秦岭
①秦岭横亘于中国中东部(bu),西起甘肃临潭县白石(shi)山,东经天水麦积山,穿越陕西,直至河南,全长约1600公里(li),南北宽数十公里(li)至二(er)三百公里(li),气(qi)势磅礴。
②巍峨的秦岭造就了关中的雄胜。关中盆地“四塞以为固”(《史记·刘(liu)敬叔孙通列传》)。关(guan)(guan)(guan)中“四(si)塞(sai)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)(dong)、南(nan)、西(xi)三(san)塞(sai)均(jun)由秦(qin)(qin)岭(ling)(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉(mai)(mai)所成,东(dong)(dong)边华(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、王顺(shun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、骊山(shan)(shan)(shan),东(dong)(dong)延为(wei)(wei)肴山(shan)(shan)(shan),横亘于(yu)黄河与(yu)洛水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间;南(nan)边太(tai)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、终南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)等,雄峙于(yu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中平原的(de)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu);西(xi)边岐(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、陈仓山(shan)(shan)(shan)等,阻(zu)隔于(yu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)。另外再(zai)加上尧山(shan)(shan)(shan)、黄龙(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)等逶迤(yi)连(lian)绵的(de)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)系,一(yi)起组成了关(guan)(guan)(guan)中四(si)面(mian)(mian)环山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)地形地势(shi)。在四(si)周绵延起伏、层峦(luan)叠嶂的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉(mai)(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,藏有(you)许(xu)多雄关(guan)(guan)(guan)险(xian)隘。举其(qi)要(yao)(yao)者则(ze)有(you)四(si)处:东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)潼(tong)关(guan)(guan)(guan)或函谷(gu)(gu)关(guan)(guan)(guan),南(nan)为(wei)(wei)武关(guan)(guan)(guan),西(xi)为(wei)(wei)散(san)(san)关(guan)(guan)(guan),北(bei)(bei)为(wei)(wei)萧(xiao)关(guan)(guan)(guan)。潼(tong)关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)东(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)进入关(guan)(guan)(guan)中的(de)天然防线(xian),南(nan)依(yi)秦(qin)(qin)岭(ling)(ling),北(bei)(bei)有(you)渭洛并黄河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao),西(xi)有(you)华(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屏(ping),东(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰连(lian)接(jie),谷(gu)(gu)深崖绝,险(xian)厄峻极;函谷(gu)(gu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)则(ze)扼崤函之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)险(xian),控制着(zhe)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中与(yu)中原之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间的(de)往来(lai)(lai)咽喉;武关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中的(de)南(nan)方门户,建在秦(qin)(qin)岭(ling)(ling)南(nan)麓陕南(nan)商山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)谷(gu)(gu)涧,悬崖深壑,号称(cheng)“三(san)秦(qin)(qin)要(yao)(yao)塞(sai)”;散(san)(san)关(guan)(guan)(guan)则(ze)西(xi)扼关(guan)(guan)(guan)中交通要(yao)(yao)道(dao),南(nan)依(yi)秦(qin)(qin)岭(ling)(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉(mai)(mai),乃蜀秦(qin)(qin)往来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咽喉,兵家必(bi)争(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。另外北(bei)(bei)方的(de)萧(xiao)关(guan)(guan)(guan)居六(liu)盘山(shan)(shan)(shan)东(dong)(dong)麓,控扼塞(sai)北(bei)(bei)通向关(guan)(guan)(guan)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)道(dao)。因(yin)恃(shi)秦(qin)(qin)岭(ling)(ling),关(guan)(guan)(guan)中进可(ke)攻、退(tui)可(ke)守(shou),形成了“制内御外”的(de)绝佳态势(shi)。占据关(guan)(guan)(guan)中,就(jiu)意味着(zhe)掌握(wo)了天下“要(yao)(yao)领”、扼制了九州(zhou)“咽喉”。
