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卷一 春秋序

　　《春秋左氏传》序
　　○陆曰：“此元(yuan)凯所作(zuo)。既以(yi)释经，故依例(li)音之。本或题为‘春秋左传序’者。沈文何以(yi)为‘释例(li)序’，今不用。”

[疏]正义(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)题(ti)目，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)多(duo)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，或云(yun)：“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，或云(yun)“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，或云(yun)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)集解(jie)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，或云(yun)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”。案晋宋(song)古(gu)(gu)(gu)本(ben)及(ji)(ji)今定本(ben)并云(yun)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，今依(yi)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。南人(ren)多(duo)云(yun)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)本(ben)“释(shi)例(li)(li)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，后(hou)(hou)人(ren)移(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，且(qie)(qie)有(you)(you)(you)题(ti)曰(yue)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)释(shi)例(li)(li)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《释(shi)例(li)(li)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端。今所(suo)(suo)不(bu)用(yong)。晋大(da)(da)(da)尉刘寔与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)杜(du)同(tong)(tong)时人(ren)也(ye)(ye)，宋(song)大(da)(da)(da)学(xue)(xue)(xue)博(bo)士(shi)(shi)(shi)贺(he)道养去(qu)杜(du)亦近(jin)(jin)，俱为此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)注，题(ti)并不(bu)言(yan)(yan)“释(shi)例(li)(li)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，明(ming)(ming)非“释(shi)例(li)(li)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”也(ye)(ye)。又晋宋(song)古(gu)(gu)(gu)本(ben)，序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)在《集解(jie)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端。徐邈以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)晋世言(yan)(yan)五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)音训，为此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)音。且(qie)(qie)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)称“分年相(xiang)附，随而(er)解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，名曰(yue)《经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)集解(jie)》”，是(shi)言(yan)(yan)为《集解(jie)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)(ye)。“又别集诸(zhu)例(li)(li)，从而(er)释(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，名曰(yue)《释(shi)例(li)(li)》。异同(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说，《释(shi)例(li)(li)》详之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。是(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)据《集解(jie)》而(er)指(zhi)《释(shi)例(li)(li)》，安得(de)(de)为“释(shi)例(li)(li)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”也(ye)(ye)？序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)叙，音义(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)。《尔雅·释(shi)诂》云(yun)：“叙，绪(xu)也(ye)(ye)。”然(ran)则举其(qi)(qi)(qi)纲要，若(ruo)茧(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抽绪(xu)。孔(kong)子为《书》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)》，为《易》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)卦》，子夏(xia)为《诗(shi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)》，故杜(du)亦称《序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)》，序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》名义(yi)(yi)(yi)、经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)体(ti)例(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)已为解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)大(da)(da)(da)略，凡有(you)(you)(you)十一段，明(ming)(ming)义(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)”是(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)书大(da)(da)(da)名，先解(jie)立(li)(li)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由。自(zi)(zi)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)”至(zhi)(zhi)“所(suo)(suo)记之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)”，明(ming)(ming)史官(guan)记事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书、名曰(yue)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“周(zhou)礼(li)有(you)(you)(you)史官(guan)”至(zhi)(zhi)“其(qi)(qi)(qi)实一也(ye)(ye)”。明(ming)(ming)天(tian)子诸(zhu)侯(hou)皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)史官(guan)、必须记事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“韩(han)宣子適(shi)鲁(lu)”至(zhi)(zhi)“旧(jiu)典礼(li)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)”。言(yan)(yan)周(zhou)史记事(shi)、褒(bao)贬(bian)得(de)(de)失、本(ben)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“周(zhou)德既衰(shuai)”至(zhi)(zhi)“从而(er)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，言(yan)(yan)典礼(li)废(fei)缺、善恶无章，故仲尼所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)脩此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)受(shou)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)於(wu)仲尼”至(zhi)(zhi)“所(suo)(suo)脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要故也(ye)(ye)”，言(yan)(yan)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，务在解(jie)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，而(er)有(you)(you)(you)无传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“身为国史”至(zhi)(zhi)“然(ran)后(hou)(hou)为得(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)”，言(yan)(yan)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)旨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表不(bu)应，须传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)通(tong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“其(qi)(qi)(qi)发(fa)凡以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)例(li)(li)”至(zhi)(zhi)“非例(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)”，言(yan)(yan)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)。自(zi)(zi)“故发(fa)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)”至(zhi)(zhi)“三(san)(san)叛人(ren)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类是(shi)也(ye)(ye)”，言(yan)(yan)仲尼脩经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)种之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例(li)(li)。自(zi)(zi)“推此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)五(wu)(wu)体(ti)”至(zhi)(zhi)“人(ren)伦(lun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纪(ji)备矣”，总(zong)言(yan)(yan)圣贤(xian)大(da)(da)(da)趣足以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)悉人(ren)道，所(suo)(suo)说经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)理毕，故以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。自(zi)(zi)“或曰(yue)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)错(cuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)义(yi)(yi)(yi)”至(zhi)(zhi)“《释(shi)例(li)(li)》详之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”，言(yan)(yan)已异於(wu)先儒(ru)(ru)，自(zi)(zi)明(ming)(ming)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《集解(jie)》、《释(shi)例(li)(li)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。自(zi)(zi)“或曰(yue)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”下尽“亦无取(qu)焉(yan)”，大(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)早晚、始隐终麟、先儒(ru)(ru)错(cuo)缪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。贾(jia)逵《大(da)(da)(da)史公(gong)十二(er)诸(zhu)侯(hou)年表序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)》云(yun)：“鲁(lu)君子左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。”据刘向(xiang)《别录》云(yun)：“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)授曾申(shen)，申(shen)授吴起(qi)，起(qi)授其(qi)(qi)(qi)子期，期授楚(chu)人(ren)铎(duo)椒。铎(duo)椒作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《抄(chao)撮(cuo)》八卷，授虞卿；虞卿作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《抄(chao)撮(cuo)》九卷，授荀卿；荀卿授张苍。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)既遭(zao)焚(fen)书而(er)亦废(fei)灭。及(ji)(ji)鲁(lu)共(gong)王坏孔(kong)子旧(jiu)宅(zhai)，於(wu)壁中得(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)逸(yi)《礼(li)》有(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)十九篇(pian)，《书》十六篇(pian)。天(tian)汉(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，孔(kong)安国献(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，遭(zao)巫(wu)蛊仓卒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)难，未及(ji)(ji)施(shi)行(xing)。及(ji)(ji)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)所(suo)(suo)修，皆(jie)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旧(jiu)书，多(duo)者二(er)十馀通(tong)，藏於(wu)秘(mi)府，伏(fu)而(er)未发(fa)。汉(han)武帝(di)(di)(di)时，河(he)间献(xian)(xian)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》及(ji)(ji)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《周(zhou)官(guan)》。光武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世，议立(li)(li)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》学(xue)(xue)(xue)，公(gong)羊(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒上书讼《公(gong)羊(yang)》抵(di)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》，《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)立(li)(li)。成帝(di)(di)(di)时，刘歆(xin)(xin)校(xiao)秘(mi)书，见(jian)府中古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》，歆(xin)(xin)大(da)(da)(da)好之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。时丞相(xiang)尹咸以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)治《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)歆(xin)(xin)共(gong)校(xiao)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。歆(xin)(xin)略从咸及(ji)(ji)丞相(xiang)翟(zhai)方进(jin)受(shou)，质问大(da)(da)(da)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。初(chu)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》多(duo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)字古(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)，学(xue)(xue)(xue)者传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)训诂而(er)已。及(ji)(ji)歆(xin)(xin)治《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》，引传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，转相(xiang)发(fa)明(ming)(ming)，由是(shi)章句义(yi)(yi)(yi)理备焉(yan)。歆(xin)(xin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)好恶与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圣人(ren)同(tong)(tong)，亲(qin)见(jian)夫(fu)子，而(er)公(gong)羊(yang)、穀(gu)梁在七十二(er)弟子后(hou)(hou)，传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)亲(qin)见(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)详略不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。歆(xin)(xin)数以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)问向(xiang)，向(xiang)不(bu)能(neng)非也(ye)(ye)。及(ji)(ji)歆(xin)(xin)亲(qin)近(jin)(jin)，欲建(jian)立(li)(li)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》及(ji)(ji)《毛诗(shi)》、逸(yi)《礼(li)》、《古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)尚书》，皆(jie)列於(wu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)官(guan)。哀(ai)帝(di)(di)(di)令歆(xin)(xin)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)博(bo)士(shi)(shi)(shi)讲论其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)，诸(zhu)儒(ru)(ru)博(bo)士(shi)(shi)(shi)或不(bu)肯置对，歆(xin)(xin)因移(yi)书於(wu)大(da)(da)(da)常博(bo)士(shi)(shi)(shi)，责让之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。和帝(di)(di)(di)元兴十一年，郑兴父子及(ji)(ji)歆(xin)(xin)创通(tong)大(da)(da)(da)义(yi)(yi)(yi)奏上，《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》始得(de)(de)立(li)(li)学(xue)(xue)(xue)，遂行(xing)於(wu)世。至(zhi)(zhi)章帝(di)(di)(di)时，贾(jia)逵上《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》四十条，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抵(di)《公(gong)羊(yang)》、《穀(gu)梁》，帝(di)(di)(di)赐(ci)布五(wu)(wu)百(bai)匹。又与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《长义(yi)(yi)(yi)》。至(zhi)(zhi)郑康(kang)成，箴《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)膏肓(huang)》，发(fa)《公(gong)羊(yang)墨守(shou)》，起(qi)《穀(gu)梁废(fei)疾(ji)》。自(zi)(zi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)，二(er)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遂微(wei)，《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》学(xue)(xue)(xue)显矣。

“春秋”者，鲁(lu)史记(ji)之(zhi)名也。

[疏]“春秋”至“名也”。
　　○人臣奉主，品目不同。掌事曰司，掌书曰史。史官记事，为书立名，以“春秋”二字为记事之书名也。
　　○正义曰：从此以(yi)(yi)下至(zhi)“所记之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也”，明史(shi)(shi)官记事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)名(ming)(ming)曰“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)，经(jing)无所见，唯传记有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。昭(zhao)二(er)年，韩起聘鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)，称(cheng)“见《鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》”。《外(wai)传·晋语》司马侯对晋悼公云“羊舌肸习於《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》”，《楚语》申叔时论傅太(tai)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法云“教(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》”。《礼·坊(fang)记》云：“《鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》记晋丧曰‘其君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子奚(xi)齐(qi)’。”又《经(jing)解》曰：“属(shu)辞比事，《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》教(jiao)(jiao)也。”凡此诸文(wen)所说(shuo)，皆在孔(kong)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，则(ze)知未修之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时旧有(you)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)。其名(ming)(ming)起远(yuan)，亦难得而(er)详。《礼记·内则(ze)》称(cheng)五帝有(you)史(shi)(shi)官，既有(you)史(shi)(shi)官，必(bi)应(ying)记事，但未必(bi)名(ming)(ming)为“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”耳。据周世法则(ze)，每国(guo)有(you)史(shi)(shi)记，当同名(ming)(ming)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”，独(du)言“鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)史(shi)(shi)记”者(zhe)，仲尼(ni)(ni)脩鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)史(shi)(shi)所记，以(yi)(yi)为《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，止(zhi)解仲尼(ni)(ni)所修《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，故指言鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)史(shi)(shi)，言脩鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)史(shi)(shi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》以(yi)(yi)为褒贬(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法也。

记事者，以事系日。
　　○系，工帝反。以日系月，以月系时，以时系年，所以纪远近、别同异也。
　　○别(bie)，彼列反。

[疏]“记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)”至“异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)”。既(ji)(ji)辨(bian)“春秋”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，又言(yan)(yan)(yan)记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)缀上(shang)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)末连本(ben)(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。言(yan)(yan)(yan)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)；月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)统日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)；时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)统月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)统时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)纪理年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)远(yuan)(yuan)近，分别(bie)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)“隐三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，春，王二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，已(yi)巳，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”、“二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，秋，八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，庚辰(chen)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)及戎盟(meng)于唐(tang)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)，是事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)四(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)具(ju)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)。史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)记(ji)，皆(jie)(jie)应(ying)具(ju)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，而(er)(er)(er)《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)多(duo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)，或(huo)(huo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，亦(yi)有(you)(you)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)记(ji)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，《春秋》二(er)(er)百四(si)十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间，有(you)(you)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)十四(si)，有(you)(you)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)二(er)(er)，或(huo)(huo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先阙(que)(que)(que)而(er)(er)(er)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)，或(huo)(huo)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)备(bei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)人脱误(wu)。四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)具(ju)，乃(nai)得成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，桓十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夏；昭十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)冬(dong)(dong)：二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。既(ji)(ji)得其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)可(ke)知，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)阙(que)(que)(que)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，独书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，当是仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)写者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)脱漏。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)於(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，或(huo)(huo)是史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先阙(que)(que)(que)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，若(ruo)(ruo)僖二(er)(er)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)下(xia)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)壬申(shen)、丁(ding)丑，计(ji)一(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间再有(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，虽(sui)欲(yu)改(gai)正，何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)知？仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)复知，当是本(ben)(ben)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)自(zi)阙(que)(que)(que)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阙(que)(que)(que)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，使有(you)(you)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。如(ru)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)，盖是史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先阙(que)(que)(que)，未(wei)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)后(hou)人脱误(wu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官立文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，亦(yi)互自(zi)有(you)(you)详(xiang)略(lve)(lve)(lve)，何(he)则(ze)？案经(jing)朝聘、侵伐、执杀大夫、土功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)，或(huo)(huo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)未(wei)有(you)(you)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要盟(meng)、战败(bai)、崩薨、卒(zu)(zu)(zu)葬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)，虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)(jin)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，而(er)(er)(er)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)，是其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)(ben)有(you)(you)详(xiang)略(lve)(lve)(lve)也(ye)。计(ji)记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)应(ying)备(bei)，但国史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)总集其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)策，简其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)精(jing)粗(cu)，合其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，量事(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)制法(fa)，率意(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)约文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)一(yi)人，辞无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)定(ding)式，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)参差，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)齐等(deng)。及仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)脩故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，因鲁(lu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)详(xiang)略(lve)(lve)(lve)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)具(ju)否(fou)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即因而(er)(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。案经(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，凡(fan)六百八(ba)十一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)：自(zi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)二(er)(er)百四(si)十九(jiu)；宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)亦(yi)俱六公(gong)(gong)(gong)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)四(si)百三(san)十二(er)(er)。计(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)数(shu)略(lve)(lve)(lve)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，而(er)(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)数(shu)向倍(bei)，此(ci)(ci)则(ze)久(jiu)远(yuan)(yuan)遗(yi)落(luo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)近同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；且他国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告有(you)(you)详(xiang)有(you)(you)略(lve)(lve)(lve)，若(ruo)(ruo)告不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，鲁(lu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)由得其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)而(er)(er)(er)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如(ru)是，则(ze)当时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能使日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)皆(jie)(jie)具(ju)。当时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)自(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)从后(hou)脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，旧(jiu)典参差，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)安能尽(jin)(jin)得知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)皆(jie)(jie)使齐同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)？去其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，则(ze)或(huo)(huo)害(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先后(hou)；备(bei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，则(ze)古史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)载(zai)，自(zi)然(ran)须(xu)(xu)(xu)旧(jiu)有(you)(you)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)因而(er)(er)(er)详(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，旧(jiu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)因而(er)(er)(er)略(lve)(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，亦(yi)既(ji)(ji)自(zi)有(you)(you)详(xiang)略(lve)(lve)(lve)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)褒贬(bian)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《春秋》诸事(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，唯(wei)(wei)卿卒(zu)(zu)(zu)、日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)食(shi)二(er)(er)事(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)隐元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，冬(dong)(dong)，十有(you)(you)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，“公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)益师卒(zu)(zu)(zu)”。传(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)小敛，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)”。桓十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，“冬(dong)(dong)，十月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，朔，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。传(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，官失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”。丘明发(fa)传(chuan)(chuan)，唯(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)二(er)(er)条。明二(er)(er)条以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)，皆(jie)(jie)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)。既(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)，独於(wu)此(ci)(ci)二(er)(er)条见义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卿佐(zuo)，是谓股(gu)(gu)肱(gong)，股(gu)(gu)肱(gong)或(huo)(huo)亏，何(he)痛(tong)如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)！病则(ze)亲问，敛则(ze)亲与(yu)。卿佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧，公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)小敛，则(ze)知君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩薄(bo)。但是事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小失，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)贬(bian)人君(jun)(jun)。君(jun)(jun)自(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)临臣丧，亦(yi)非(fei)死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪，意(yi)欲(yu)垂戒(jie)於(wu)后(hou)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)辞可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寄文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)；而(er)(er)(er)人臣轻贱，死(si)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)可(ke)略(lve)(lve)(lve)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)特假日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)食(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)。甲乙(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，历之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纪。朔是日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)食(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在朔日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，是故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)食(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)记(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔。朔有(you)(you)甲乙(yi)(yi)，乃(nai)可(ke)推求，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，须(xu)(xu)(xu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)朔日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，唯(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，传(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)(ben)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊》、《穀梁》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，道听(ting)涂(tu)说(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学，或(huo)(huo)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)或(huo)(huo)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，妄生褒贬(bian)。先儒溺於(wu)二(er)(er)传(chuan)(chuan)，横(heng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)《左氏》造(zao)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)褒贬(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例(li)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)杜於(wu)大夫卒(zu)(zu)(zu)例(li)备(bei)详(xiang)说(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)刊定(ding)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)褒贬(bian)，而(er)(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)序言(yan)(yan)(yan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，自(zi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)须(xu)(xu)(xu)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)否(fou)皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)也(ye)。《春秋·感(gan)精(jing)符》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)，耀(yao)魄光(guang)(guang)明，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)察下(xia)也(ye)。”《淮南子(zi)(zi)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“积(ji)阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)热气生火，火气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。”刘(liu)熙(xi)《释名》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，实也(ye)，光(guang)(guang)明盛实。”是说(shuo)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在天，随天转(zhuan)运(yun)，出则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)昼，入则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)夜，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)每(mei)一(yi)出谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先后(hou)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)分别(bie)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)圣人作甲乙(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)纪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《世本(ben)(ben)》云：“容成(cheng)造(zao)历，大桡作甲子(zi)(zi)。”宋忠(zhong)注云：“皆(jie)(jie)黄帝史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官也(ye)。”《感(gan)精(jing)符》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，阴(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)，地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也(ye)”。《淮南子(zi)(zi)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“积(ji)阴(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寒气久(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)水，水气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。”刘(liu)熙(xi)《释名》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，阙(que)(que)(que)也(ye)，满而(er)(er)(er)阙(que)(que)(que)也(ye)。”是说(shuo)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行天，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)疾於(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)十三(san)倍(bei)有(you)(you)馀，积(ji)二(er)(er)十九(jiu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)过半(ban)而(er)(er)(er)行及日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)与(yu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)会(hui)。张衡《灵宪》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)譬火，月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)譬水，火外(wai)光(guang)(guang)，水含景，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)光(guang)(guang)生於(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)照(zhao)，魄生於(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)蔽。当日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)则(ze)光(guang)(guang)盈，就日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)则(ze)明尽(jin)(jin)。”然(ran)则(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明一(yi)尽(jin)(jin)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)总纪诸月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)。三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)乃(nai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃(nai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)递相(xiang)统摄(she)，纪理庶(shu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。“纪远(yuan)(yuan)近”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，前年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)远(yuan)(yuan)於(wu)后(hou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，后(hou)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)近於(wu)前月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，则(ze)远(yuan)(yuan)近明也(ye)。“别(bie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，共在月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)，则(ze)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)；各系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，则(ze)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)：观其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)别(bie)矣。若(ruo)(ruo)然(ran)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)正月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)知是春，四(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)知是夏，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须(xu)(xu)(xu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，足(zu)明远(yuan)(yuan)近同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)须(xu)(xu)(xu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，但以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)各有(you)(you)统属(shu)(shu)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，唯(wei)(wei)须(xu)(xu)(xu)顺叙(xu)，时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)(ji)管(guan)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。案经(jing)未(wei)有(you)(you)重书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)则(ze)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。桓十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，冬(dong)(dong)，十有(you)(you)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，“丙戌，公(gong)(gong)(gong)会(hui)郑伯(bo)，盟(meng)于武父。丙戌，卫侯晋卒(zu)(zu)(zu)”。一(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)再书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)异(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)从而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)杜云：“重书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)丙戌，非(fei)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)，因史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)。”

