)徒击鼓谓之Ф,(《诗》云:“或歌或Ф。”○Ф,五各切。)徒鼓钟谓之修,徒鼓磬谓之【B121】。(未见义所出。○【B121】,纪展切。)

】“徒鼓瑟”至“之【B121】”。○释曰(yue)(yue):凡(fan)八音(yin)备作(zuo)(zuo)曰(yue)(yue)乐,一音(yin)独作(zuo)(zuo),不(bu)得乐名,故(gu)此辨其异名也(ye)(ye)。徒,空(kong)也(ye)(ye)。郑注(zhu)《周(zhou)礼·小师》云(yun):“出(chu)音(yin)曰(yue)(yue)鼓。”空(kong)作(zuo)(zuo)一器以出(chu)其音(yin)者,谓之徒鼓.故(gu)郭(guo)云(yun)“独作(zuo)(zuo)之”也(ye)(ye)。注(zhu)“《诗(shi)》云(yun):我歌(ge)(ge)且谣”。○释曰(yue)(yue):此《魏风·园有桃》篇文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。毛(mao)传(chuan)云(yun):“曲合乐曰(yue)(yue)歌(ge)(ge),徒歌(ge)(ge)曰(yue)(yue)谣。”孙(sun)炎云(yun):“声(sheng)消摇也(ye)(ye)。”注(zhu)“或歌(ge)(ge)或Ф”。○释曰(yue)(yue):《大雅·行苇》篇文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。毛(mao)传(chuan)云(yun):“歌(ge)(ge)有比於琴瑟(se)也(ye)(ye),徒击鼓曰(yue)(yue)Ф。”孙(sun)炎云(yun):“声(sheng)惊Ф也(ye)(ye)。”

所以(yi)(yi)(yi)鼓谓之(zhi)(zhi)止,(如漆桶,方二(er)尺(chi)四(si)寸,深一尺(chi)八寸,中(zhong)有(you)椎柄,连(lian)桐之(zhi)(zhi),令左右击。止者,其(qi)(qi)椎名。○,昌孰切。)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)鼓谓之(zhi)(zhi){甄}。(如伏虎,背上(shang)有(you)二(er)十(shi)七Θ钅吾,刻以(yi)(yi)(yi)木,长尺(chi),栎之(zhi)(zhi),{甄}者其(qi)(qi)名。○{甄}音真(zhen)。)

】“所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鼓”至“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi){甄}”。○释(shi)曰(yue):此别之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)。《周礼》:“小师掌教(jiao)鼓鼗。”皆以(yi)(yi)木为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故《大师》注云:“木也(ye)。”《礼记》谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)空曷。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鼓动(dong)其(qi)以(yi)(yi)出(chu)(chu)其(qi)音者名止(zhi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鼓动(dong)其(qi)以(yi)(yi)出(chu)(chu)其(qi)音者名{甄}。郭云:“如漆桶(tong),方二(er)尺四寸,深(shen)一尺八寸,中有椎(zhui)(zhui)柄,连桐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),令左右击。止(zhi)者,其(qi)椎(zhui)(zhui)名。”“如伏虎(hu),背(bei)上(shang)(shang)有二(er)十七Θ钅吾,刻以(yi)(yi)木,长(zhang)尺,栎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),{甄}者其(qi)名。”《皋陶谟》云:“合止(zhi)。”郑注云:“,状(zhuang)如漆桶(tong),中有椎(zhui)(zhui),合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者投椎(zhui)(zhui)於(wu)其(qi)中而撞(zhuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。,状(zhuang)如伏虎(hu),背(bei)上(shang)(shang)刻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鼓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)止(zhi)乐。”此等形状(zhuang),盖依汉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大予乐而知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

大鼗(tao)谓之(zhi)麻(ma)(ma),小者谓之(zhi)料(liao)。(麻(ma)(ma)者音概而(er)长(zhang)也,料(liao)者声清(qing)而(er)不乱(luan)。○鼗(tao),桃。料(liao),聊。)

】“大鼗”至“之料”。○释曰:《诗·颂》云(yun):“鼗磬。”郑注《小师职》云(yun):“鼗如(ru)鼓(gu)而(er)小,持(chi)其(qi)柄摇之,旁(pang)耳还自(zi)击。”一(yi)名(ming)麻。其(qi)小者(zhe)名(ming)料。麻者(zhe)音(yin)概而(er)长也(ye),料者(zhe)声(sheng)清而(er)不乱(luan)。

和乐谓之节。

】“和(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)谓(wei)之(zhi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”。○释曰:八音克谐(xie),无相(xiang)夺伦,谓(wei)之(zhi)和(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)和(he)则(ze)应节(jie)(jie)(jie)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》云:“治(zhi)世之(zhi)音安以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le),其政和(he)。”是也。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》又云:“大(da)业与天地同和(he),大(da)礼与天地同节(jie)(jie)(jie)。”此(ci)(ci)对文尔。总而言(yan)之(zhi),则(ze)礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)将,故(gu)此(ci)(ci)和(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)亦(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)。一(yi)云:节(jie)(jie)(jie),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器名,谓(wei)相(xiang)也。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》云:“治(zhi)乱(luan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)。”郑(zheng)注云:“相(xiang)即拊也,亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。拊者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)韦为表,装之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)糠(kang)。糠(kang)一(yi)名相(xiang),因以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名焉(yan)。”言(yan)治(zhi)理奏(zou)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)时,击拊以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辅(fu)相(xiang)於(wu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le),而为节(jie)(jie)(jie)也。既以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作乐(le)(le)(le)(le),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)止乐(le)(le)(le)(le),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)为和(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le),义所通也。

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