③秦岭形成了八百里秦川的肥沃富饶。秦岭北翼塑造了两条大河——泾水和渭水,秦岭北麓又发源了六条河流——灞水、浐水、沣水、滈水、潏水和涝水,泾水与灞水等六条河流最后一并汇入渭水。八百里秦川即为八水的冲积平原,土质疏松肥沃,地势舒展平坦。早在《尚书·禹贡》中,关中之地即被列为最上等的土地。加上历代所修渠道,如秦国的郑国渠,汉代的漕渠、龙首渠、六辅、白渠等水利工程,以及汉唐诸运河的开通,关中平原的灌溉条件获得扩展,为农耕生产提供了优良条件。张良称关中“沃野千里,南有巴蜀之饶,北有胡苑之利”,乃“金城千里,天府之国”(《史记·留侯世家》)。《史记》称“关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)地,于天下三分之(zhi)一(yi),而人众(zhong)不过什(shen)三;然量其富,什(shen)居其六”(《货殖列传》)。至隋(sui)唐时代,关(guan)中(zhong)仍有“天府”美称。
④秦岭的(de)山林以(yi)及河流、湖泊(bo)不仅为关(guan)中提供了充(chong)足的(de)水(shui)源,还改善了关(guan)中环境,使(shi)得关(guan)中气候清爽,山水(shui)相间,风景如画。秦岭自(zi)古以(yi)来就是皇家园林和离宫别馆的(de)首选之地(di),关(guan)中山水(shui)也激发了众多文(wen)人(ren)墨客的(de)雅兴,仅一(yi)本《全唐(tang)诗(shi)》就留下诗(shi)篇百余首。
⑤由(you)于秦岭与关中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)战略(lve)地理优势与富庶,关中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)古(gu)代政治中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)首选之(zhi)地。先(xian)后有周、秦、汉、唐等13个王朝在(zai)此建都(dou)(dou)。长安政治中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)地位前后长达一千一百多年,成(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)我国(guo)(guo)建都(dou)(dou)时代最早、建都(dou)(dou)王朝最多、定都(dou)(dou)时间最久、都(dou)(dou)城规模最大(da)、历史(shi)文化遗址(zhi)最丰富的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)华古(gu)代首要(yao)政治中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。这在(zai)我国(guo)(guo)乃至世界各国(guo)(guo)历史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)极(ji)其罕见。以致古(gu)人称(cheng)秦岭为(wei)(wei)“龙脉”,称(cheng)关中(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)(de)龙首。
8.秦岭有哪些重要作(zuo)用?结合文意简要概括(kuo)。(3分(fen))
9.第③段结尾引用《史记(ji)》中的文字,有什(shen)么作用?(2分)
10.揣摩下列句子中(zhong)加点的(de)词语,回答(da)括号(hao)内的(de)问(wen)题。(4分(fen))
(1)占据关中,就意味着掌握了天下“要领”,扼制了九州“咽(yan)喉”。(“要领“在文(wen)中是什么(me)意思?有(you)何(he)作用(yong)?)
(2)秦岭自古(gu)以来就(jiu)是(shi)皇(huang)家(jia)园林和(he)离官别馆(guan)的首(shou)选之地。(句中加点的词语能否(fou)去掉?为(wei)什么?)
11.下列表述与原文相符的(de)一项是(shi)( )(3分)
A.关中东(dong)边(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)华山(shan)、骊(li)山(shan)、肴山(shan)等(deng)(deng),南边(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)太(tai)白(bai)山(shan)、终南山(shan)、王顺山(shan)等(deng)(deng),西边(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)歧(qi)山(shan)、陈仓山(shan)等(deng)(deng),北部(bu)有(you)(you)尧(yao)山(shan)、黄龙山(shan)等(deng)(deng)。
B.潼关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)东(dong)部进人(ren)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中的天然防(fang)线,武关(guan)(guan)(guan)则西扼关(guan)(guan)(guan)中交通要(yao)道(dao)(dao),散关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中的南方门户,萧关(guan)(guan)(guan)则控扼塞北通向(xiang)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中之(zhi)要(yao)道(dao)(dao)。
C.八(ba)百(bai)里(li)秦川(chuan)为八(ba)水的冲(chong)击平原,其(qi)中“八(ba)水”指(zhi)泾水、渭水、灞水、浐水、沣(feng)水、滈水、潏水和(he)洛水。
D.秦国的郑国渠,汉代(dai)的漕渠、龙首(shou)渠.六辅、白渠以及汉唐(tang)诸运河等工程(cheng),为关中平原的农耕(geng)生产提供了优良条件。
参考答案:
8.秦(qin)岭(ling)造就了(le)关(guan)中(zhong)的雄胜(地理(li)优势);秦(qin)岭(ling)形成了(le)八百里秦(qin)川(chuan)的肥沃(wo)富饶;秦(qin)岭(ling)改善了(le)关(guan)中(zhong)环境;秦(qin)岭(ling)使关(guan)中(zhong)成为中(zhong)国古代政治中(zhong)心的首(shou)选(xuan)之地。(3分(fen))
9.引用《史记》中的文字,说明了八百里…历年中考说明文阅读训练答案100则…皇家园林(lin)和离宫别馆首选之(zhi)地由来(lai)已久。如果去掉就不能体现这一(yi)点。(2分(fen))11.D(3分(fen))