故史之所记，必表年以首事，年有四时，故错举以为所记之名也。
　　○错，七(qi)各(ge)反，下皆同。

[疏]“故史”至“名也”。
　　○将解名曰“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，先(xian)(xian)说记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)主记(ji)当(dang)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)后(hou)，须显有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。表(biao)，显也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。首，始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)日下，年(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)端，故(gu)史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所记(ji)必先(xian)(xian)显其年(nian)(nian)(nian)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)，不可遍举(ju)(ju)四(si)(si)字以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)书(shu)(shu)号，故(gu)交(jiao)错(cuo)互(hu)举(ju)(ju)，取(qu)“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”二字，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所记(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。春(chun)(chun)先(xian)(xian)於(wu)夏(xia)，秋(qiu)(qiu)先(xian)(xian)於(wu)冬(dong)(dong)，举(ju)(ju)先(xian)(xian)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)后(hou)，言(yan)春(chun)(chun)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)兼(jian)夏(xia)，言(yan)秋(qiu)(qiu)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)见冬(dong)(dong)，故(gu)举(ju)(ju)二字以(yi)(yi)(yi)包(bao)(bao)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”二字是(shi)(shi)此书(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)总名，虽(sui)(sui)举(ju)(ju)“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”二字，其实包(bao)(bao)冬(dong)(dong)夏(xia)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内，一(yi)切(qie)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生植孕育尽在(zai)其中(zhong)。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)不包(bao)(bao)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)不记(ji)，与四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)义(yi)同，故(gu)谓此书(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》。《孝经》云(yun)(yun)：“《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》祭祀，以(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”《诗·鲁颂(song)》云(yun)(yun)：“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)匪(fei)解，享(xiang)祀不忒。”郑笺(jian)云(yun)(yun)：“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)，犹(you)言(yan)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。是(shi)(shi)举(ju)(ju)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)足包(bao)(bao)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)、岁(sui)(sui)(sui)、载(zai)(zai)、祀，异代(dai)(dai)殊名，而(er)其实一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《尔(er)雅·释天》云(yun)(yun)：“载(zai)(zai)，岁(sui)(sui)(sui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夏(xia)曰岁(sui)(sui)(sui)，商曰祀，周曰年(nian)(nian)(nian)，唐(tang)虞(yu)曰载(zai)(zai)。”李巡曰：“夏(xia)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)，商祀，周年(nian)(nian)(nian)，唐(tang)虞(yu)载(zai)(zai)，各(ge)自纪事(shi)(shi)(shi)，尧舜三代(dai)(dai)示(shi)不相袭也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孙炎曰：“载(zai)(zai)，始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，取(qu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)终更始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。岁(sui)(sui)(sui)，取(qu)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)星行一(yi)次也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祀，取(qu)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)祭祀一(yi)讫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)，取(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)穀一(yi)熟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)(shi)其名别而(er)实同也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此四(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，虽(sui)(sui)代(dai)(dai)有(you)(you)所尚，而(er)名兴(xing)自远(yuan)，非(fei)夏(xia)代(dai)(dai)始有(you)(you)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)名，周时(shi)(shi)始有(you)(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)称。何则？《尧典》云(yun)(yun)“期三百有(you)(you)六旬有(you)(you)六日，以(yi)(yi)(yi)闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)定四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)，成(cheng)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)”，《禹(yu)贡》“作十有(you)(you)三载(zai)(zai)，乃同”。是(shi)(shi)於(wu)唐(tang)虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)，巳有(you)(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，则各(ge)从(cong)所尚，常语者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，则通(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)，故(gu)虞(yu)亦称年(nian)(nian)(nian)，周亦称岁(sui)(sui)(sui)。周诗《唐(tang)风(feng)》称“百岁(sui)(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)”，是(shi)(shi)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称岁(sui)(sui)(sui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)秋(qiu)(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)，皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)号也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《礼记(ji)·乡饮酒(jiu)(jiu)义(yi)》曰：“春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)蠢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)假(jia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，秋(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)揪也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。冬(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。中(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)藏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《汉书(shu)(shu)·律(lv)历(li)志(zhi)》云(yun)(yun)：“春(chun)(chun)，蠢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)蠢生也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夏(xia)，假(jia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)假(jia)太也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。秋(qiu)(qiu)，即由反也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)敛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。冬(dong)(dong)，终也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)终藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)(shi)解四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)异名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)记(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)不空(kong)举(ju)(ju)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，一(yi)时(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)必空(kong)举(ju)(ju)时(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，盖以(yi)(yi)(yi)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)不具，不成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)，故(gu)时(shi)(shi)虽(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，必虚录(lu)首月(yue)(yue)(yue)，其或不录(lu)，皆是(shi)(shi)史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阙文(wen)。隐六年(nian)(nian)(nian)空(kong)书(shu)(shu)“秋(qiu)(qiu)，七月(yue)(yue)(yue)”，注云(yun)(yun)：“虽(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)书(shu)(shu)首月(yue)(yue)(yue)，具四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)。”桓四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)不书(shu)(shu)秋(qiu)(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)，注云(yun)(yun)：“国史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)记(ji)，必书(shu)(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)集(ji)此公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，书(shu)(shu)首时(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)此年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)，故(gu)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》有(you)(you)空(kong)时(shi)(shi)而(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。今(jin)不书(shu)(shu)秋(qiu)(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)首月(yue)(yue)(yue)，史阙文(wen)。”是(shi)(shi)其说也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然一(yi)时(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)则书(shu)(shu)首月(yue)(yue)(yue)，庄二十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)书(shu)(shu)“夏(xia)，五月(yue)(yue)(yue)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，杜虽(sui)(sui)於(wu)彼无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)注，《释例(li)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阙谬。“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，错(cuo)举(ju)(ju)而(er)已，后(hou)代(dai)(dai)儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，妄为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)华叶。贾(jia)逵(kui)云(yun)(yun)“取(qu)法阴(yin)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。春(chun)(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)中(zhong)，万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生。秋(qiu)(qiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)中(zhong)，万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)。欲使(shi)人(ren)君动作不失中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。贺道养云(yun)(yun)“春(chun)(chun)贵(gui)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始，秋(qiu)(qiu)取(qu)阴(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初”。计“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，理(li)包(bao)(bao)三统，据周以(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)子为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，则春(chun)(chun)非(fei)阳(yang)中(zhong)，秋(qiu)(qiu)非(fei)阴(yin)中(zhong)；据夏(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)寅(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，则春(chun)(chun)非(fei)阳(yang)始，秋(qiu)(qiu)非(fei)阴(yin)初，乃是(shi)(shi)窍混沌而(er)画蛇足，必将夭性(xing)命(ming)而(er)失卮酒(jiu)(jiu)。

《周礼》有(you)史官，掌邦国(guo)四方之(zhi)事，达四方之(zhi)志。诸侯亦各(ge)有(you)国(guo)史。

[疏]“周礼”至“国史”。
　　○既解名曰“春秋”之意，又显记事之人。春官宗伯之属有“大史下大夫二人”、“小史中士八人”、“内史中大夫一人”、“外史上士四人”、“御史中士八人”。虽复各有所职，俱是掌书之官。
　　○正义曰(yue)(yue)：《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)·春(chun)(chun)(chun)官(guan)·小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》曰(yue)(yue)：“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)。”《内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》曰(yue)(yue)：“凡(fan)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)，内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)读之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”《外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》曰(yue)(yue)：“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)，掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)达书(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)于四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)。”今杜氏(shi)序云(yun)(yun)(yun)“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)，“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”取(qu)(qu)(qu)《小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，“四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”取(qu)(qu)(qu)《内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，杜总括(kuo)两(liang)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，共成此(ci)语。诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)官(guan)属虽(sui)(sui)难备(bei)知(zhi)，要传(chuan)(chuan)记(ji)(ji)每说(shuo)(shuo)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，知(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)亦各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)》言(yan)(yan)(yan)“邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”者(zhe)，乃谓畿外(wai)(wai)(wai)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)。国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)表，故(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“凡(fan)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)，内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)读之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)，谓四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)(you)书(shu)(shu)来(lai)告(gao)，内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)读以白王也(ye)。告(gao)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，则(ze)(ze)(ze)小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)”。内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虽(sui)(sui)云(yun)(yun)(yun)读四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)实国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)策，皆(jie)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)职(zhi)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)八(ba)柄及策命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。然则(ze)(ze)(ze)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，既(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)，又(you)主(zhu)(zhu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)来(lai)告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)僖(xi)二(er)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年杜注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)承告(gao)而书(shu)(shu)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。杜此(ci)序又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“达四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)”，取(qu)(qu)(qu)《外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。案《外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)，掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)达书(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)”，今移(yi)“达”字於“四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)”上，如杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)达此(ci)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)，以告(gao)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)，故(gu)(gu)僖(xi)二(er)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年杜注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“同盟然后告(gao)名(ming)(ming)，赴者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。然则(ze)(ze)(ze)“掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)邦(bang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)，据(ju)此(ci)承受他国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赴也(ye)；“达四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)，据(ju)已国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赴告(gao)他国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)二(er)种，故(gu)(gu)杜翦撮天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，取(qu)(qu)(qu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)两(liang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)》诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虽(sui)(sui)皆(jie)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)书(shu)(shu)，仍不(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)记(ji)(ji)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》定是(shi)(shi)何史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。盖(gai)(gai)天(tian)子(zi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)盖(gai)(gai)亦不(bu)异(yi)。但春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时不(bu)能依礼(li)，诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)废阙(que)，或不(bu)置(zhi)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)策命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，多(duo)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。刘(liu)炫以为《尚书(shu)(shu)》周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)封(feng)康叔，戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《酒诰》，其(qi)(qi)(qi)经(jing)曰(yue)(yue)“大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)友，内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)友”。如彼言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，似(si)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)矣。但遍检记(ji)(ji)传(chuan)(chuan)，诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)无(wu)(wu)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。何则(ze)(ze)(ze)？《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)·内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)职(zhi)》曰(yue)(yue)“凡(fan)命(ming)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及孤卿大(da)(da)(da)夫，则(ze)(ze)(ze)策命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。僖(xi)二(er)十(shi)八(ba)年传(chuan)(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)襄(xiang)(xiang)王使(shi)“内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叔兴父策命(ming)晋(jin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)为侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)伯”，是(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)命(ming)臣(chen)，内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。襄(xiang)(xiang)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)年传(chuan)(chuan)称郑“使(shi)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命(ming)伯石为卿”，是(shi)(shi)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)命(ming)臣(chen)，大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)天(tian)子(zi)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职(zhi)，以诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)兼官(guan)无(wu)(wu)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)。郑公(gong)孙(sun)黑强与薰隧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟，使(shi)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)，齐大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)崔杼弑其(qi)(qi)(qi)君，晋(jin)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)赵(zhao)盾弑其(qi)(qi)(qi)君，是(shi)(shi)知(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)记(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。南史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)闻大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尽(jin)死，执简(jian)以往，明南史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)佐(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)，当(dang)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。若(ruo)然，襄(xiang)(xiang)二(er)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年传(chuan)(chuan)称“季孙(sun)召(zhao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恶臣(chen)”，言(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)似(si)有(you)(you)(you)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)矣。必言(yan)(yan)(yan)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)无(wu)(wu)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)，闵二(er)年传(chuan)(chuan)称史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)华龙滑与礼(li)孔曰(yue)(yue)“我，大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)”，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)十(shi)八(ba)年传(chuan)(chuan)称鲁有(you)(you)(you)“大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)克”，哀十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)年传(chuan)(chuan)称齐有(you)(you)(you)“大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)馀(yu)”，诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皆(jie)言(yan)(yan)(yan)大(da)(da)(da)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，安(an)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)？季孙(sun)召(zhao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)，盖(gai)(gai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)身居(ju)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)，季孙(sun)从内(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)召(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，犹(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)在(zai)(zai)南，谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耳。南史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，非(fei)官(guan)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)。《艺文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)志(zhi)(zhi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)：“古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王者(zhe)，世有(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)，君举必书(shu)(shu)，所(suo)以慎言(yan)(yan)(yan)行，昭法戒(jie)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》，言(yan)(yan)(yan)为《尚书(shu)(shu)》，帝王靡不(bu)同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)·玉藻》云(yun)(yun)(yun)：“动则(ze)(ze)(ze)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”虽(sui)(sui)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)记(ji)(ji)二(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)反，要此(ci)二(er)者(zhe)皆(jie)言(yan)(yan)(yan)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)》无(wu)(wu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)，得(de)称左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)，直是(shi)(shi)时君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因为立名(ming)(ming)，故(gu)(gu)传(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)倚相(xiang)”。掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)记(ji)(ji)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)非(fei)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)阳道，阳气(qi)施生，故(gu)(gu)令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)记(ji)(ji)动。右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)阴道，阴气(qi)安(an)静，故(gu)(gu)使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)记(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。《艺文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)志(zhi)(zhi)》称“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)动”，误耳。上言(yan)(yan)(yan)“鲁史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)”，则(ze)(ze)(ze)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)知(zhi)，又(you)言(yan)(yan)(yan)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)，方(fang)(fang)说(shuo)(shuo)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》，重详(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)。

大事书之於策，
　　○策，本又作“册”，亦作“筴”，同，初革反。小事简牍而已。
　　○牍，徒木反(fan)。

[疏]“大事”至“而已”。
　　○既(ji)言(yan)(yan)尊(zun)卑皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)史官，又论所(suo)(suo)记(ji)(ji)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异(yi)。《释器》云(yun)“简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毕”，郭(guo)璞云(yun)“今(jin)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)札也(ye)(ye)”。许慎《说(shuo)文(wen)》曰：“简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，牒(die)也(ye)(ye)。牍(du)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)版也(ye)(ye)。”蔡邕(yong)《独断》曰：“策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。其制，长(zhang)二(er)尺(chi)(chi)，短者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其次(ci)一(yi)(yi)长(zhang)一(yi)(yi)短，两编(bian)下附。”郑玄注《中(zhong)庸(yong)》亦云(yun)“策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)”。由此(ci)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，则简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、札、牒(die)、毕，同物(wu)而(er)(er)异(yi)名。单执一(yi)(yi)札谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，连编(bian)诸简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)乃名为(wei)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，故(gu)於(wu)(wu)文(wen)“策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)”或作“册”，象其编(bian)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)。以其编(bian)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)为(wei)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，故(gu)言(yan)(yan)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。郑玄注《论语序》以《钩命(ming)(ming)决(jue)》云(yun)“《春(chun)秋》二(er)尺(chi)(chi)四寸书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)》一(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)二(er)寸书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，故(gu)知六经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)皆(jie)称(cheng)长(zhang)二(er)尺(chi)(chi)四寸。蔡邕(yong)言(yan)(yan)二(er)尺(chi)(chi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)汉世天子(zi)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)所(suo)(suo)用，故(gu)与六经(jing)(jing)(jing)异(yi)也(ye)(ye)。简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)容，一(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)字(zi)耳。牍(du)乃方(fang)版，版广於(wu)(wu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，可(ke)以并容数(shu)行(xing)(xing)。凡为(wei)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，字(zi)有(you)(you)(you)多有(you)(you)(you)少，一(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)可(ke)尽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；数(shu)行(xing)(xing)乃尽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)方(fang)；方(fang)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)容者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，乃书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。《聘礼(li)记(ji)(ji)》曰：“若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)故(gu)则加书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)将命(ming)(ming)，百名以上书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)百名书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)方(fang)。”郑玄云(yun)：“名，书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)，今(jin)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)字(zi)。策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。方(fang)，版也(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)其字(zi)少则书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，字(zi)多则书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。此(ci)言(yan)(yan)大事(shi)(shi)(shi)小事(shi)(shi)(shi)，乃谓(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)大小，非(fei)言(yan)(yan)字(zi)有(you)(you)(you)多少也(ye)(ye)。大事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)君(jun)举(ju)告(gao)(gao)庙及(ji)(ji)邻国赴告(gao)(gao)，经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皆(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。小事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)物(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)灾及(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)语文(wen)辞，传(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)载皆(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。大事(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)虽在(zai)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，其初亦记(ji)(ji)於(wu)(wu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。何则？弑君(jun)大事(shi)(shi)(shi)，南(nan)史欲书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)崔杼，执简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)往，董狐既(ji)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)赵盾(dun)，以示(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)朝，是(shi)(shi)(shi)执简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)示(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非(fei)举(ju)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)以示(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，明(ming)大事(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，后(hou)乃定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)也(ye)(ye)。其有(you)(you)(you)小事(shi)(shi)(shi)，文(wen)辞或多，如吕(lv)相绝秦，声(sheng)子(zi)说(shuo)楚，字(zi)过数(shu)百，非(fei)一(yi)(yi)牍(du)一(yi)(yi)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)所(suo)(suo)能容者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，则於(wu)(wu)众简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)以次(ci)存录也(ye)(ye)。杜所(suo)(suo)以知其然者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，以隐十(shi)一(yi)(yi)年传(chuan)例云(yun)“灭不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)败(bai)，胜不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)克，不(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)”。明(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大事(shi)(shi)(shi)来(lai)告(gao)(gao)，载之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)。策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)载，丘明(ming)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，明(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)小事(shi)(shi)(shi)传(chuan)闻，记(ji)(ji)於(wu)(wu)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)也(ye)(ye)。以此(ci)知仲尼脩经(jing)(jing)(jing)皆(jie)约策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)成文(wen)，丘明(ming)作传(chuan)皆(jie)博(bo)采简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)众记(ji)(ji)。故(gu)隐十(shi)一(yi)(yi)年注云(yun)“承其告(gao)(gao)辞，史乃书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。若(ruo)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)闻行(xing)(xing)言(yan)(yan)非(fei)将君(jun)命(ming)(ming)，则记(ji)(ji)在(zai)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)而(er)(er)已，不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)记(ji)(ji)於(wu)(wu)典策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。此(ci)盖周礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧(jiu)制”也(ye)(ye)。又庄二(er)十(shi)六年经(jing)(jing)(jing)皆(jie)无传(chuan)，传(chuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)解经(jing)(jing)(jing)，注云(yun)“此(ci)年经(jing)(jing)(jing)、传(chuan)各自言(yan)(yan)其事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，或策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)虽存，而(er)(er)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)散落，不(bu)(bu)(bu)究其本末，故(gu)传(chuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)复申解”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)经(jing)(jing)(jing)据策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，传(chuan)冯简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牍(du)，经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)其事(shi)(shi)(shi)大，传(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)其事(shi)(shi)(shi)小，故(gu)知小事(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)简(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，大事(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)也(ye)(ye)。

《孟子》曰：楚谓之《梼杌》，晋谓之《乘》，而鲁谓之《春秋》，其实一也。
　　○《孟(meng)子》，书(shu)名。姓孟(meng)，名轲，字子舆(yu)，鄹邑人。与齐宣王同时人。著此书(shu)。梼(tao)，徒刀反(fan)(fan)。杌，五忽(hu)反(fan)(fan)。梼(tao)杌，四凶(xiong)之一(yi)。杜云“顽凶(xiong)无俦(chou)匹之貌”。乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，绳证反(fan)(fan)，车乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也。一(yi)云兵乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

[疏]“孟子曰”至“一也”。
　　○既言(yan)(yan)简(jian)、策之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异，又(you)说(shuo)诸国别名(ming)(ming)。孟(meng)子(zi)，姓孟(meng)，名(ming)(ming)轲，字(zi)子(zi)舆，邹邑人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。当六(liu)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时，师事孔子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孙子(zi)思，脩儒术之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，著书七篇。其第四(si)《离娄(lou)》篇云：“王者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迹息而《诗》亡，《诗》亡然后(hou)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》作(zuo)。晋(jin)(jin)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘乘(cheng)(cheng)’，楚谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“梼(tao)(tao)杌(wu)”，鲁(lu)(lu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)’，一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”其言(yan)(yan)与(yu)此小异，是杜足(zu)“其实”二字(zi)，使成文也(ye)(ye)(ye)。彼赵岐(qi)注(zhu)云：“‘乘(cheng)(cheng)’者(zhe)，兴(xing)於田赋乘(cheng)(cheng)马之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，因以为(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)。‘梼(tao)(tao)杌(wu)’者(zhe)，嚚凶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，兴(xing)於记(ji)恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戒，因以为(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)。‘春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)’，以二始举四(si)时，记(ji)万(wan)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。”是三者(zhe)立名(ming)(ming)虽异，记(ji)事则同，故(gu)(gu)云“其实一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。序发(fa)首(shou)云“‘春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)’者(zhe)，鲁(lu)(lu)史(shi)记(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”，故(gu)(gu)引此以为(wei)(wei)证。且(qie)明诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国各有史(shi)记(ji)，故(gu)(gu)鲁(lu)(lu)有《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，仲(zhong)尼得因而脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。案《外传》：申叔(shu)时、司马侯乃是晋(jin)(jin)、楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)，其言(yan)(yan)皆云“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”，不言(yan)(yan)“乘(cheng)(cheng)”与(yu)“梼(tao)(tao)杌(wu)”。然则“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”是其大名(ming)(ming)，晋(jin)(jin)、楚私立别号，鲁(lu)(lu)无别号，故(gu)(gu)守其本名(ming)(ming)。贾逵云“周礼(li)尽在鲁(lu)(lu)矣，史(shi)法最(zui)备，故(gu)(gu)史(shi)记(ji)与(yu)周礼(li)同名(ming)(ming)”。然则晋(jin)(jin)、楚岂当自(zi)知不备，故(gu)(gu)别立恶名(ming)(ming)？

韩宣子適鲁，
　　○宣子，名起，晋大夫。適鲁，在昭二年。见《易·象》与《鲁春秋》，曰：“周礼尽在鲁矣。
　　○尽，津忍反，后放此。吾乃今知周公之德与周之所以王。”
　　○王，于况反(fan)，又如字。

[疏]“韩宣”至“以王”。
　　○既言诸国有书，欲明鲁最兼备，故云此。
　　○正义曰：此(ci)昭二(er)年传文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宣子，晋卿，名起，食邑(yi)於韩，因(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)氏。谥曰宣子者，有(you)(you)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称。为(wei)昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)新立，身(shen)新为(wei)政(zheng)，故(gu)来聘鲁(lu)(lu)，因(yin)观书(shu)(shu)(shu)於大史氏，见此(ci)书(shu)(shu)(shu)而发言(yan)(yan)。杜注彼以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》即(ji)今《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》上下经之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《象(xiang)》辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，《鲁(lu)(lu)春(chun)秋》谓鲁(lu)(lu)史记之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策书(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春(chun)秋》遵周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典以(yi)(yi)(yi)序事，故(gu)曰“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)尽在(zai)鲁(lu)(lu)矣”。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》、《春(chun)秋》是(shi)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)制(zhi)，故(gu)见《春(chun)秋》知(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德，见《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》知(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)能制(zhi)此(ci)典，即(ji)是(shi)身(shen)有(you)(you)圣(sheng)(sheng)德，圣(sheng)(sheng)不空生(sheng)，必(bi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)天(tian)下。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功，故(gu)观其书(shu)(shu)(shu)，知(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)身(shen)处王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)位，故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)德属之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。人(ren)异，故(gu)文(wen)异。传言(yan)(yan)观书(shu)(shu)(shu)大史，则所(suo)观非一，而独言(yan)(yan)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》、《鲁(lu)(lu)春(chun)秋》者，韩子主美文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，故(gu)特言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》，鲁(lu)(lu)无增改，故(gu)不言(yan)(yan)“鲁(lu)(lu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)象(xiang)”。《春(chun)秋》虽是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)法所(suo)记，乃是(shi)鲁(lu)(lu)事，故(gu)言(yan)(yan)“鲁(lu)(lu)春(chun)秋”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春(chun)秋》、《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》，晋应有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，韩子至鲁(lu)(lu)方乃发叹者，味其义，善其人(ren)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)其旧所(suo)未悟，故(gu)云(yun)今始(shi)知(zhi)，示其叹美之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深，非是(shi)素不见也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·下系辞》云(yun)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兴也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其当殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)世，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)德，当文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)与纣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。则谓《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)·象(xiang)》，爻(yao)彖(tuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑玄案据此(ci)文(wen)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》是(shi)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)所(suo)作。郑众(zhong)、贾逵(kui)、虞翻、陆(lu)绩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，以(yi)(yi)(yi)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》有(you)(you)“箕(ji)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明夷”、“东(dong)邻(lin)杀牛”，皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爻(yao)辞周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)作。杜虽无明解，似同郑说(shuo)。

韩子所见，盖周(zhou)之旧典礼经也。

[疏]“韩子”至“经也”。
　　○序(xu)言(yan)史官(guan)所(suo)(suo)书(shu)，旧(jiu)有(you)成法(fa)，故(gu)(gu)引(yin)韩(han)(han)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此言(yan)结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。韩(han)(han)子所(suo)(suo)见《鲁春秋》者(zhe)，盖是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧(jiu)日正(zheng)典(dian)(dian)(dian)、礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大经也(ye)。韩(han)(han)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，并叹《易(yi)·象》，此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)见，唯谓《春秋》者(zhe)，指(zhi)说《春秋》，不须《易(yi)·象》故(gu)(gu)也(ye)。知(zhi)是(shi)旧(jiu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)礼(li)经者(zhe)，传於隐七年“书(shu)名”例(li)(li)云(yun)“谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)经”，十(shi)一年“不告”例(li)(li)云(yun)“不书(shu)于(yu)策”，明书(shu)於策必有(you)常礼(li)。未脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，旧(jiu)有(you)此法(fa)。韩(han)(han)子所(suo)(suo)见而说之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧(jiu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)正(zheng)文，故(gu)(gu)言(yan)“盖”为(wei)疑辞也(ye)。制礼(li)作乐(le)(le)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)为(wei)，明策书(shu)礼(li)经亦周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)制，故(gu)(gu)下句每(mei)云(yun)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)，正(zheng)谓五十(shi)发凡是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旧(jiu)制也(ye)。必知(zhi)史官(guan)所(suo)(suo)记(ji)，有(you)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旧(jiu)制者(zhe)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)圣人(ren)所(suo)(suo)为(wei)，动(dong)皆有(you)法(fa)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)立官(guan)纪事(shi)，岂得全无(wu)(wu)宪章？定(ding)四年传称备物典(dian)(dian)(dian)策以(yi)(yi)(yi)赐伯禽(qin)，典(dian)(dian)(dian)策则史官(guan)记(ji)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)也(ye)。若(ruo)其所(suo)(suo)记(ji)无(wu)(wu)法(fa)，何足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)赐诸侯？诸侯得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，何足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)光荣(rong)而子鱼称为(wei)美谈也(ye)？且仲(zhong)尼(ni)脩此《春秋》以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)一经，若(ruo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)无(wu)(wu)法(fa)，史官(guan)妄说，仲(zhong)尼(ni)何所(suo)(suo)可冯，斯(si)文何足(zu)为(wei)典(dian)(dian)(dian)，得与诸《书(shu)》、《礼(li)》、《乐(le)(le)》、《诗》、《易(yi)》并称经哉(zai)？以(yi)(yi)(yi)此知(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旧(jiu)有(you)定(ding)制，韩(han)(han)子所(suo)(suo)见是(shi)也(ye)。

周德既衰，官失其守。上之人不能使《春秋》昭明，赴告策书，
　　○告，古毒反，一音古报反。崩薨曰赴，祸福曰告。诸所记注，
　　○注，张住(zhu)反，字或作“註”。多违旧章。

[疏]“周德”至“旧章”。
　　○正义曰(yue)：此(ci)明(ming)仲(zhong)尼(ni)脩《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由，先(xian)论史策(ce)失(shi)(shi)宜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。计周公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)垂(chui)法(fa)(fa)典(dian)策(ce)具存(cun)，岂假仲(zhong)尼(ni)更(geng)加(jia)笔削？但为官(guan)(guan)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)守(shou)，褒贬(bian)失(shi)(shi)中，赴(fu)告(gao)策(ce)书(shu)，多违(wei)旧(jiu)典(dian)，是故(gu)仲(zhong)尼(ni)脩成此(ci)法(fa)(fa)，垂(chui)示后昆。襄(xiang)三十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)传称卿(qing)大夫“能守(shou)其(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)职”，昭(zhao)二(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)传曰(yue)“守(shou)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)如守(shou)官(guan)(guan)”，是言(yan)人(ren)臣为官(guan)(guan)，各(ge)有所守(shou)。周德既(ji)衰(shuai)(shuai)，邦国无(wu)法(fa)(fa)，群小在位，故(gu)官(guan)(guan)人(ren)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)所守(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽(sui)广(guang)言(yan)众(zhong)官(guan)(guan)失(shi)(shi)职，要其(qi)(qi)本意(yi)是言(yan)史官(guan)(guan)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)所掌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。昭(zhao)三十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)传曰(yue)：“《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称，微而(er)显，婉而(er)辨。上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)能使《春秋(qiu)》昭(zhao)明(ming)。”注云：“上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)谓在位者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”彼(bi)谓贤德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)在天(tian)子诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位，能使《春秋(qiu)》褒贬(bian)劝戒昭(zhao)明(ming)。周德既(ji)衰(shuai)(shuai)，主掌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)已失(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)守(shou)，在上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)又非贤圣，故(gu)不(bu)(bu)能使《春秋(qiu)》褒贬(bian)劝戒昭(zhao)明(ming)。致令(ling)赴(fu)告(gao)记注多违(wei)旧(jiu)章(zhang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)传曰(yue)“崩(beng)薨不(bu)(bu)赴(fu)，祸福不(bu)(bu)告(gao)”，然则(ze)邻国相命，凶(xiong)事谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赴(fu)，他事谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告(gao)，对文(wen)则(ze)别，散文(wen)则(ze)通。昭(zhao)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)传“卫齐恶告(gao)丧(sang)于周”，则(ze)是凶(xiong)亦称告(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。赴(fu)告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中违(wei)旧(jiu)章(zhang)者(zhe)，若(ruo)隐三年(nian)(nian)(nian)，平王以壬戌崩(beng)，赴(fu)以庚戌；桓五年(nian)(nian)(nian)，陈侯鲍卒，再赴(fu)以甲戌己丑；及不(bu)(bu)同盟(meng)者(zhe)而(er)赴(fu)以名(ming)，同盟(meng)而(er)赴(fu)不(bu)(bu)以名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。策(ce)书(shu)记注多违(wei)旧(jiu)章(zhang)者(zhe)，仲(zhong)尼(ni)既(ji)巳(si)脩改，不(bu)(bu)可复知。正以仲(zhong)尼(ni)脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，故(gu)知其(qi)(qi)多违(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

仲(zhong)尼(ni)因鲁史策书成文(wen)，考其真(zhen)伪(wei)，而志(zhi)其典礼(li)，上(shang)以遵周公之遗制(zhi)，下以明将来之法(fa)。

[疏]“仲尼”至“之法”。
　　○此明(ming)仲(zhong)尼所因(yin)并制(zhi)作之(zhi)(zhi)意。所脩之(zhi)(zhi)经，以鲁为(wei)(wei)主，是因(yin)鲁史(shi)策书成(cheng)定之(zhi)(zhi)旧文(wen)(wen)(wen)也。“考”谓校勘，“志(zhi)”谓记(ji)识(shi)。考其(qi)(qi)(qi)真伪(wei)，真者(zhe)(zhe)因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)，伪(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)改之(zhi)(zhi)。志(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)典(dian)礼，合典(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)褒(bao)(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)，违礼度(du)者(zhe)(zhe)贬之(zhi)(zhi)。上以遵周(zhou)公之(zhi)(zhi)遗(yi)制(zhi)，使旧典(dian)更兴；下以明(ming)将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，令后世有(you)则，以此故脩《春秋(qiu)》也。前(qian)代(dai)(dai)后代(dai)(dai)，事终一揆，所赏(shang)所罚(fa)，理必相(xiang)符(fu)。仲(zhong)尼定《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)，制(zhi)治国之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)所褒(bao)(bao)，是可赏(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)徒；文(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)所贬，是可罚(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)类。后代(dai)(dai)人主，诚能观《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)，揆当(dang)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)事，辟所恶而(er)行所善，顺褒(bao)(bao)贬而(er)施赏(shang)罚(fa)，则法(fa)(fa)(fa)必明(ming)，而(er)国必治，故云“下以明(ming)将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”也。不教当(dang)时(shi)而(er)为(wei)(wei)将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)制(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)，孔子之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)，道不见用，既知被屈，冀(ji)范将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)。将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)与今时(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)亦何以异，但为(wei)(wei)时(shi)不见用，故指之(zhi)(zhi)将(jiang)来(lai)(lai)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)实亦以教当(dang)代(dai)(dai)也。

其教之所存，文之所害，则刊而正之，
　　○刊，苦干反，削也。以示劝戒。

[疏]“其教”至“劝戒”。
　　○此(ci)说仲尼改旧史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所存，谓名教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)善(shan)恶，义存於(wu)(wu)此(ci)事。若文无(wu)褒贬，无(wu)以(yi)(yi)惩劝，则是(shi)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。若僖二十(shi)八年“天(tian)王(wang)狩于河阳(yang)”，传云：“晋(jin)(jin)侯召王(wang)，以(yi)(yi)诸(zhu)侯见(jian)，且使王(wang)狩。仲尼曰：‘以(yi)(yi)臣召君(jun)，不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)训(xun)。’故书曰‘天(tian)王(wang)狩于河阳(yang)’。”杜以(yi)(yi)晋(jin)(jin)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)本欲(yu)尊周(zhou)，将率诸(zhu)侯共朝天(tian)子(zi)，自嫌彊大，不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)至周(zhou)，喻王(wang)出狩，得(de)尽(jin)臣礼(li)。寻(xun)其(qi)踪绪(xu)，心是(shi)迹非。又昭(zhao)十(shi)九年，“许(xu)世(shi)子(zi)止弑其(qi)君(jun)买(mai)”，传云：“许(xu)悼公疟。五月，戊辰，饮大子(zi)止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)药，卒。书曰：‘弑其(qi)君(jun)。’君(jun)子(zi)曰：‘尽(jin)心力以(yi)(yi)事君(jun)，舍(she)药物可也(ye)。’”许(xu)止进药，不(bu)(bu)由於(wu)(wu)医，其(qi)父饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因兹而卒。名教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)善(shan)恶须存於(wu)(wu)此(ci)者也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)罪许(xu)止，不(bu)(bu)没晋(jin)(jin)文，无(wu)以(yi)(yi)息(xi)篡逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端，劝事君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)，故隐其(qi)召王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，显(xian)称弑君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶。如此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例(li)，皆是(shi)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，则刊削(xue)本策(ce)，改而正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)示(shi)后(hou)人，使闻善(shan)而知劝，见(jian)恶而自戒。诸(zhu)仲尼所改新意(yi)，皆是(shi)刊而正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。

其(qi)馀则皆(jie)即用旧史，史有文质，辞有详略，不必改(gai)也。

[疏]“其馀”至“改也”。
　　○此说仲(zhong)尼不(bu)改(gai)旧史(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)意，“其(qi)馀(yu)(yu)”，谓(wei)新意之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)皆(jie)即用(yong)旧史(shi)也。始隐终麟，二百(bai)馀(yu)(yu)载，史(shi)官迁(qian)代，其(qi)数甚多，人(ren)心(xin)不(bu)同(tong)，属(shu)辞必(bi)异，自(zi)然史(shi)官有文(wen)(wen)有质，致使(shi)其(qi)辞有详(xiang)有略，既无所(suo)害，故不(bu)必(bi)改(gai)也。“史(shi)有文(wen)(wen)质”，谓(wei)居官之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。“辞有详(xiang)略”，谓(wei)书策之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)。史(shi)文(wen)(wen)则(ze)辞华，史(shi)质则(ze)辞直，华则(ze)多详(xiang)，直则(ze)多略，故《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)详(xiang)略不(bu)等也。螟(ming)螽(zhong)(zhong)蜚(fei)蜮，皆(jie)害物之(zhi)(zhi)蟲，蜚(fei)蜮言有，螟(ming)螽(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)言有；诸侯反国，或言自(zi)某(mou)归，或言归自(zi)某(mou)；晋(jin)伐鲜虞，吴入郢，直举国名(ming)，不(bu)言将帅；及郊与(yu)川郊皆(jie)无所(suo)发；诸侯出奔，或名(ming)，或不(bu)名(ming)，明是(shi)立文(wen)(wen)乖异，是(shi)其(qi)史(shi)旧有详(xiang)略，义(yi)例不(bu)存於此，故不(bu)必(bi)皆(jie)改(gai)也。

故传曰：“其善志。”又(you)曰：“非圣(sheng)人孰能脩之？”

[疏]“故传”至“脩之”。
　　○上(shang)传，昭三十一年(nian)，言《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)书其(qi)是善(shan)志记也(ye)。下(xia)传，成十四年(nian)，言若非圣(sheng)人，谁能(neng)脩《春秋》，使(shi)成五例也(ye)。下(xia)传既非同(tong)年(nian)，而云“又”者，言又重(zhong)上(shang)事之(zhi)(zhi)辞，止(zhi)又其(qi)传，非又其(qi)年(nian)也(ye)。

盖周公之志，仲(zhong)尼从而明之。

[疏]“盖周”至“明之”。
　　○既以“盖(gai)(gai)”为疑辞，而知事(shi)必然者，案传(chuan)，君子论(lun)《春秋》之(zhi)美而云“善(shan)志(zhi)”。《春秋》既是旧(jiu)(jiu)名，明(ming)称旧(jiu)(jiu)记为善(shan)，故知上(shang)(shang)传(chuan)之(zhi)言(yan)盖(gai)(gai)，言(yan)周(zhou)公之(zhi)志(zhi)也(ye)。脩者，治旧(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)名。传(chuan)善(shan)圣人(ren)而言(yan)脩旧(jiu)(jiu)，明(ming)脩前圣之(zhi)道(dao)，故知下(xia)(xia)传(chuan)之(zhi)言(yan)盖(gai)(gai)，仲尼(ni)之(zhi)明(ming)周(zhou)公也(ye)。上(shang)(shang)已(yi)言(yan)“盖(gai)(gai)周(zhou)之(zhi)旧(jiu)(jiu)典礼经(jing)”，此复重云“盖(gai)(gai)周(zhou)公之(zhi)志(zhi)”者，上(shang)(shang)明(ming)《春秋》记事(shi)之(zhi)法旧(jiu)(jiu)史之(zhi)遵周(zhou)公也(ye)，此明(ming)仲尼(ni)因旧(jiu)(jiu)史之(zhi)文还脩周(zhou)公之(zhi)法，故重言(yan)盖(gai)(gai)。叙此以上(shang)(shang)论(lun)经(jing)，以下(xia)(xia)论(lun)传(chuan)。

左丘明受经於仲尼，以为经者不刊之书也，故传或先经以始事，
　　○先，悉荐反。或后经以终义，
　　○后，户(hu)豆反(fan)。或依经以辩理，或错经以合异，随义而发。

[疏]“左丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”至“而(er)发”。正义(yi)曰：丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)作传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)受经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)於(wu)(wu)仲(zhong)尼，未必面亲授(shou)受使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)说作传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)解经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)而(er)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)不(bu)同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者，圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)制(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)可刊削(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。非传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)所(suo)(suo)能乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。假使传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)先(xian)后(hou)(hou)，不(bu)畏经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)因错乱(luan)(luan)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)或先(xian)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)为(wei)文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)始后(hou)(hou)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，或后(hou)(hou)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)为(wei)文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)终(zhong)前经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)，或依经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)辨此(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，或错经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)为(wei)文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)此(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异(yi)，皆(jie)随义(yi)所(suo)(suo)在而(er)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发。传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)期(qi)於(wu)(wu)释尽(jin)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)意而(er)已，是(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)立文(wen)不(bu)同也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大史(shi)公(gong)(gong)《十(shi)二诸侯年表序》云(yun)：自孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)论史(shi)记，次《春(chun)(chun)秋》，七(qi)十(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒口受其(qi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。鲁(lu)(lu)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)左丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)惧(ju)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)各有(you)妄其(qi)意，失其(qi)真(zhen)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)具(ju)论其(qi)语，成《左氏(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋》。沈氏(shi)云(yun)：《严氏(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋》引《观(guan)周(zhou)(zhou)篇》云(yun)：“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)将脩《春(chun)(chun)秋》，与左丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)乘如(ru)(ru)周(zhou)(zhou)，观(guan)书(shu)於(wu)(wu)周(zhou)(zhou)史(shi)，归而(er)脩《春(chun)(chun)秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，共(gong)为(wei)表里。”《艺文(wen)志(zhi)》云(yun)：“左丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，鲁(lu)(lu)史(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)姓左，故(gu)(gu)(gu)号(hao)为(wei)《左氏(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者，若隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)书(shu)即位，先(xian)发仲(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)归于我；卫(wei)州吁弑其(qi)君完，先(xian)发庄公(gong)(gong)娶(qu)于齐。如(ru)(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)始事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。后(hou)(hou)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者，昭二十(shi)二年，王室(shi)乱(luan)(luan)，定八年，乃言(yan)(yan)刘子(zi)(zi)(zi)伐(fa)(fa)盂(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)定王室(shi)；哀二年，晋纳蒯聩(kui)(kui)于戚，哀十(shi)五年，乃言(yan)(yan)蒯聩(kui)(kui)自戚入卫(wei)。如(ru)(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)终(zhong)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。依经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)其(qi)事，传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)辩(bian)其(qi)由(you)。隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)书(shu)即位，而(er)求好於(wu)(wu)邾，故(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)蔑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟。案其(qi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)归趣，如(ru)(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)依经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)辩(bian)理(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。错经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者，若地有(you)两名，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)互举(ju)，及经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)“侵”传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)“伐(fa)(fa)”，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)“伐(fa)(fa)”传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)“侵”，於(wu)(wu)文(wen)虽(sui)异(yi)，於(wu)(wu)理(li)则合(he)。如(ru)(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)错经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)异(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)虽(sui)多，不(bu)出四体，故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)四句明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

其例之所重，
　　○重(zhong)，直用反，又(you)直龙反。旧史遗(yi)文，略不尽举(ju)，非圣人所(suo)脩之要故也。

[疏]“其例”至“故也”。
　　○此(ci)说有经无传(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所重(zhong)者(zhe)，若桓元年，“秋，大(da)水(shui)(shui)”，传(chuan)云(yun)“凡平原出水(shui)(shui)为(wei)大(da)水(shui)(shui)”。庄七年，“秋，大(da)水(shui)(shui)”。此(ci)则例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所重(zhong)，皆(jie)是旧史遗(yi)馀策书之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文。丘明略之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不复发传(chuan)，非圣人所脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要故也。言(yan)遗(yi)者(zhe)，旧史已没，策书遗(yi)留(liu)，故曰遗(yi)文。

身为国史，躬览载籍，必广记而备言之。其文缓，其旨远，将令学者原始要终，
　　○令，力呈反，下“令学者”同。要，於遥反。寻其枝叶，究其所穷。
　　○究(jiu)，久又反。

[疏]“身为”至“所穷”。
　　○此说无经有传之意。
　　○正义曰(yue)：《说文》云“籍(ji)(ji)，簿书也(ye)”。张(zhang)衡《东京赋》曰(yue)“多识(shi)前世之载”，载亦(yi)书也(ye)。躬览(lan)载籍(ji)(ji)，所见者博，以义有所取，必广记而备言(yan)之。非直解经，故其(qi)(qi)文缓。遥明圣(sheng)意，故其(qi)(qi)旨(zhi)远(yuan)(yuan)。将(jiang)令(ling)学者本原(yuan)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)之始(shi)，要(yao)截其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)之终(zhong)(zhong)，寻其(qi)(qi)枝(zhi)叶(ye)，尽其(qi)(qi)根本，则(ze)圣(sheng)人之趣虽远(yuan)(yuan)，其(qi)(qi)赜(ze)可得而见。是故经无其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)，而传亦(yi)言(yan)之，为此也(ye)。原(yuan)始(shi)要(yao)终(zhong)(zhong)及其(qi)(qi)旨(zhi)，远(yuan)(yuan)并《易·下系辞》文也(ye)。寻其(qi)(qi)枝(zhi)叶(ye)，以树木喻也(ye)。究亦(yi)穷也(ye)，言(yan)穷尽其(qi)(qi)所穷之处(chu)也(ye)。

优而柔之，使自求之；餍而饫之，
　　○餍，於艳反。饫，於预反。使自趋之。
　　○趋，七住反，又七俱反。若江海之浸，
　　○浸，子鸩反。膏泽之润，
　　○膏，古刀反。涣然冰释，
　　○涣，呼乱反。怡然理顺。
　　○怡，以之反。然后为得也(ye)。

[疏]“优而柔之”至“然后为得也”。
　　○此又申说无经之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传有(you)利益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。“优而(er)(er)柔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)自(zi)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，《大戴礼(li)·子张问入官(guan)》学之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)篇有(you)此文(wen)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)“餍而(er)(er)饫(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，则(ze)未知(zhi)所出。优、柔，俱训(xun)为(wei)安，宽(kuan)舒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)也(ye)。餍、饫(yu)，俱训(xun)为(wei)饱，饶裕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)也(ye)。谓丘明富博(bo)其(qi)(qi)文(wen)，优游学者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，使(shi)自(zi)求(qiu)索其(qi)(qi)高意(yi)(yi)精华；其(qi)(qi)大义(yi)饱足学者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好，使(shi)自(zi)奔(ben)趋(qu)其(qi)(qi)深致(zhi)；言其(qi)(qi)广(guang)记备(bei)言，欲(yu)令(ling)使(shi)乐玩不(bu)倦也(ye)。江(jiang)海以(yi)水深之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)，所浸者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)远；膏泽以(yi)雨(yu)多(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)，所润者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)博(bo)。以(yi)喻传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广(guang)记备(bei)言，亦欲(yu)浸润经文(wen)，使(shi)义(yi)理(li)通(tong)洽。如是(shi)而(er)(er)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，然后涣然解(jie)散，如春冰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)释，怡然心(xin)说，而(er)(er)众理(li)皆顺，然后为(wei)得其(qi)(qi)所也(ye)。江(jiang)海，水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，故(gu)(gu)举(ju)以(yi)为(wei)喻。脂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)膏，言雨(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)润若脂膏然，故(gu)(gu)称膏泽也(ye)。

其发凡以言例，皆经国之(zhi)(zhi)常制(zhi)，周(zhou)公之(zhi)(zhi)垂(chui)法，史书(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)旧章。仲尼从(cong)而脩之(zhi)(zhi)，以成一经之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)体。

[疏]“其发”至“通体”。
　　○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)：自(zi)此(ci)(ci)至“非(fei)(fei)例(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，辩说(shuo)传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三体。此(ci)(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段说(shuo)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)发(fa)(fa)(fa)例(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，言(yan)(yan)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)五(wu)十(shi)皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)。先儒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)《春秋》者(zhe)(zhe)多矣，皆云(yun)(yun)(yun)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)意(yi)(yi)作(zuo)传，说(shuo)仲尼(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)与不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)无(wu)新旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例(li)(li)(li)。杜所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)言(yan)(yan)例(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)垂、法(fa)(fa)史(shi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)章者(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)诸所(suo)(suo)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大典(dian)(dian)(dian)，非(fei)(fei)独(du)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例(li)(li)(li)。隐七年，始(shi)(shi)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)，特云(yun)(yun)(yun)“谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”；十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年，又云(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)策”。建此(ci)(ci)二(er)(er)句於(wu)(wu)诸例(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端，明(ming)(ming)(ming)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)策者(zhe)(zhe)，皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)制(zhi)，非(fei)(fei)仲尼(ni)始(shi)(shi)造策书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)自(zi)制(zhi)此(ci)(ci)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何则(ze)(ze)？“夫(fu)灾(zai)，无(wu)牲”，“卒哭(ku)”，“作(zuo)主(zhu)”，“诸侯薨(hong)于(yu)(yu)朝会(hui)，加一(yi)(yi)(yi)等”，“夫(fu)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)薨(hong)于(yu)(yu)寝，则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)致”，岂(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仲尼(ni)加造此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)？公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)告庙，侯伯分灾(zai)，二(er)(er)“凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)，皆云(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，岂(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)自(zi)制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乎？又公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)女嫁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)送人尊卑(bei)，哭(ku)诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)疏等级，王丧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)“小童”，分至之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)“云(yun)(yun)(yun)物(wu)”，皆经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)无(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，传亦(yi)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。若丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)意(yi)(yi)作(zuo)传，主(zhu)说(shuo)仲尼(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，此(ci)(ci)既(ji)无(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，何须发(fa)(fa)(fa)传？以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)言(yan)(yan)例(li)(li)(li)，皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)垂法(fa)(fa)、史(shi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)章，仲尼(ni)从而(er)(er)(er)脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通体也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)史(shi)，在(zai)於(wu)(wu)前代，非(fei)(fei)独(du)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立法(fa)(fa)，史(shi)始(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)章。而(er)(er)(er)指言(yan)(yan)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)垂法(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)三代异物(wu)，节文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同，周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必因其(qi)(qi)(qi)常(chang)文(wen)(wen)而(er)(er)(er)作(zuo)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)正(zheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)变者(zhe)(zhe)，非(fei)(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尽(jin)变其(qi)(qi)(qi)常(chang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)世大典(dian)(dian)(dian)，周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)定，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)，史(shi)必主(zhu)於(wu)(wu)常(chang)法(fa)(fa)，而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)(ran)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，今(jin)案《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》竟(jing)无(wu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)，为(wei)(wei)当(dang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)外别(bie)自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，为(wei)(wei)当(dang)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)在(zai)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)内(nei)。今(jin)者(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)(suo)据(ju)，礼(li)(li)(li)(li)内(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)，案《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·大宰职(zhi)》於(wu)(wu)“八法(fa)(fa)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“官(guan)成”、“官(guan)法(fa)(fa)”，郑众(zhong)注云(yun)(yun)(yun)“官(guan)成者(zhe)(zhe)，谓官(guan)府之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)成事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品式。官(guan)法(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)，谓职(zhi)所(suo)(suo)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)度”。然(ran)(ran)则(ze)(ze)此(ci)(ci)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)史(shi)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)成事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)式也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《释例(li)(li)(li)·终篇》云(yun)(yun)(yun)：“称(cheng)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)十(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)别(bie)四(si)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)”，盖以(yi)(yi)(yi)母、弟二(er)(er)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)异故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。计周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)垂典(dian)(dian)(dian)，应每事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)设法(fa)(fa)，而(er)(er)(er)据(ju)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)例(li)(li)(li)，於(wu)(wu)传无(wu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)多矣，《释例(li)(li)(li)》四(si)十(shi)部，无(wu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)十(shi)五(wu)。然(ran)(ran)则(ze)(ze)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)，非(fei)(fei)徒五(wu)十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)已。盖作(zuo)传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)遗落，丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)采(cai)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。且(qie)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)虽(sui)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)例(li)(li)(li)，亦(yi)非(fei)(fei)全语，丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)采(cai)合(he)而(er)(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)。《终篇》云(yun)(yun)(yun)诸凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)虽(sui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)，丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)撮其(qi)(qi)(qi)体义(yi)，约(yue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)，非(fei)(fei)纯写(xie)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖据(ju)古文(wen)(wen)覆逆而(er)(er)(er)见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)(ci)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)会(hui)意(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微致，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)撮凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)为(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)，体例(li)(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，於(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)义(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同，亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)因经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，连释经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)无(wu)，如(ru)“王曰(yue)(yue)小童、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)侯曰(yue)(yue)子(zi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)略(lve)(lve)其(qi)(qi)(qi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)无(wu)，直释经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，如(ru)“凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)祀(si)，启(qi)蛰而(er)(er)(er)郊，龙见而(er)(er)(er)雩(yu)”，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)礿祀(si)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)无(wu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)然(ran)(ran)者(zhe)(zhe)，盖以(yi)(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)语少，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)虽(sui)无(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，则(ze)(ze)亦(yi)连文(wen)(wen)引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兼(jian)(jian)引“王曰(yue)(yue)小童”。若旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)语多，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)无(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)(ze)略(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)(ze)载之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)略(lve)(lve)其(qi)(qi)(qi)礿祀(si)独(du)举(ju)郊雩(yu)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)庄十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年“王师(shi)败绩于(yu)(yu)某”，杜注云(yun)(yun)(yun)“事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)列(lie)於(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因申(shen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)多者(zhe)(zhe)，唯举(ju)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体，凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)条(tiao)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特为(wei)(wei)策书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兼(jian)(jian)载国事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。特为(wei)(wei)策书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)，凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)告以(yi)(yi)(yi)名则(ze)(ze)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。兼(jian)(jian)载国事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)，凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)嫁女于(yu)(yu)敌国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽(sui)为(wei)(wei)国事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但他书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)，如(ru)天子(zi)七月而(er)(er)(er)葬，既(ji)於(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)文(wen)(wen)备有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)丘(qiu)(qiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)作(zuo)传不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)诸凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)自(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天下大例(li)(li)(li)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)非(fei)(fei)独(du)为(wei)(wei)鲁故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。哭(ku)诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao)，既(ji)发(fa)(fa)(fa)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)(li)(li)，乃云(yun)(yun)(yun)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鲁为(wei)(wei)诸姬，明(ming)(ming)(ming)知(zhi)正(zheng)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)，非(fei)(fei)止鲁事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。且(qie)送女例(li)(li)(li)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“於(wu)(wu)天子(zi)，则(ze)(ze)诸卿皆行(xing)”，鲁无(wu)嫁女於(wu)(wu)天子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)。祭(ji)祀(si)例(li)(li)(li)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“启(qi)蛰而(er)(er)(er)郊”，自(zi)非(fei)(fei)鲁国不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)郊天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)合(he)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)、裁(cai)约(yue)为(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

其微显阐幽，裁成义类者，
　　○阐，昌善反，明也。皆据旧例而发义，指行事以正褒贬。
　　○褒(bao)，保刀反。贬，彼检反，《字林》方犯反。

[疏]“其微”至“褒贬”。
　　○此(ci)(ci)下尽“曲而(er)(er)畅(chang)之(zhi)”，说(shuo)新意也(ye)(ye)。“微(wei)(wei)(wei)显(xian)(xian)阐(chan)(chan)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”，《易·下系(xi)辞(ci)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)。微(wei)(wei)(wei)谓(wei)(wei)纤(xian)隐，阐(chan)(chan)谓(wei)(wei)著(zhu)明(ming)。旧说(shuo)云“下云‘经(jing)(jing)(jing)无义(yi)例(li)(li)’，此(ci)(ci)释经(jing)(jing)(jing)有义(yi)例(li)(li)”。谓(wei)(wei)孔子(zi)(zi)脩经(jing)(jing)(jing)，微(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)显(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)，阐(chan)(chan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)理，裁节经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)上下，以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)义(yi)之(zhi)般(ban)类(lei)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善事(shi)(shi)显(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)秦(qin)穆(mu)悔(hui)过，贬四国大夫，以(yi)例(li)(li)称(cheng)“人”，观文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)与(yu)常文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)无异。恶(e)事(shi)(shi)显(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)诸侯(hou)城缘陵，叔孙豹违命，城缘陵依例(li)(li)称(cheng)诸侯(hou)，与(yu)无罪文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)同(tong)，叔孙豹去氏，与(yu)未赐族(zu)者(zhe)(zhe)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)同(tong)，皆(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)显(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)。阐(chan)(chan)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)(wei)阐(chan)(chan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)理，使(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)宣著(zhu)。若(ruo)晋赵盾、郑(zheng)归(gui)生(sheng)、楚(chu)比陈乞及许大子(zi)(zi)止，皆(jie)(jie)非亲弑(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君，是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)罪幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隐，孔子(zi)(zi)脩经(jing)(jing)(jing)加“弑(shi)”，使(shi)(shi)(shi)罪状宣露(lu)，是(shi)(shi)阐(chan)(chan)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)。诸《春(chun)秋》褒贬之(zhi)例(li)(li)并是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。盖以(yi)为(wei)皆(jie)(jie)据旧例(li)(li)而(er)(er)发(fa)(fa)义(yi)。以(yi)下论丘明(ming)之(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)微(wei)(wei)(wei)显(xian)(xian)阐(chan)(chan)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)乃是(shi)(shi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)贺沈诸儒皆(jie)(jie)悉(xi)同(tong)此(ci)(ci)。刘炫以(yi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)显(xian)(xian)阐(chan)(chan)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)皆(jie)(jie)说(shuo)作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)意。经(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)显(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)，作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)纤(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)；经(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)阐(chan)(chan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)著(zhu)。显(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)“天(tian)王(wang)(wang)狩于河阳”，观经(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，足知(zhi)王(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)，狩是(shi)(shi)出(chu)猎，但不知(zhi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)何(he)故(gu)(gu)出(chu)畿外狩耳(er)，故(gu)(gu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)发(fa)(fa)“晋侯(hou)召王(wang)(wang)”，是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)显(xian)(xian)也(ye)(ye)。幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)“郑(zheng)伯(bo)(bo)克(ke)段(duan)于鄢”，观经(jing)(jing)(jing)不知(zhi)段(duan)是(shi)(shi)何(he)人，何(he)故(gu)(gu)称(cheng)克(ke)，故(gu)(gu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)发(fa)(fa)“武姜爱(ai)段(duan)”，是(shi)(shi)阐(chan)(chan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)。丘明(ming)作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有微(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)显(xian)(xian)、阐(chan)(chan)经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)幽(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，以(yi)裁制成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)理比类(lei)者(zhe)(zhe)，皆(jie)(jie)据旧典(dian)凡例(li)(li)而(er)(er)起发(fa)(fa)经(jing)(jing)(jing)义(yi)，指其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人行事(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)非，以(yi)正(zheng)经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)褒贬，例(li)(li)称(cheng)“得隽曰克(ke)”，传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)言“如二(er)君，故(gu)(gu)曰克(ke)”，是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)据旧例(li)(li)发(fa)(fa)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)；晋侯(hou)召王(wang)(wang)使(shi)(shi)(shi)狩，郑(zheng)伯(bo)(bo)不教其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弟，仲尼没其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)召王(wang)(wang)，显(xian)(xian)称(cheng)郑(zheng)伯(bo)(bo)，丘明(ming)正(zheng)述其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)，先解(jie)经(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，是(shi)(shi)指其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行事(shi)(shi)以(yi)正(zheng)褒贬也(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)二(er)事(shi)(shi)尤(you)明(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)耳(er)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)馀皆(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)新意也(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)序主论作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，而(er)(er)贺沈诸儒皆(jie)(jie)以(yi)为(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)解(jie)之(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)不识文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)势而(er)(er)谬失(shi)杜旨。

诸称(cheng)“书(shu)”、“不书(shu)”、“先(xian)书(shu)”、“故书(shu)”、“不言”、“不称(cheng)”、“书(shu)曰”之类，皆所以起新旧，发大义，谓之变例。

[疏]“诸称”至“变例”。
　　○上(shang)既言(yan)(yan)据旧(jiu)例而(er)发义(yi)，故(gu)(gu)更指发义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条，诸(zhu)(zhu)传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”“先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”“故(gu)(gu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)”“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”及“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)(yue)”七(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)，皆所(suo)(suo)以(yi)起(qi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)旧(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例，令人知(zhi)发凡是旧(jiu)，七(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，发明经之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大义(yi)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)例。以(yi)“凡”是正(zheng)例，故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)例，犹《诗》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)变(bian)风(feng)变(bian)雅也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。自杜以(yi)前，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)有(you)(you)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)旧(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异，今言(yan)(yan)“谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)例”，是杜自明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)晓(xiao)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)文(wen)二(er)年(nian)(nian)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)士(shi)縠，堪(kan)其(qi)事”；襄二(er)十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)先晋(jin)(jin)，晋(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)信”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)隐(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)春“正(zheng)月(yue)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)即位，摄(she)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；“邾子克(ke)，未王(wang)命，故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)爵(jue)”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)桓(huan)二(er)年(nian)(nian)“君(jun)子以(yi)督(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)无(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，故(gu)(gu)先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)弑其(qi)君(jun)”；僖二(er)年(nian)(nian)，虞(yu)师晋(jin)(jin)师“灭下阳，先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)虞(yu)，贿故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“故(gu)(gu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)，隐(yin)三年(nian)(nian)，“壬戌，平王(wang)崩，赴以(yi)庚(geng)戌，故(gu)(gu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”；成八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)“杞叔(shu)姬卒，来(lai)归自杞，故(gu)(gu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)隐(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“郑伯克(ke)段于(yu)鄢。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)出(chu)奔，难之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；庄(zhuang)十八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)“公(gong)(gong)追(zhui)(zhui)戎于(yu)济西。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)其(qi)来(lai)，讳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)僖元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即位，公(gong)(gong)出(chu)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；庄(zhuang)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)姜氏，绝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)亲”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)(yue)”者(zhe)(zhe)，若(ruo)隐(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)(yue)郑伯克(ke)段于(yu)鄢”，隐(yin)四(si)年(nian)(nian)‘书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)(yue)卫人立晋(jin)(jin)’，众也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案：襄元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“围(wei)宋(song)彭城(cheng)。非(fei)(fei)宋(song)地，追(zhui)(zhui)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；隐(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郑伯，讥(ji)失教也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；昭三十一年(nian)(nian)“公(gong)(gong)在乾侯。言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能外内也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。“先书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”、“故(gu)(gu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”既是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，则(ze)“追(zhui)(zhui)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”亦是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)；“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”与(yu)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”俱(ju)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，则(ze)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”与(yu)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”、“言(yan)(yan)”与(yu)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)”亦俱(ju)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，岂得“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)”、“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”独(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，“言(yan)(yan)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)便(bian)即非(fei)(fei)乎？《释(shi)例·终(zhong)篇》云“诸(zhu)(zhu)杂称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)二(er)百八(ba)(ba)十有(you)(you)五”，止有(you)(you)其(qi)数，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)其(qi)目，就文(wen)而(er)数，又(you)复参差(cha)。窃谓(wei)“追(zhui)(zhui)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，“言(yan)(yan)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，亦是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)。序不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)，盖诸(zhu)(zhu)类(lei)(lei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中足以(yi)包之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)田僧绍者(zhe)(zhe)，亦注(zhu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)序，以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)序言(yan)(yan)诸(zhu)(zhu)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”亦即是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，与(yu)下七(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)合为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)名。斯不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)矣。案“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”与(yu)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”，其(qi)文(wen)相(xiang)次。若(ruo)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”字即是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，但当(dang)言(yan)(yan)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”与(yu)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”相(xiang)次，何(he)以(yi)分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)别(bie)文(wen)？明知(zhi)杜言(yan)(yan)诸(zhu)(zhu)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，自谓(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)传所(suo)(suo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)。但以(yi)理而(er)论之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，“称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”亦当(dang)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)耳。

然亦有史所不书，即以为义者，此盖《春秋》新意，故传不言“凡”，曲而畅之也。
　　○畅，敕亮反。

[疏]“然亦”至“之也”。
　　○此(ci)(ci)说因(yin)旧(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)新也(ye)(ye)(ye)。仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)脩《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》者，欲以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)遵周(zhou)制，下明世教，其旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)错失(shi)，则得(de)(de)刊而(er)(er)正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)例。其旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，则无(wu)(wu)可(ke)(ke)刊正，故此(ci)(ci)又辩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。亦有史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，正合仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)意(yi)(yi)(yi)者，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)。改其旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，此(ci)(ci)二者盖是(shi)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》新意(yi)(yi)(yi)，故传(chuan)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)凡，每事别(bie)释，曲(qu)而(er)(er)通畅(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“此(ci)(ci)盖《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》新意(yi)(yi)(yi)”，其言(yan)(yan)总上(shang)，通变(bian)例与不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)别(bie)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。举(ju)一(yi)凡而(er)(er)事同者，诸理(li)尽见(jian)，是(shi)其直也(ye)(ye)(ye)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)凡而(er)(er)每事发(fa)传(chuan)，是(shi)其曲(qu)畅(chang)。畅(chang)训通，故言(yan)(yan)曲(qu)而(er)(er)畅(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若然(ran)(ran)，隐公(gong)实(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即(ji)(ji)位，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)由得(de)(de)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)即(ji)(ji)位。邾克实(shi)未有爵(jue)，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)由得(de)(de)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)其爵(jue)。然(ran)(ran)则传(chuan)言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，自(zi)是(shi)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。而(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)新意(yi)(yi)(yi)者，《释例·终(zhong)篇》杜(du)自(zi)问而(er)(er)释之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，云丘明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)传(chuan)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)释仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》。仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》皆(jie)(jie)因(yin)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在，则时加增损，或(huo)仍(reng)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)，亦或(huo)改旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有。虽因(yin)旧(jiu)文(wen)(wen)，固是(shi)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。丘明所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)发(fa)，固是(shi)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽是(shi)旧(jiu)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，而(er)(er)事合仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)因(yin)而(er)(er)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)(ji)是(shi)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)新意(yi)(yi)(yi)。若宣十年“崔氏出奔(ben)卫”，传(chuan)称(cheng)“书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰‘崔氏’，非其罪也(ye)(ye)(ye)，且告以(yi)(yi)(yi)族，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)名”。是(shi)告不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)名，故知旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)名，及(ji)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)脩经(jing)，无(wu)(wu)罪见(jian)逐，例不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)名，此(ci)(ci)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)，適当孔子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因(yin)而(er)(er)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因(yin)旧(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)新，皆(jie)(jie)此(ci)(ci)类也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)杜(du)唯(wei)言(yan)(yan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)云史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)者，但夫子(zi)(zi)约史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记而(er)(er)脩《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》，史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)，皆(jie)(jie)是(shi)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，因(yin)而(er)(er)褒贬(bian)，理(li)在可(ke)(ke)见(jian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须(xu)更言(yan)(yan)，但恐(kong)旧(jiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，而(er)(er)夫子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)，故特言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

其经无义例，因行事而言，则传直言其归趣而已。
　　○趣，七住反。非例也。

[疏]“其经”至“例也”。
　　○此一段说经无义(yi)例者。国有大(da)事，史必书之，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事既无得失，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文不著善恶(e)，故传(chuan)直(zhi)(zhi)言其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)指归趣向(xiang)而已，非(fei)褒(bao)贬之例也。《春(chun)秋》此类最多，故隐元年“及宋人盟于宿(su)”，传(chuan)曰“始(shi)通也”。杜(du)注(zhu)云“经无义(yi)例，故传(chuan)直(zhi)(zhi)言其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)归而已。他皆放此”。是如彼之类，皆非(fei)例也。

故发传之体有三，而为例之情有五。
　　○为音于(yu)伪反，又如字。

[疏]“故发”至“有五”。
　　○正(zheng)义曰：传(chuan)(chuan)体(ti)有(you)(you)三(san)(san)，即上文(wen)(wen)(wen)发(fa)(fa)凡(fan)正(zheng)例(li)、新(xin)意(yi)变例(li)、归(gui)趣非例(li)是也。为(wei)(wei)例(li)之(zhi)(zhi)情有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)，则(ze)下文(wen)(wen)(wen)“五(wu)(wu)曰”是也。书经有(you)(you)此(ci)五(wu)(wu)情，缘经以(yi)求义为(wei)(wei)例(li)，言(yan)传(chuan)(chuan)为(wei)(wei)经发(fa)(fa)例(li)，其体(ti)有(you)(you)此(ci)五(wu)(wu)事(shi)。下文(wen)(wen)(wen)五(wu)(wu)句，成十(shi)四年传(chuan)(chuan)也。案彼传(chuan)(chuan)上文(wen)(wen)(wen)云“春秋之(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)”，下云“非圣人(ren)谁(shei)能(neng)脩(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)？”圣人(ren)指谓孔子，美孔子所(suo)脩(xiu)，成此(ci)五(wu)(wu)事(shi)，五(wu)(wu)事(shi)所(suo)摄，诸例(li)皆尽。下句释(shi)其显者以(yi)属之(zhi)(zhi)耳。此(ci)发(fa)(fa)传(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)有(you)(you)三(san)(san)，上文(wen)(wen)(wen)三(san)(san)言(yan)“其”以(yi)别之(zhi)(zhi)，观文(wen)(wen)(wen)足(zu)可知耳。刘寔(shi)分变例(li)新(xin)意(yi)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)二(er)事(shi)。《释(shi)例(li)·终篇》曰“丘明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)称(cheng)周礼以(yi)正(zheng)常者，诸称(cheng)凡(fan)以(yi)发(fa)(fa)例(li)者是也；有(you)(you)明(ming)经所(suo)立(li)新(xin)意(yi)者，诸显义例(li)而不称(cheng)凡(fan)者是也”。称(cheng)古典则(ze)立(li)凡(fan)以(yi)显之(zhi)(zhi)，释(shi)变例(li)则(ze)随辞以(yi)赞之(zhi)(zhi)。杜言(yan)甚(shen)明(ming)，尚不能(neng)悟，其为(wei)(wei)暗也，不亦甚(shen)乎(hu)！

一曰：“微而显”，文见於此，而起义在彼。
　　○见，贤遍反，下同。“称族，尊君命；舍族，尊夫人”、“梁亡”、“城缘陵”之类是也。
　　○舍音舍。

[疏]“一曰”至“是也”。
　　○“文(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)”，谓彼注云(yun)“辞(ci)微(wei)而义(yi)(yi)显”也(ye)。“称(cheng)(cheng)族(zu)，尊(zun)君命(ming)，舍(she)族(zu)，尊(zun)夫(fu)人”，成十四(si)年传(chuan)为(wei)叔孙(sun)侨(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)发也(ye)。经曰“秋，叔孙(sun)侨(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)如(ru)齐(qi)逆(ni)女。九月，侨(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)以(yi)(yi)夫(fu)人妇姜氏至(zhi)自(zi)齐(qi)”。叔孙(sun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)族(zu)也(ye)，褒(bao)赏称(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)族(zu)，贬(bian)责(ze)去其(qi)氏。衔君命(ming)出使(shi)称(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)族(zu)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)荣；与夫(fu)人俱还去其(qi)氏，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)辱(ru)。出称(cheng)(cheng)叔孙(sun)，举其(qi)荣名(ming)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)尊(zun)君命(ming)也(ye)；入舍(she)叔孙(sun)，替其(qi)尊(zun)称(cheng)(cheng)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)尊(zun)夫(fu)人也(ye)。族(zu)自(zi)卿家(jia)之(zhi)族(zu)，称(cheng)(cheng)舍(she)别有所(suo)(suo)尊(zun)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)而起义(yi)(yi)在彼。僖十九年经书“梁亡(wang)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)秦亡(wang)之(zhi)也(ye)。传(chuan)曰“不(bu)书其(qi)主，自(zi)取之(zhi)也(ye)”。僖十四(si)年经书“诸侯城(cheng)(cheng)缘(yuan)(yuan)陵”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)率诸侯城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)迁(qian)杞也(ye)。传(chuan)曰“不(bu)书其(qi)人，有阙也(ye)”。秦人灭梁而曰“梁亡(wang)”，文(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)，“梁亡(wang)”见(jian)(jian)(jian)取者之(zhi)无罪。齐(qi)桓城(cheng)(cheng)杞而书“诸侯城(cheng)(cheng)缘(yuan)(yuan)陵”，文(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)，“城(cheng)(cheng)缘(yuan)(yuan)陵”见(jian)(jian)(jian)诸侯之(zhi)有阙。亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)，而起义(yi)(yi)在彼。皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)辞(ci)微(wei)而义(yi)(yi)显，故以(yi)(yi)此(ci)三事属之(zhi)。

二曰“志而晦”，约言示制，推以知例。参会不地、与谋曰“及”之类是也。
　　○参(can)，士南反，又音(yin)三(san)。与音(yin)预。

[疏]“二曰”至“是也”。
　　○彼注云(yun)“志，记也(ye)(ye)。晦(hui)，亦微也(ye)(ye)。谓约(yue)言(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)记事，事叙而(er)文微”。桓二(er)年(nian)，秋，“公及戎(rong)盟于唐(tang)。冬，公至自唐(tang)”。传例曰(yue)(yue)“特相会，往(wang)来(lai)称(cheng)地(di)，让事也(ye)(ye)。自参以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，则(ze)往(wang)称(cheng)地(di)，来(lai)称(cheng)会，成事也(ye)(ye)”。其(qi)意言(yan)(yan)会必有主，二(er)人共会，则(ze)莫肯为(wei)主，两(liang)相推让，会事不(bu)(bu)(bu)成，故以(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)致。三国以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，则(ze)一人为(wei)主，二(er)人听(ting)命，会事有成，故以(yi)(yi)(yi)会致。宣(xuan)七年(nian)“公会齐(qi)侯伐莱”。传例曰(yue)(yue)“凡师(shi)出，与(yu)(yu)谋曰(yue)(yue)及，不(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)谋曰(yue)(yue)会”。其(qi)意言(yan)(yan)同志之国，共行征伐，彼与(yu)(yu)我同谋计(ji)议，议成而(er)后出师(shi)，则(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相连及为(wei)文。彼不(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)我谋，不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)已而(er)往(wang)应命，则(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相会合为(wei)文。此二(er)事者，义之所(suo)异(yi)，在於(wu)一字。约(yue)少(shao)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)示法制，推寻其(qi)事，以(yi)(yi)(yi)知其(qi)例。是所(suo)记事有叙，而(er)其(qi)文晦(hui)微也(ye)(ye)。

三曰“婉而成章”，
　　○婉，於阮反。曲从义训，以示大顺。诸所讳辟，璧假许田之类是也。
　　○辟，本(ben)亦作“避”，音(yin)同，后放此，假(jia)，古雅反，后不音(yin)者(zhe)同。

[疏]“三曰”至(zhi)“是也(ye)”。彼(bi)注云“婉(wan)(wan)，曲也(ye)。谓(wei)屈曲其(qi)辞，有所(suo)辟(pi)讳(hui)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)大(da)顺，而(er)成(cheng)篇(pian)章(zhang)”。言(yan)“诸(zhu)所(suo)讳(hui)辟(pi)”者，其(qi)事(shi)非一，故(gu)言(yan)“诸(zhu)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)总之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。若僖十六年(nian)，公(gong)会诸(zhu)侯于淮，未(wei)归而(er)取项(xiang)，齐人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)讨(tao)而(er)止公(gong)。十七年(nian)，九(jiu)月，得释始归。讳(hui)执(zhi)止之(zhi)(zhi)耻，辟(pi)而(er)不(bu)言(yan)，经乃书“公(gong)至(zhi)自会”。诸(zhu)如此类，是讳(hui)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)。诸(zhu)侯有大(da)功者，於京师受(shou)邑(yi)(yi)，为(wei)将朝(chao)而(er)宿焉(yan)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)宿之(zhi)(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)。方岳之(zhi)(zhi)下，亦受(shou)田(tian)邑(yi)(yi)，为(wei)从巡守备汤(tang)(tang)(tang)水(shui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)共沐(mu)浴焉(yan)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)汤(tang)(tang)(tang)沐(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)。鲁(lu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)，受(shou)朝(chao)宿之(zhi)(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)於京师许(xu)田(tian)是也(ye)；郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)武公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)勋，受(shou)汤(tang)(tang)(tang)沐(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)於泰(tai)山祊(beng)田(tian)是也(ye)。隐桓之(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)，周(zhou)德既衰，鲁(lu)不(bu)朝(chao)周(zhou)，王不(bu)巡守，二邑(yi)(yi)皆(jie)无所(suo)用，因地势之(zhi)(zhi)便，欲相与(yu)易，祊(beng)薄不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)许(xu)，郑(zheng)(zheng)人加璧以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)易许(xu)田(tian)。诸(zhu)侯不(bu)得专易天子之(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)，文讳(hui)其(qi)事(shi)。桓元年(nian)，经书“郑(zheng)(zheng)伯以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)璧假许(xu)田(tian)”，言(yan)若进(jin)璧以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)假田(tian)，非久易也(ye)。掩恶扬(yang)善，臣子之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)垂训於后。故(gu)此二事(shi)皆(jie)屈曲其(qi)辞从其(qi)义(yi)训，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)大(da)顺之(zhi)(zhi)道。是其(qi)辞婉(wan)(wan)曲而(er)成(cheng)其(qi)篇(pian)章(zhang)也(ye)。

四曰“尽而不汙”，
　　○汙，於俱反，曲也。直书其事，具文见意。丹楹刻桷、天王求车、齐侯献捷之类是也。
　　○楹(ying)音盈。刻音克。桷(jue)音角(jiao)。捷(jie)，在妾反。

[疏]“四曰”至“是也”。
　　○彼注云：“谓直(zhi)言其(qi)事(shi)，尽(jin)其(qi)事(shi)实，无(wu)所(suo)汙(wu)曲(qu)”。礼制，宫(gong)庙之饰(shi)，楹不(bu)丹(dan)，桷不(bu)刻。庄二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)“秋，丹(dan)桓宫(gong)楹”；二十(shi)四年(nian)，春(chun)，“刻桓宫(gong)桷”。礼，诸(zhu)侯(hou)不(bu)贡车服，天子不(bu)私求(qiu)财(cai)。桓十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)“天王使家父来求(qiu)车”。礼，诸(zhu)侯(hou)不(bu)相遗俘。庄三(san)十(shi)一年(nian)“齐侯(hou)来献戎捷(jie)”。三(san)者皆非礼而(er)动，直(zhi)书其(qi)事(shi)，不(bu)为(wei)之隐，具(ju)为(wei)其(qi)文，以见讥意(yi)。是其(qi)事(shi)实尽(jin)而(er)不(bu)有(you)汙(wu)曲(qu)也(ye)。

五曰“惩恶而劝善”，
　　○惩，直升反。求(qiu)名而亡，欲盖而章。书齐豹“盗”、三叛人名之类是也(ye)。

[疏]“五曰”至“是也”。
　　○彼注云(yun)“善名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)必书(shu)(shu)，恶(e)(e)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)灭(mie)，所(suo)以为(wei)惩劝”。昭(zhao)(zhao)二(er)十年(nian)“盗(dao)杀(sha)卫侯(hou)之(zhi)兄絷”，襄二(er)十一(yi)年(nian)“邾(zhu)(zhu)庶其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以漆闾丘来(lai)奔”，昭(zhao)(zhao)五年(nian)“莒(ju)牟(mou)夷以牟(mou)娄及防(fang)兹来(lai)奔”，昭(zhao)(zhao)三十一(yi)年(nian)“邾(zhu)(zhu)黑肱(gong)以滥来(lai)奔”，是谓(wei)盗(dao)与三叛人(ren)(ren)(ren)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)也(ye)。齐(qi)豹(bao)，卫国之(zhi)卿，《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)例，卿皆书(shu)(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)氏，齐(qi)豹(bao)忿卫侯(hou)之(zhi)兄，起而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi)，欲(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)不(bu)畏彊御之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》抑(yi)之(zhi)，书(shu)(shu)曰“盗(dao)”。盗(dao)者，贱人(ren)(ren)(ren)有罪(zui)之(zhi)称也(ye)。邾(zhu)(zhu)庶其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、黑肱(gong)、莒(ju)牟(mou)夷三人(ren)(ren)(ren)，皆小国之(zhi)臣，并(bing)非命卿，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)於例不(bu)合见经，窃地出奔，求(qiu)(qiu)食而(er)已，不(bu)欲(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)闻，《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》故书(shu)(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，使恶(e)(e)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)灭(mie)。若其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)恶(e)(e)求(qiu)(qiu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)而(er)有名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)章彻，则作难之(zhi)士，谁或不(bu)为(wei)？若窃邑(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)利而(er)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)闻，则贪冒之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，谁不(bu)盗(dao)窃？故书(shu)(shu)齐(qi)豹(bao)曰“盗(dao)”，三叛人(ren)(ren)(ren)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，使其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)(qiu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)而(er)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亡，欲(yu)盖而(er)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)章，所(suo)以惩创恶(e)(e)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，劝奖(jiang)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)。昭(zhao)(zhao)三十一(yi)年(nian)传具说此事，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意然也(ye)。盗(dao)与三叛俱是恶(e)(e)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，书(shu)(shu)此二(er)事，唯得惩恶(e)(e)耳，而(er)言(yan)“劝善”者，恶(e)(e)惩则善劝，故连言(yan)之(zhi)。

推此五体，以寻经、传，触类而长之。
　　○长，丁丈(zhang)反(fan)。附于二百(bai)四十二年行(xing)事，王道之正，人伦之纪(ji)备矣。

[疏]“推此”至“备矣”。
　　○正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：上云(yun)“情有五(wu)(wu)”，此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)“五(wu)(wu)体”者，言(yan)(yan)其意谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情，指其状谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体，体情一也(ye)，故(gu)互(hu)见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)微(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)显(xian)(xian)者，是(shi)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)脩改旧(jiu)文以成(cheng)新(xin)(xin)意，所修《春秋》以新(xin)(xin)意为(wei)主，故(gu)为(wei)五(wu)(wu)例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首(shou)(shou)。二(er)(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)志而(er)(er)(er)(er)晦者，是(shi)周公(gong)旧(jiu)凡，经(jing)国常制。三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)婉而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)章(zhang)者，夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)因旧(jiu)史大顺(shun)，义存君(jun)亲(qin)，扬善(shan)(shan)掩恶(e)，夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)因而(er)(er)(er)(er)不改。四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)尽而(er)(er)(er)(er)不汙(wu)者，夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)亦(yi)因旧(jiu)史，有正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，直言(yan)(yan)极谏，不掩君(jun)恶(e)，欲成(cheng)其美，夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)因而(er)(er)(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)婉而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)章(zhang)，尽而(er)(er)(er)(er)不污，虽因旧(jiu)史，夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)即以为(wei)义。总而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，亦(yi)是(shi)新(xin)(xin)意之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)限，故(gu)传(chuan)或(huo)言(yan)(yan)“书曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”或(huo)云(yun)“不书”。五(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)惩(cheng)(cheng)恶(e)而(er)(er)(er)(er)劝(quan)善(shan)(shan)者，与(yu)上微(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)显(xian)(xian)不异，但劝(quan)戒缓者，在(zai)微(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)显(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao)；贬(bian)责切者，在(zai)惩(cheng)(cheng)恶(e)劝(quan)善(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例，故(gu)微(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)显(xian)(xian)居五(wu)(wu)例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首(shou)(shou)，惩(cheng)(cheng)恶(e)劝(quan)善(shan)(shan)在(zai)五(wu)(wu)例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末。五(wu)(wu)者《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要，故(gu)推此(ci)(ci)以寻经(jing)、传(chuan)，触(chu)类(lei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)增长(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，附於二(er)(er)百四十(shi)二(er)(er)年时人所行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，观其善(shan)(shan)恶(e)，用其褒贬(bian)，则(ze)(ze)王(wang)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)法，人理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纪纲，皆得所备矣。从首(shou)(shou)至(zhi)此(ci)(ci)，说经(jing)、传(chuan)理毕，故(gu)以此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“触(chu)类(lei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)长(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”《易(yi)·上系辞》文也(ye)。二(er)(er)百四十(shi)二(er)(er)年，谓获(huo)麟以前(qian)也(ye)。以后经(jing)则(ze)(ze)鲁(lu)史旧(jiu)文，传(chuan)终说前(qian)事，辞无褒贬(bian)，故(gu)不数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。触(chu)类(lei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)长(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者，若(ruo)隐四年经(jing)书“翚(hui)帅师”，传(chuan)称羽(yu)父固请，“故(gu)书曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)‘翚(hui)帅师’，疾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”。十(shi)年经(jing)亦(yi)书“翚(hui)帅师”，传(chuan)虽不言(yan)(yan)“书曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”、“故(gu)书”，是(shi)知与(yu)上同(tong)为(wei)新(xin)(xin)意。又隐元(yuan)年传(chuan)“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)‘仪(yi)父’，贵(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”，则(ze)(ze)桓十(shi)七年云(yun)“仪(yi)父”，亦(yi)是(shi)贵(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)也(ye)。

或曰：《春秋》以错文见义。若如所论，则经当有事同文异而无其义也。先儒所传，皆不其然。
　　○传，直专反。

[疏]“或曰”至“其然”。
　　○正(zheng)义曰：自此(ci)至“释例详(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，言(yan)已(yi)为作(zuo)注解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。论经(jing)、传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，即是(shi)自述已(yi)怀，於文(wen)(wen)不(bu)次(ci)，言(yan)无由(you)发，故(gu)假称或问而(er)答以(yi)释之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)，侵(qin)伐会盟及战败克取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，文(wen)(wen)异(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)义殊，错文(wen)(wen)以(yi)见(jian)义。先儒知其(qi)(qi)(qi)如是(shi)，因谓苟有异(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)，莫(mo)不(bu)著(zhu)义。杜(du)以(yi)为仲尼所(suo)(suo)述，据史旧文(wen)(wen)，文(wen)(wen)害者(zhe)，则(ze)刊而(er)正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)害者(zhe)，因其(qi)(qi)(qi)详(xiang)略。此(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)异(yi)(yi)(yi)於先儒，故(gu)或人据上(shang)文(wen)(wen)杜(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异(yi)(yi)(yi)旨，执先儒以(yi)问曰：《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》以(yi)错文(wen)(wen)见(jian)义，其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)异(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)，必应(ying)有义存(cun)焉(yan)。若如所(suo)(suo)论，辞(ci)有详(xiang)略，不(bu)必改也，则(ze)经(jing)当有事同(tong)文(wen)(wen)异(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)无其(qi)(qi)(qi)义意者(zhe)也。先儒所(suo)(suo)传，皆不(bu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)然，今(jin)何以(yi)独异(yi)(yi)(yi)？欲令(ling)杜(du)自辩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

答曰：《春秋》虽以一字为褒贬，然皆须数句以成言，
　　○数，色主反，下同。非如八卦之爻，可错综为六十四也，
　　○综，宗宋反。固当依传以为断。
　　○断，丁乱反。

[疏]“答曰”至“为断”。
　　○庄(zhuang)二(er)十(shi)五年(nian)“陈侯(hou)使女(nv)叔来聘”，传曰(yue)“嘉(jia)之(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)名(ming)”。僖二(er)十(shi)五年(nian)“卫侯(hou)毁(hui)灭刑”，传曰(yue)“同姓也(ye)(ye)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)名(ming)”。褒则书(shu)字(zi)(zi)，贬(bian)(bian)则称名(ming)，褒贬(bian)(bian)在(zai)於一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)。褒贬(bian)(bian)虽(sui)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)，不(bu)可(ke)单书(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)以(yi)见褒贬(bian)(bian)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)答或(huo)人(ren)曰(yue)“《春(chun)秋》虽(sui)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)为褒贬(bian)(bian)，皆(jie)(jie)须(xu)数(shu)句(ju)以(yi)成言(yan)语，非(fei)如八卦之(zhi)爻(yao)，可(ke)错(cuo)综(zong)为六十(shi)四也(ye)(ye)”。卦之(zhi)爻(yao)也(ye)(ye)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)爻(yao)变(bian)，则成为一(yi)(yi)(yi)卦；经(jing)之(zhi)字(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)异(yi)，不(bu)得(de)成为一(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)经(jing)必须(xu)数(shu)句(ju)以(yi)成言(yan)，义(yi)(yi)则待(dai)传而后(hou)晓，不(bu)可(ke)错(cuo)综(zong)经(jing)文(wen)(wen)，以(yi)求义(yi)(yi)理，故(gu)(gu)(gu)当依(yi)传以(yi)为断。文(wen)(wen)异(yi)者，丘明不(bu)为发传，仲尼必无其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)，安(an)得(de)传旨之(zhi)表(biao)妄说经(jing)文(wen)(wen)？以(yi)此知(zhi)经(jing)有(you)事同文(wen)(wen)异(yi)而无其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)者也(ye)(ye)。“数(shu)句(ju)”者，谓(wei)若(ruo)隐元年(nian)“秋，七月，天王使宰咺来归惠公仲子(zi)之(zhi)赗(feng)”及昭十(shi)三(san)年(nian)“夏(xia)，四月，楚(chu)公子(zi)比自晋归于楚(chu)，弑其(qi)(qi)君(jun)虔于乾谿”。此皆(jie)(jie)三(san)句(ju)以(yi)上。《春(chun)秋》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)，未必皆(jie)(jie)然。杜(du)欲(yu)盛(sheng)破贾、服一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)举多(duo)言(yan)之(zhi)。或(huo)以(yi)为数(shu)其(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)句(ju)，义(yi)(yi)亦(yi)得(de)通。“错(cuo)综(zong)其(qi)(qi)数(shu)”，《易·上系辞(ci)》文(wen)(wen)，谓(wei)交错(cuo)综(zong)理之(zhi)。

古今言(yan)《左(zuo)氏春秋》者多矣，今其遗(yi)文(wen)可(ke)见者十数(shu)家。

[疏]“古今”至“数家”。
　　○《汉(han)(han)书·儒林传(chuan)(chuan)》云：“汉(han)(han)兴，北平侯张(zhang)(zhang)苍(cang)及(ji)梁大傅贾(jia)谊、京兆尹张(zhang)(zhang)敞、大中人(ren)大刘(liu)公(gong)子皆(jie)脩《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)》。谊为《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)》训诂，授(shou)(shou)赵人(ren)贯公(gong)，公(gong)传(chuan)(chuan)子长卿(qing)(qing)，长卿(qing)(qing)传(chuan)(chuan)清河张(zhang)(zhang)禹，禹授(shou)(shou)尹更始，更始传(chuan)(chuan)子咸及(ji)丞相翟方(fang)进，方(fang)进授(shou)(shou)清河胡常，常授(shou)(shou)黎阳贾(jia)护，护授(shou)(shou)苍(cang)梧陈(chen)钦，而刘(liu)歆(xin)(xin)从尹咸及(ji)翟方(fang)进受。由是(shi)言《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》者(zhe)本之(zhi)(zhi)贾(jia)护、刘(liu)歆(xin)(xin)。”是(shi)前汉(han)(han)言《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》者(zhe)也。汉(han)(han)武帝置五经博士，《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)》不得立於学官。至平帝时，王莽辅政，方(fang)始立之(zhi)(zhi)，后汉(han)(han)复废。虽然(ran)，学者(zhe)浸(jin)多(duo)矣，中兴以后，陈(chen)元(yuan)、郑众、贾(jia)逵、马(ma)融、延笃、彭(peng)仲博、许惠(hui)卿(qing)(qing)、服虔、颍容之(zhi)(zhi)徒，皆(jie)传(chuan)(chuan)《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)春秋》。魏世则王肃、董遇为之(zhi)(zhi)注。此等比至杜时，或(huo)在或(huo)灭，不知(zhi)杜之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)见十数(shu)家定是(shi)何人(ren)也。

大体转相祖述，进不成为错综经文以尽其变，退不守丘明之传。於丘明之传，有所不通，皆没而不说，而更肤引《公羊》、《穀梁》，
　　○肤，芳于反。適(shi)足自乱。

[疏]“大体”至“自乱”。
　　○《礼记·中(zhong)庸》云“仲尼祖(zu)述尧舜(shun)”。祖(zu)，始也(ye)，谓前人为始而(er)述修之也(ye)。经之详略(lve)，本不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)著义，强为之说(shuo)，理不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)通，故“进不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)为错综经文以尽(jin)其变(bian)”。於(wu)传(chuan)之外，别立异端，故“退(tui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)守丘明之传(chuan)”。传(chuan)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通，则没而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)，谓诸家之注(zhu)多(duo)有此事(shi)。但诸注(zhu)既亡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)指摘。若观服虔、贾逵之注(zhu)，皆没而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)者众(zhong)矣(yi)，谓若文二年“作(zuo)僖公主(zhu)”，传(chuan)於(wu)僖三十(shi)三年云“作(zuo)主(zhu)，非(fei)礼也(ye)。凡(fan)君薨(hong)，卒(zu)哭(ku)而(er)祔，祔而(er)作(zuo)主(zhu)”，及襄九年“闰月，戊(wu)寅，济(ji)于阴阪”之类(lei)是(shi)也(ye)。肤(fu)谓皮(pi)肤(fu)，言浅近引之也(ye)。《公羊》、《穀梁》口相传(chuan)授(shou)，因事(shi)起问意，与《左(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)》不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同，故引之以解(jie)《左(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)》，適(shi)足以自错乱也(ye)。

预今所以为异，专脩丘明之传以释经。经之条贯，必出於传。
　　○贯，古乱反。传之义例，总归诸凡。推变例以正褒贬，简二传而去异端，
　　○去(qu)，起吕反。盖丘明之志(zhi)也(ye)。

[疏]“预今所以”至“之志也”。
　　○丘明与圣同时，为经(jing)作(zuo)传(chuan)，经(jing)有(you)(you)他义，无(wu)(wu)容(rong)不尽(jin)，故(gu)(gu)专修丘明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)以(yi)释(shi)经(jing)也(ye)。作(zuo)传(chuan)解(jie)经(jing)，则经(jing)义在传(chuan)，故(gu)(gu)“经(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao)贯，必出(chu)於传(chuan)”也(ye)。发(fa)凡(fan)言例(li)(li)，则例(li)(li)必在凡(fan)，故(gu)(gu)“传(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义例(li)(li)，总(zong)归诸(zhu)凡(fan)”也(ye)。若有(you)(you)例(li)(li)无(wu)(wu)凡(fan)，则传(chuan)有(you)(you)变(bian)例(li)(li)，如是(shi)(shi)(shi)则“推寻变(bian)例(li)(li)以(yi)正褒贬(bian)”。若《左氏(shi)》不解(jie)，二(er)(er)传(chuan)有(you)(you)说，有(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)非，可去(qu)可取，如是(shi)(shi)(shi)则简(jian)选二(er)(er)传(chuan)，取其合(he)义而去(qu)其异(yi)端。杜自言以(yi)此(ci)立(li)说，盖是(shi)(shi)(shi)丘明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本意也(ye)。昭三(san)年(nian)“北燕伯(bo)款出(chu)奔(ben)齐”，传(chuan)云(yun)(yun)“书(shu)曰‘北燕伯(bo)款出(chu)奔(ben)齐。’罪(zui)(zui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”。则知昭二(er)(er)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)“蔡侯朱(zhu)出(chu)奔(ben)楚”，亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)“罪(zui)(zui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”。《释(shi)例(li)(li)》曰：“朱(zhu)虽无(wu)(wu)罪(zui)(zui)，据(ju)失位而出(chu)奔(ben)，亦其咎也(ye)”。宣十年(nian)“崔(cui)氏(shi)出(chu)奔(ben)卫”，传(chuan)云(yun)(yun)“书(shu)曰：‘崔(cui)氏(shi)’，非其罪(zui)(zui)也(ye)”。不书(shu)名者(zhe)非其罪(zui)(zui)，则书(shu)名者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)罪(zui)(zui)也(ye)。襄二(er)(er)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)“晋栾(luan)盈出(chu)奔(ben)楚”，杜注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)：“称名，罪(zui)(zui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”如此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)推变(bian)例(li)(li)以(yi)正褒贬(bian)也(ye)。庄十九年(nian)“公子结(jie)媵陈人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇于鄄”，杜注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)“《公羊(yang)》、《穀梁(liang)》皆以(yi)为鲁女媵陈侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇”。僖九年(nian)“伯(bo)姬卒”，杜注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)“《公羊(yang)》、《穀梁(liang)》曰‘未適人’，故(gu)(gu)不称国(guo)”。如此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，是(shi)(shi)(shi)简(jian)二(er)(er)传(chuan)也(ye)。先儒(ru)取二(er)(er)传(chuan)多(duo)矣，杜不取者(zhe)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)去(qu)异(yi)端也(ye)。

其有疑(yi)错，则备论而阙之，以俟后贤。

[疏]“其有”至“后贤”。
　　○《集解》与《释例》每有(you)论(lun)错阙疑(yi)之事(shi)，非一二也。《释例·终篇》云：“去圣久远，古(gu)文(wen)(wen)篆隶(li)历代相变，自然当有(you)错误，亦不(bu)可拘(ju)文(wen)(wen)以害意，故(gu)圣人贵闻一而(er)知二，贤史之阙文(wen)(wen)也。今(jin)《左氏(shi)》有(you)无(wu)传之经，亦有(you)无(wu)经之传。无(wu)经之传，或可广文(wen)(wen)。无(wu)传之经，则不(bu)知其事(shi)。又有(you)事(shi)由於鲁(lu)，鲁(lu)君亲之而(er)复不(bu)书者，先(xian)儒或强为之说，或没而(er)不(bu)说，疑(yi)在阙文(wen)(wen)，诚(cheng)难以意理推之。”是备论(lun)阙之之事(shi)也。

然刘子骏创通大义，
　　○骏音俊。子骏，刘歆字。创，初亮反，《字林》作“创”。贾景伯父子、许惠卿，皆先儒之美者也，末有颍子严者，虽浅近亦复名家，
　　○复，扶又反，下同。故特举刘、贾、许、颍之违，以见同异。
　　○见，贤遍反，下同。

[疏]“然刘”至“同异”。
　　○《汉书(shu)·楚元王传(chuan)》称，刘歆字(zi)(zi)子(zi)骏，刘德孙，刘向少子(zi)也(ye)。哀帝时，歆校(xiao)秘书(shu)，见古(gu)文《春(chun)(chun)秋左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)传(chuan)》，大好(hao)之。初《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)传(chuan)》多古(gu)字(zi)(zi)古(gu)言，学者传(chuan)训诂而已，及歆治《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)》，引传(chuan)文以(yi)(yi)解经(jing)，经(jing)、传(chuan)相发明，由是章(zhang)句(ju)义理(li)备焉。是其创通大义也(ye)。后汉贾逵，字(zi)(zi)景伯，扶风人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。父(fu)徽(hui)，字(zi)(zi)元伯，授(shou)业(ye)於歆，作(zuo)《春(chun)(chun)秋条例》。逵传(chuan)父(fu)业(ye)，作(zuo)《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)传(chuan)训诂》。许(xu)惠卿，名(ming)(ming)淑(shu)，魏(wei)郡(jun)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。颍子(zi)严，名(ming)(ming)容，陈郡(jun)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)，比(bi)於刘、贾之徒(tu)，学识(shi)虽复浅(qian)近，然亦(yi)注述《春(chun)(chun)秋》，名(ming)(ming)为一(yi)家(jia)之学。杜以(yi)(yi)为先(xian)儒之内四家(jia)差长，故特举其违，以(yi)(yi)见异同。自馀服虔之徒(tu)，殊劣於此(ci)辈，故弃而不论也(ye)。

分经之年，与传之年相附，比其义类，
　　○比，毗志(zhi)反。各随而(er)解之，名(ming)曰《经传集解》。

[疏]“分经”至“集解”。
　　○丘明作传(chuan)(chuan)，不(bu)敢与圣言相乱，故与经(jing)别行，何止丘明、公羊(yang)、穀梁？及毛(mao)公、韩(han)婴之(zhi)为(wei)《诗(shi)》作传(chuan)(chuan)，莫不(bu)皆尔。经(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)异(yi)处(chu)，於(wu)省(sheng)览(lan)为(wei)烦，故杜分(fen)年相附，别其(qi)经(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)，聚集(ji)而(er)解之(zhi)。杜言“集(ji)解”，谓聚集(ji)经(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)为(wei)之(zhi)作解，何晏《论语(yu)集(ji)解》乃(nai)聚集(ji)诸家义(yi)理以解《论语(yu)》，言同而(er)意异(yi)也。

又别集诸例及地名、谱第、历数，
　　○谱(pu)，本又(you)作(zuo)“誁”，同布古反(fan)。数，所具反(fan)，后(hou)不(bu)音者皆同。相(xiang)与为部(bu)，凡四十(shi)部(bu)，十(shi)五(wu)卷，皆显其异(yi)同，从而(er)释之，名曰《释例》。将令学者观其所聚(ju)，异(yi)同之说，《释例》详(xiang)之也(ye)。

[疏]“又别”至“之也”。
　　○《春(chun)秋》，记事之(zhi)书(shu)。前(qian)人(ren)(ren)后(hou)人(ren)(ren)行事相类，书(shu)其(qi)(qi)行事，不(bu)得不(bu)有(you)比例(li)(li)(li)。而散(san)在(zai)他年，非(fei)相比校，则善(shan)恶不(bu)章，褒贬不(bu)明，故(gu)(gu)杜别(bie)集诸(zhu)例(li)(li)(li)，从而释之(zhi)，将令学者(zhe)观(guan)其(qi)(qi)所聚，察其(qi)(qi)同异，则於(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)学易明故(gu)(gu)也。言(yan)诸(zhu)例(li)(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)名、谱(pu)第、历数三者(zhe)，虽(sui)《春(chun)秋》之(zhi)事，於(wu)(wu)(wu)经传无例(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)繁(fan)多，以特为篇卷，不(bu)与(yu)诸(zhu)例(li)(li)(li)相同，故(gu)(gu)言(yan)“及(ji)(ji)”也。事同则为部，小异则附出，孤经不(bu)及(ji)(ji)例(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)，聚於(wu)(wu)(wu)《终篇》，故(gu)(gu)言(yan)“相与(yu)为部”也。其(qi)(qi)四十部次(ci)(ci)第，从隐即位为首，先有(you)其(qi)(qi)事，则先次(ci)(ci)之(zhi)。唯世族土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)，事既非(fei)例(li)(li)(li)，故(gu)(gu)退之(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)。《终篇》宜最(zui)处末，故(gu)(gu)次(ci)(ci)《终篇》之(zhi)前(qian)，《终篇》处其(qi)(qi)终耳。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)之(zhi)名起於(wu)(wu)(wu)宋卫“遇(yu)于垂”，世族谱(pu)起於(wu)(wu)(wu)“无骇卒(zu)”，“无骇卒(zu)”在(zai)遇(yu)垂之(zhi)后(hou)，故(gu)(gu)地(di)(di)名在(zai)世族之(zhi)前(qian)也。

或曰：《春秋》之作，《左传》及《穀梁》无明文，说者以为仲尼自卫反鲁，脩《春秋》，立素王。
　　○王，于况反，下“王鲁”“素王”同。丘明为素臣。言《公羊。者，亦云黜周而王鲁，
　　○黜，敕律反。危行言孙，
　　○行，下(xia)孟(meng)反。孙音逊(xun)，本亦作逊(xun)。以辟当时之害(hai)，故微其文(wen)，隐其义(yi)。《公羊》经(jing)止(zhi)获麟，而《左氏》经(jing)终孔丘(qiu)卒，敢问所安？

[疏]“或曰”至“所安”。
　　○正义曰(yue)：上一(yi)问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)答，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)作(zuo)注理毕，而(er)(er)(er)更问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)早(zao)晚及(ji)(ji)仲尼(ni)述作(zuo)大(da)(da)意(yi)。先(xian)(xian)儒所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，并皆(jie)辟谬，须於(wu)此(ci)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。亦(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)於(wu)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)次，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)更假问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)答以(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一(yi)问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间，凡(fan)有(you)四(si)意(yi)：其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)早(zao)晚；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先(xian)(xian)儒言(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事虚实；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)黜周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)非；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)四(si)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《左氏》获(huo)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)乃有(you)馀(yu)(yu)经(jing)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)杜於(wu)意(yi)安(an)(an)否？据(ju)杜云(yun)《左传(chuan)》及(ji)(ji)《穀梁》无(wu)明(ming)文(wen)(wen)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)指《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)显说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。今验何(he)休(xiu)(xiu)所(suo)注《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》，亦(yi)(yi)无(wu)作(zuo)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。案(an)：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)舒元(yuan)(yuan)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》本云(yun)“十(shi)(shi)有(you)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)，西(xi)狩(shou)获(huo)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)书(shu)？记异也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)非常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兽(shou)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兽(shou)，奈(nai)何(he)有(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)则(ze)(ze)(ze)至(zhi)，无(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)至(zhi)，然则(ze)(ze)(ze)孰(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)？为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》”，是(shi)(shi)有(you)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《左传(chuan)》及(ji)(ji)《穀梁》则(ze)(ze)(ze)无(wu)明(ming)文(wen)(wen)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)《左氏》者(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“自(zi)卫反鲁(lu)”，则(ze)(ze)(ze)便撰述《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》，三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)文(wen)(wen)成(cheng)，乃致得麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)既(ji)作(zuo)此(ci)书(shu)，麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)则(ze)(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)书(shu)来，应言(yan)(yan)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞(rui)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。言(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)身为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作(zuo)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》，立素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。丘明(ming)自(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)身为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)臣，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)左氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)。汉魏诸儒，皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。董仲舒对策云(yun)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)作(zuo)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》，先(xian)(xian)正王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)(er)(er)系以(yi)(yi)(yi)万事，是(shi)(shi)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)焉。”贾逵《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)序(xu)(xu)》云(yun)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)览史(shi)记，就是(shi)(shi)非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，立素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。”郑玄《六(liu)(liu)艺论》云(yun)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)既(ji)西(xi)狩(shou)获(huo)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，自(zi)号(hao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)世受命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君制明(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。”卢钦《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)序(xu)(xu)》云(yun)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)因鲁(lu)史(shi)记而(er)(er)(er)脩(xiu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》，制素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。”是(shi)(shi)先(xian)(xian)儒皆(jie)言(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)立素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家语》称齐(qi)大(da)(da)史(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)馀(yu)(yu)叹美(mei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，言(yan)(yan)云(yun)“天其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)！”素(su)(su)(su)(su)，空(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)无(wu)位而(er)(er)(er)空(kong)(kong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。彼(bi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)馀(yu)(yu)美(mei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深，原上天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)言(yan)(yan)耳，非是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)号(hao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。先(xian)(xian)儒盖(gai)因此(ci)而(er)(er)(er)谬，遂言(yan)(yan)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》立素(su)(su)(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。左丘明(ming)述仲尼(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)复(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)臣。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)丘明(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(su)臣，未(wei)知(zhi)谁所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》者(zhe)”，谓(wei)何(he)休(xiu)(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辈。“黜周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)”，非《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》正文(wen)(wen)，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)者(zhe)推其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)而(er)(er)(er)致理耳。以(yi)(yi)(yi)杞(qi)是(shi)(shi)二(er)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，本爵为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上公(gong)(gong)(gong)，而(er)(er)(er)经(jing)称“杞(qi)伯(bo)”，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)黜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。宣(xuan)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)“成(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)榭火”，《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》曰(yue)“外(wai)？不(bu)书(shu)，此(ci)何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)书(shu)？新(xin)(xin)(xin)周(zhou)(zhou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)言(yan)(yan)周(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，比(bi)宋(song)(song)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)。缘此(ci)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)谓(wei)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》讬王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)於(wu)鲁(lu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)、宋(song)(song)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，黜杞(qi)同於(wu)庶国(guo)。何(he)休(xiu)(xiu)隐(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)注云(yun)：“唯王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)然后(hou)改元(yuan)(yuan)立号(hao)，《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》讬新(xin)(xin)(xin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)受命(ming)(ming)於(wu)鲁(lu)。”宣(xuan)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)注云(yun)“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》当新(xin)(xin)(xin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，上黜杞(qi)，下(xia)新(xin)(xin)(xin)周(zhou)(zhou)而(er)(er)(er)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)宋(song)(song)”，黜周(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，是(shi)(shi)“黜周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。定(ding)(ding)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》曰(yue)“定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)多微辞(ci)，主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)习其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)读而(er)(er)(er)问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)传(chuan)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)未(wei)知(zhi)已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)罪焉尔”。何(he)休(xiu)(xiu)云(yun)“此(ci)假设而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)谓(wei)定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。习其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)经(jing)而(er)(er)(er)读之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)传(chuan)解诂，则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)知(zhi)已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)罪於(wu)是(shi)(shi)。此(ci)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)畏(wei)时(shi)君，上以(yi)(yi)(yi)讳尊(zun)隆(long)恩，下(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)辟害容身，慎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孙言(yan)(yan)辟害，微文(wen)(wen)隐(yin)义之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。“自(zi)卫反鲁(lu)”，“危行(xing)言(yan)(yan)孙”，皆(jie)《论语》文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑玄以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)据(ju)时(shi)高(gao)言(yan)(yan)高(gao)行(xing)者(zhe)皆(jie)见危，谓(wei)高(gao)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)危行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)晏以(yi)(yi)(yi)危为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)厉，厉，言(yan)(yan)行(xing)不(bu)随俗(su)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。未(wei)知(zhi)二(er)者(zhe)谁当。杜旨《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)获(huo)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)即止(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)《左氏》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)终於(wu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)卒。先(xian)(xian)儒或以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)书(shu)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)问(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)安(an)(an)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

答曰：“异乎余所闻！仲尼曰：“文王既没，文不在兹乎？”此制作之本意也。叹曰：“凤鸟不至，河不出图。
　　○出，如字，又尺遂反。吾已矣夫！”
　　○夫(fu)(fu)音扶(fu)，下“若夫(fu)(fu)”同。盖伤时王之(zhi)政也。

[疏]“答曰”至“政也”。
　　○此(ci)(ci)(ci)尽末以(yi)来，答上问四意(yi)(yi)。但所(suo)答或(huo)先(xian)(xian)或(huo)后，而(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)不次(ci)，欲(yu)(yu)令先(xian)(xian)有案(an)据，乃得(de)递相发明，故不得(de)以(yi)次(ci)而(er)答问者(zhe)，先(xian)(xian)问作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)早晚(wan)，杜意(yi)(yi)定以(yi)获(huo)(huo)(huo)麟(lin)(lin)乃作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，故从“仲(zhong)尼曰”至(zhi)“所(suo)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)终”，明作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时节，兼明白(bai)本意(yi)(yi)自欲(yu)(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，感麟(lin)(lin)方始为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非是(shi)先(xian)(xian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋》，乃后致(zhi)麟(lin)(lin)也(ye)。既(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)止(zhi)麟(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)，须说始隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由，且欲(yu)(yu)取平(ping)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)周正验其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)非“黜周王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)(lu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)证。但既(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)终，倒言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)始，则於文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)不次(ci)，故答前义(yi)未了，更(geng)起一问，自“曰然(ran)则”以(yi)下尽“此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)也(ye)”，明《春(chun)秋》始隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)，答“黜周王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)(lu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。既(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)(lu)为(wei)(wei)非，遂(sui)并辩(bian)《公羊(yang)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谬(miu)。自“若(ruo)夫制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”尽“非隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”，答微文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)隐义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)非也(ye)。自“圣人(ren)包周身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)防”尽“非所(suo)闻也(ye)”，答孙言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)辟(pi)害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)虚也(ye)。先(xian)(xian)儒以(yi)为(wei)(wei)未获(huo)(huo)(huo)麟(lin)(lin)而(er)已作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋》，过(guo)获(huo)(huo)(huo)麟(lin)(lin)而(er)经犹未止(zhi)，故既(ji)(ji)答《公羊(yang)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谬(miu)，然(ran)后却辩(bian)素王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)(wei)虚，并说引经为(wei)(wei)妄。自“子(zi)路欲(yu)(yu)使(shi)门人(ren)”尽“又非通论也(ye)”，答素王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)素臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问。自“先(xian)(xian)儒以(yi)为(wei)(wei)”尽“得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)实”，答经止(zhi)获(huo)(huo)(huo)麟(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。“至(zhi)於反(fan)袂”以(yi)下，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不可采(cai)用(yong)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)章(zhang)分段大意(yi)(yi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旨(zhi)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。问者(zhe)以(yi)所(suo)闻而(er)问，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)“异乎(hu)余所(suo)闻”一句(ju)，叹(tan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)据非理，故言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)“异乎(hu)余所(suo)闻”。“仲(zhong)尼曰”与(yu)“叹(tan)曰”二(er)者(zhe)，皆《论语》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)过(guo)匡，匡人(ren)以(yi)兵(bing)遮(zhe)而(er)胁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，从者(zhe)惊怖，故设此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)强之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)虽身(shen)既(ji)(ji)没，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，岂不在兹身(shen)乎(hu)？孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)自比其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)己有文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)又云(yun)“天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)将丧(sang)斯(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)，后死者(zhe)不得(de)与(yu)於斯(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)。天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未丧(sang)斯(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)，匡人(ren)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)予何？”其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)天若(ruo)未丧(sang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，必将使(shi)我制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，匡人(ren)不能(neng)违天以(yi)害己。此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)有制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本意(yi)(yi)也(ye)。圣人(ren)受命而(er)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，则凤鸟(niao)至(zhi)，河(he)出图(tu)。仲(zhong)尼叹(tan)曰：“凤鸟(niao)不至(zhi)，河(he)不出图(tu)，吾已矣夫！”此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)盖伤时王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政，不能(neng)致(zhi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)瑞(rui)也(ye)。先(xian)(xian)有制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)，而(er)恨时无嘉(jia)瑞(rui)，明是(shi)既(ji)(ji)得(de)嘉(jia)瑞(rui)，即(ji)(ji)便(bian)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。杜欲(yu)(yu)明得(de)麟(lin)(lin)乃作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，故先(xian)(xian)表此(ci)(ci)(ci)二(er)句(ju)。郑玄以(yi)为(wei)(wei)河(he)图(tu)洛(luo)书(shu)，龟龙衔负而(er)出，如(ru)《中(zhong)候》所(suo)说，龙马衔甲，赤文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)绿色，甲似(si)龟背，袤广九(jiu)尺，上有列宿斗正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)录纪兴亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)是(shi)也(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)安国以(yi)为(wei)(wei)河(he)图(tu)即(ji)(ji)八(ba)卦是(shi)也(ye)。未知二(er)者(zhe)谁当(dang)杜旨(zhi)。

麟凤五灵，王者之嘉瑞也。
　　○瑞，垂伪反。今麟出非其时，虚其应而失其归，
　　○应(ying)，应(ying)对之(zhi)应(ying)。此圣人所以为(wei)感(gan)也(ye)。绝笔於获(huo)麟(lin)之(zhi)一句者，所感(gan)而(er)起，固所以为(wei)终也(ye)。

[疏]“麟凤”至“终也”。
　　○麟(lin)(lin)(lin)、凤与(yu)龟(gui)、龙(long)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)虎(hu)(hu)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)，神灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鸟兽(shou)(shou)，王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉瑞(rui)也。今麟(lin)(lin)(lin)出於衰乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)，是(shi)(shi)非其(qi)(qi)(qi)时也。上无明王(wang)，是(shi)(shi)虚其(qi)(qi)(qi)应(ying)也。为(wei)(wei)人所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)获，是(shi)(shi)失其(qi)(qi)(qi)归(gui)也。夫此圣人而生非其(qi)(qi)(qi)时，道无所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)行，功(gong)无所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)济，与(yu)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)相(xiang)类(lei)，故(gu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)感(gan)(gan)也。先有制(zhi)作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，复(fu)为(wei)(wei)外物(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)感(gan)(gan)，既知道屈当时，欲使功(gong)被(bei)来世(shi)，由是(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)作(zuo)《春秋》。绝(jue)笔於获麟(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)句者(zhe)(zhe)，麟(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)仲尼(ni)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)感(gan)(gan)而书(shu)(shu)，为(wei)(wei)感(gan)(gan)麟(lin)(lin)(lin)而作(zuo)，既以(yi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)感(gan)(gan)而起，固(gu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)终也。答上《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)《左传》无明文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)，又言(yan)已(yi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)获麟(lin)(lin)(lin)乃作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。独举“麟(lin)(lin)(lin)凤”而云“五(wu)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”，知二兽(shou)(shou)以(yi)外为(wei)(wei)龟(gui)、龙(long)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)虎(hu)(hu)者(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)鸟兽(shou)(shou)而为(wei)(wei)瑞(rui)，不出五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)，经传谶纬(wei)莫不尽然。《礼(li)(li)记·礼(li)(li)器(qi)》曰(yue)：“升中于天而凤皇降(jiang)，龟(gui)龙(long)假。”《诗序(xu)》曰(yue)“《麟(lin)(lin)(lin)趾》，《关(guan)雎》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)”，“《驺(zou)虞(yu)》，《鹊巢》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)”，驺(zou)虞(yu)即白(bai)(bai)(bai)虎(hu)(hu)也。是(shi)(shi)龟(gui)、龙(long)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)虎(hu)(hu)并为(wei)(wei)瑞(rui)应(ying)。只言(yan)“麟(lin)(lin)(lin)凤”便言(yan)“五(wu)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”者(zhe)(zhe)，举“凤”配(pei)“麟(lin)(lin)(lin)”，足(zu)以(yi)成句，略(lve)其(qi)(qi)(qi)三者(zhe)(zhe)，故(gu)曰(yue)“五(wu)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)“五(wu)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)出《尚书(shu)(shu)纬(wei)》也。《礼(li)(li)记·礼(li)(li)运(yun)》曰(yue)“麟(lin)(lin)(lin)凤龟(gui)龙(long)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”。不言(yan)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)，彼称“四(si)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)畜”，则(ze)(ze)“饮食有由也”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)意言(yan)四(si)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)与(yu)羞(xiu)物(wu)为(wei)(wei)群，四(si)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)既扰，则(ze)(ze)羞(xiu)物(wu)皆备(bei)。龙(long)是(shi)(shi)鱼鲔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长，凤是(shi)(shi)飞鸟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长，麟(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)走兽(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长，龟(gui)是(shi)(shi)甲蟲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长。饮食所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)须(xu)，唯此四(si)物(wu)。四(si)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内，各举一(yi)(yi)(yi)长。虎(hu)(hu)、麟(lin)(lin)(lin)皆是(shi)(shi)走兽(shou)(shou)，故(gu)略(lve)云“四(si)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”。杜(du)欲遍举诸瑞(rui)，故(gu)备(bei)言(yan)“五(wu)灵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”也。直(zhi)云“绝(jue)笔获麟(lin)(lin)(lin)”，则(ze)(ze)文(wen)势巳足(zu)，而言(yan)“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)句”者(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)《春秋》编年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)，必(bi)应(ying)尽年(nian)乃止。人年(nian)唯此一(yi)(yi)(yi)句，故(gu)显言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)明一(yi)(yi)(yi)句是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)感(gan)(gan)也。

曰：然则《春秋》何始於鲁隐公？答曰：周平王，东周之始王也。隐公，让国之贤君也。考乎其时则相接，言乎其位则列国，本乎其始则周公之祚胤也。
　　○祚，才路反。胤，以刃反。若平王能祈天永命，绍开中兴；
　　○中，丁仲反。隐公能弘宣祖业，光启王室，则西周之美可寻，文武之迹不队，
　　○队，直类反。是故因其历数，附其行事，采周之旧，以会成王义。
　　○王，如字(zi)，又于况(kuang)反。垂(chui)法将来。

[疏]“曰然”至“将来”。
　　○上既解终(zhong)麟(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)，未辩(bian)始(shi)(shi)(shi)隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)又假问(wen)(wen)以(yi)释之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“或问(wen)(wen)”而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)直言(yan)(yan)(yan)“曰(yue)(yue)”者，以(yi)答(da)前(qian)(qian)未了，须更起(qi)(qi)(qi)此问(wen)(wen)，若言(yan)(yan)(yan)问(wen)(wen)者犹是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)(qian)人(ren)，且既解绝(jue)笔(bi)(bi)，即因问(wen)(wen)初(chu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)此不(bu)(bu)(bu)复(fu)(fu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“或”，欲示二(er)问(wen)(wen)共是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一人(ren)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“然(ran)(ran)”者，然(ran)(ran)上语；“则(ze)(ze)”者，陈下事(shi)，乘前(qian)(qian)起(qi)(qi)(qi)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势。问(wen)(wen)者言(yan)(yan)(yan)绝(jue)笔(bi)(bi)於(wu)(wu)获麟(lin)，既如前(qian)(qian)解，然(ran)(ran)则(ze)(ze)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》初(chu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)，何独始(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)鲁隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)他(ta)国馀(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，何也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)？答(da)曰(yue)(yue)：“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，东周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”迁居(ju)洛邑(yi)，平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)为首，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，让国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤君也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，於(wu)(wu)第当立，委位让桓，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贤君也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“考(kao)乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)时则(ze)(ze)相接”，隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)当平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相接也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)(yan)乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)位则(ze)(ze)列国”，其(qi)(qi)(qi)爵为侯(hou)(hou)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)土则(ze)(ze)广，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)国也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“本乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)，则(ze)(ze)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祚胤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，鲁承周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)福祚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若使平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)能抚养下民，求天(tian)长命(ming)(ming)，绍先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烈，开中兴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)；隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能大(da)(da)宣(xuan)圣(sheng)祖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)，光启(qi)(qi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)，君臣同心，照(zhao)临天(tian)下，如是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)(ze)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美，犹或可(ke)(ke)寻，文武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迹，不(bu)(bu)(bu)坠(zhui)於(wu)(wu)地。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)居(ju)得(de)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，有得(de)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)资，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)竟(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能然(ran)(ran)，只为无(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。仲尼愍其(qi)(qi)(qi)如是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作法(fa)(fa)(fa)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)若能用我(wo)道，岂致此乎(hu)？是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)因其(qi)(qi)(qi)年月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)历(li)数，附其(qi)(qi)(qi)时人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行事(shi)，采(cai)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧(jiu)典，以(yi)会(hui)(hui)合成一王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)义(yi)，虽前(qian)(qian)事(shi)已(yi)往，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)复(fu)(fu)追，冀(ji)得(de)垂法(fa)(fa)(fa)将(jiang)(jiang)来(lai)，使后人(ren)放(fang)习。以(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，作此《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。此序一段(duan)，大(da)(da)明作《春(chun)秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深意(yi)(yi)。问(wen)(wen)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)直云“隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“鲁隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”者，言(yan)(yan)(yan)“鲁”决其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)他(ta)国，言(yan)(yan)(yan)“隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”决其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)馀(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，挟此二(er)意(yi)(yi)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)并鲁言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)答(da)直言(yan)(yan)(yan)“隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)云“鲁”者，以(yi)鲁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》已(yi)为韩起(qi)(qi)(qi)所说可(ke)(ke)知故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)伐纣定天(tian)下，恒居(ju)镐地，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为西(xi)都(dou)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)摄政，营洛邑(yi)於(wu)(wu)土中，谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)东都(dou)。成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)虽暂至洛邑(yi)，还归镐京。为幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭于(yu)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)东迁洛邑(yi)，因谓洛邑(yi)为东周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，谓镐京为西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)始(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)东周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云“东周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)四十(shi)九(jiu)年而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位，隐(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)相接也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《诗(shi)·既醉》云“永锡(xi)祚胤”，言(yan)(yan)(yan)福祚及后胤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《尚书(shu)·召(zhao)诰(gao)》云“用供(gong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)能祈(qi)天(tian)永命(ming)(ming)”，言(yan)(yan)(yan)用善德治民得(de)长命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。襄十(shi)年传曰(yue)(yue)“而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)以(yi)偪阳光启(qi)(qi)寡(gua)君”，《论语》曰(yue)(yue)“文武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道未坠(zhui)於(wu)(wu)地”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)杜所用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春(chun)秋(qiu)》据(ju)鲁而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)作，即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诸侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)云“会(hui)(hui)成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)义(yi)”者，《春(chun)秋(qiu)》所书(shu)，尊卑尽(jin)备。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)使来(lai)聘，锡(xi)命(ming)(ming)赗含，有天(tian)子抚邦国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)如京师，拜赐会(hui)(hui)葬(zang)，有诸侯(hou)(hou)事(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。虽据(ju)鲁史为文，足成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)“会(hui)(hui)成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)义(yi)”，故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)得(de)“垂法(fa)(fa)(fa)将(jiang)(jiang)来(lai)”，将(jiang)(jiang)使天(tian)子法(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非(fei)独遗将(jiang)(jiang)来(lai)诸侯(hou)(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

所书之王，即平王也；所用之历，即周正也；
　　○正音政，读者多音征(zheng)。后(hou)皆放此(ci)；所称之公，即(ji)鲁(lu)隐也，安在其黜周而王鲁(lu)乎(hu)？子曰：“如有用我者，吾其为东周乎(hu)！”此(ci)其义(yi)也。

[疏]“所书”至“义也”。
　　○既言(yan)作《春(chun)秋》之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，然后(hou)“答黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)”之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。经(jing)书“春(chun)王正月(yue)”，王即周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平王也(ye)(ye)(ye)，月(yue)即周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)正也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“公及(ji)邾仪父”，公即鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隐(yin)公也(ye)(ye)(ye)。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)用(yong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)正，则鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)事周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)矣(yi)。天子(zi)称王，诸(zhu)侯称公，鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)尚称公，则号不改矣(yi)。《春(chun)秋》之(zhi)(zhi)文，安在黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)乎(hu)？若黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，则鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)宜(yi)称王，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宜(yi)称公。此言(yan)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王而鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)公，知非黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)而王鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)作《春(chun)秋》，本欲兴周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，非黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，故(gu)引《论(lun)语》以明之(zhi)(zhi)。公山(shan)弗扰召孔(kong)子(zi)，孔(kong)子(zi)欲往，子(zi)路不说(shuo)，夫子(zi)设此言(yan)以解之(zhi)(zhi)，其意(yi)言(yan)彼召我(wo)者(zhe)，而岂空然哉(zai)？必谓我(wo)有贤能之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。既谓我(wo)有贤德(de)，或将(jiang)能用(yong)我(wo)言(yan)。如(ru)其能用(yong)我(wo)言(yan)者(zhe)，吾其为东(dong)方之(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)乎(hu)！言(yan)将(jiang)欲兴周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)道於东(dong)方也(ye)(ye)(ye)。原其此意(yi)，知非黜周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，故(gu)云此其兴周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)(ye)。注《论(lun)语》者(zhe)，其意(yi)多(duo)然。唯郑玄(xuan)独异，以东(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)为成(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，则非杜所用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

若夫制作(zuo)之(zhi)文，所以章往(wang)考来(lai)，情见乎辞。言高则旨远，辞约则义微。此理(li)之(zhi)常，非隐之(zhi)也(ye)。

[疏]“若夫”至“之也”。
　　○此(ci)一段(duan)答说《公羊》者言(yan)“微(wei)其(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)、隐(yin)其(qi)(qi)义(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。“若(ruo)夫”者，发端(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci)。既答“王鲁”，更起言(yan)端(duan)，故(gu)云若(ruo)夫圣人(ren)制作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)，所(suo)以(yi)章(zhang)明已往，考校方来(lai)，欲使将(jiang)来(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)鉴见(jian)既往之(zhi)(zhi)事。圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)，见(jian)乎(hu)文(wen)(wen)辞(ci)(ci)。若(ruo)使发语卑杂，则情(qing)趣(qu)琐近；立言(yan)高(gao)简，则旨(zhi)意(yi)远(yuan)大；章(zhang)句烦多，则事情(qing)易(yi)显；文(wen)(wen)辞(ci)(ci)约少，则义(yi)趣(qu)微(wei)略。此(ci)乃理之(zhi)(zhi)常事，非故(gu)隐(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)也。文(wen)(wen)王演《易(yi)》，则亦(yi)文(wen)(wen)高(gao)旨(zhi)远(yuan)，辞(ci)(ci)约义(yi)微(wei)，岂复孙辞(ci)(ci)辟害？以(yi)彼无所(suo)辟，其(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)亦(yi)微(wei)，知理之(zhi)(zhi)常，非为所(suo)隐(yin)也。其(qi)(qi)章(zhang)往考来(lai)，情(qing)见(jian)乎(hu)辞(ci)(ci)，皆《易(yi)·下(xia)系(xi)辞(ci)(ci)》之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)。彼作(zuo)“彰往而察来(lai)”，意(yi)不异耳。

圣人包周身之防，
　　○包(bao)，必(bi)交反。防(fang)，扶放反，又音房。既(ji)作之后，方复隐讳以辟患，非所闻也。

[疏]“圣人”至“闻也”。
　　○此(ci)一段答孙言(yan)辟害(hai)之意。若成汤系於(wu)夏台，文王囚(qiu)於(wu)羑里(li)，周公留滞於(wu)东都(dou)，孔子(zi)绝粮(liang)於(wu)陈蔡(cai)，自古圣人幽(you)囚(qiu)困厄，则尝有(you)之，未闻有(you)被杀害(hai)者(zhe)也(ye)。包周身之防者(zhe)，谓圣人防虑必周於(wu)身，自知无(wu)患方始(shi)作之。既作之后，方复隐(yin)讳以辟患害(hai)，此(ci)事(shi)实非(fei)所闻也(ye)。云“非(fei)所闻”者(zhe)，言(yan)前训未之有(you)也(ye)。

子路欲使门人为臣，孔子以为欺天。而云仲尼素王，丘明素臣，又非通论也。
　　○论，力顿反(fan)。

[疏]“子路”至“论也”。
　　○此(ci)一(yi)段答素(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)素(su)(su)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)为(wei)非(fei)也(ye)。案《论语》称(cheng)“孔(kong)子(zi)疾病，子(zi)路(lu)使(shi)门人(ren)(ren)为(wei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。病间(jian)，曰：久矣哉(zai)，由(you)之(zhi)行诈也(ye)！无臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)为(wei)有(you)(you)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，吾谁(shei)欺(qi)(qi)？欺(qi)(qi)天乎！”其(qi)意(yi)言子(zi)路(lu)以(yi)孔(kong)子(zi)将死，使(shi)门人(ren)(ren)为(wei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，欲令(ling)以(yi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)礼(li)葬君(jun)，冀其(qi)显荣夫子(zi)。夫子(zi)瘳而(er)责之(zhi)，我实无臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，何(he)故(gu)(gu)而(er)为(wei)有(you)(you)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)？吾之(zhi)於人(ren)(ren)也(ye)，於谁(shei)尝(chang)欺(qi)(qi)？我尚不(bu)敢(gan)欺(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)，何(he)故(gu)(gu)使(shi)吾欺(qi)(qi)天乎？子(zi)路(lu)使(shi)门人(ren)(ren)为(wei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，才僣(tie)大(da)夫礼(li)耳，孔(kong)子(zi)尚以(yi)为(wei)欺(qi)(qi)天，况神器之(zhi)重(zhong)，非(fei)人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)所议，而(er)云“仲(zhong)(zhong)尼为(wei)素(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)，丘(qiu)明为(wei)素(su)(su)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)”，又非(fei)通(tong)理之(zhi)论也(ye)。圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)生，与(yu)运(yun)隆替，运(yun)通(tong)则(ze)功济当(dang)时，运(yun)闭则(ze)道存身后(hou)。虽复富(fu)有(you)(you)天下，无益於尧(yao)舜；贱为(wei)匹庶，何(he)损於仲(zhong)(zhong)尼？道为(wei)升降，自由(you)圣(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)不(bu)圣(sheng)(sheng)；言之(zhi)立否，乃关贤与(yu)不(bu)贤。非(fei)复假大(da)位以(yi)宣风，藉虚名以(yi)范世，称(cheng)王(wang)(wang)称(cheng)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，复何(he)所取？若使(shi)无位无人(ren)(ren)，虚称(cheng)王(wang)(wang)号(hao)，不(bu)爵不(bu)禄(lu)，妄(wang)窃臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)名，是则(ze)羡富(fu)贵而(er)耻(chi)贫贱，长僣(tie)逾而(er)开乱逆(ni)，圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)立教，直当(dang)尔也(ye)！臧文仲(zhong)(zhong)山节藻棁，谓之(zhi)不(bu)知；管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)镂簋朱纮，称(cheng)其(qi)器小；见季氏舞八佾，云“孰不(bu)可忍”？若仲(zhong)(zhong)尼之(zhi)窃王(wang)(wang)号(hao)，则(ze)罪不(bu)容诛。而(er)言“素(su)(su)王(wang)(wang)”“素(su)(su)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)”，是诬(wu)大(da)贤而(er)负圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。呜呼！孔(kong)子(zi)被诬(wu)久矣，赖杜预方始(shi)雪之(zhi)。

先儒以为制作三年，文成致麟，既巳妖妄。又引经以至仲尼卒，亦又近诬。
　　○近诬，如(ru)字，近，旧音附近之近；诬音无(wu)。

[疏]“先儒”至“近诬”。
　　○此下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)“为得其实”，皆(jie)明麟(lin)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经非(fei)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)所脩(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。直言“先儒”，无可寻检，未审是(shi)(shi)谁先生此意。案(an)(an)今《左氏》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经，仍终(zhong)孔丘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒。虽杜氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)此经亦存，而(er)(er)尤责先儒引经至(zhi)(zhi)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)卒者，盖先儒以为夫子(zi)(zi)自(zi)卫反鲁即作(zuo)《春秋》，作(zuo)三(san)年而(er)(er)后致麟(lin)，虽得麟(lin)而(er)(er)犹不(bu)(bu)止，比至(zhi)(zhi)孔丘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒，皆(jie)是(shi)(shi)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)所脩(xiu)。以是(shi)(shi)辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)近诬(wu)，明先儒有此说也(ye)(ye)。服(fu)(fu)虔云(yun)：“夫子(zi)(zi)以哀(ai)十一(yi)年自(zi)卫反鲁而(er)(er)作(zuo)《春秋》，约之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以礼，故有麟(lin)应而(er)(er)至(zhi)(zhi)。”是(shi)(shi)其宗旧说也(ye)(ye)。服(fu)(fu)虔又云(yun)：“《春秋》终(zhong)於获(huo)麟(lin)，故小邾射不(bu)(bu)在三(san)叛人中也(ye)(ye)。弟(di)子(zi)(zi)欲明夫子(zi)(zi)作(zuo)《春秋》以显其师，故书(shu)小邾射以下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)孔子(zi)(zi)卒。”案(an)(an)杜於此下(xia)及哀(ai)十四年注(zhu)，皆(jie)取服(fu)(fu)义(yi)为说，则服(fu)(fu)氏於此一(yi)事巳改(gai)先儒矣(yi)。麟(lin)是(shi)(shi)王(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞，非(fei)为制作(zuo)而(er)(er)来，而(er)(er)云(yun)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)其妖且妄也(ye)(ye)。经是(shi)(shi)鲁史之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文，非(fei)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所述，而(er)(er)云(yun)仲(zhong)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)脩(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)其近诬(wu)罔也(ye)(ye)。言“近诬(wu)”者，心所不(bu)(bu)悟，非(fei)故诬(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，故云(yun)“近诬(wu)”也(ye)(ye)。

据《公羊》经止获麟，而左氏小邾射不在三叛之数，
　　○邾，张俱反。射音亦。故余以为感麟而作(zuo)(zuo)，作(zuo)(zuo)起获(huo)麟，则文止於所起，为得(de)其实。

[疏]“据公”至“其实”。
　　○《穀(gu)梁(liang)》之(zhi)经亦止(zhi)获(huo)(huo)麟(lin)，而独据《公羊》者(zhe)，《春秋》之(zhi)作《穀(gu)梁(liang)》无明文。杜(du)以获(huo)(huo)麟(lin)乃作，义取《公羊》，故独据之(zhi)耳。小邾射以句绎来(lai)奔，与黑肱之(zhi)徒义无以异。传称书三叛(pan)(pan)人名，不(bu)通(tong)数此人以为(wei)四叛(pan)(pan)，知其(qi)不(bu)入传例(li)。麟(lin)下之(zhi)经，传不(bu)入例(li)，足知此经非复孔旨(zhi)，故余以为(wei)感麟(lin)而作《春秋》，其(qi)意起於获(huo)(huo)麟(lin)，则文止(zhi)於所起。自此而谈“为(wei)得其(qi)实”，重明经止(zhi)获(huo)(huo)麟(lin)，并自成巳(si)说，起麟(lin)之(zhi)意也。

至於“反袂拭面”，
　　○袂(mei)，绵(mian)世反。拭音式。称“吾道穷”，亦(yi)无(wu)取焉。

[疏]“至於”至“取焉”。
　　○《公羊(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)》称“孔子闻(wen)获(huo)麟(lin)”，“反(fan)(fan)袂(mei)拭面(mian)，涕沾袍(pao)，曰吾道(dao)穷(qiong)矣！”杜既取(qu)(qu)《公羊(yang)》经止获(huo)麟(lin)，而(er)(er)《公羊(yang)》获(huo)麟(lin)之下(xia)即(ji)有(you)此(ci)传(chuan)(chuan)，嫌其(qi)并亦取(qu)(qu)之，故(gu)云“亦无取(qu)(qu)焉(yan)”。不取(qu)(qu)之者，以(yi)圣人尽性(xing)穷(qiong)神，乐(le)天知命，生而(er)(er)不喜，死而(er)(er)不戚(qi)，困於陈蔡，则(ze)(ze)(ze)援琴而(er)(er)歌；梦(meng)奠两(liang)楹，则(ze)(ze)(ze)负杖(zhang)而(er)(er)咏，宁复畏惧死亡(wang)，下(xia)沾衿之泣(qi)，爱惜性(xing)命，发道(dao)穷(qiong)之叹(tan)？若实如(ru)是(shi)，何异凡夫(fu)俗人，而(er)(er)得称为(wei)圣也(ye)(ye)！《公羊(yang)》之书，乡曲小辩，致远则(ze)(ze)(ze)泥，故(gu)无取(qu)(qu)焉(yan)。此(ci)则(ze)(ze)(ze)上文(wen)所谓“简二传(chuan)(chuan)而(er)(er)去(qu)异端(duan)”，岂有(you)反(fan)(fan)袂(mei)拭面(mian)，涕下(xia)沾袍(pao)？以(yi)虚而(er)(er)不经，故(gu)不取(qu)(qu)也(ye)(ye)。

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