答苏武书
[西汉]李陵
【作者小传】李(li)陵(ling)(?—前74),字少(shao)(shao)卿。西汉陇(long)西成纪(今甘肃泰(tai)安)人。名将李(li)广之(zhi)孙。少(shao)(shao)为(wei)侍中建章监。善骑射,爱士卒,颇得美名。武帝时曾(ceng)率八百骑入匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)境(jing)二(er)千余里(li),观察(cha)居延(故(gu)城在今内蒙古额济纳旗东南)地形而还。后任骑都(dou)尉(wei),在酒泉、张掖练兵(bing)防备匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。天(tian)汉二(er)年(nian)(前99),率步卒五千,深入匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),以少(shao)(shao)击众(zhong),力尽而降。武帝族灭其家。李(li)陵(ling)遂留匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),单于以女妻(qi)之(zhi),立为(wei)右校王。在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)二(er)十余年(nian),元平元年(nian)病死。
李陵(ling)(ling)被认(ren)为是(shi)(shi)(shi)五言苏武二子。”(皎然《诗(shi)式(shi)》)钟(zhong)嵘《诗(shi)品》称他“文多悽怆,怨(yuan)者之流。陵(ling)(ling),名(ming)家(jia)子,有殊(shu)才,生命(ming)不(bu)谐,声颓身丧。使(shi)陵(ling)(ling)不(bu)遭辛苦,其(qi)文亦何能(neng)至此”,则是(shi)(shi)(shi)结合身世对(dui)其(qi)创作(zuo)的评(ping)价。杜甫称“李陵(ling)(ling)苏武是(shi)(shi)(shi)吾师(shi)”,苏轼称“苏李之天成”,对(dui)李陵(ling)(ling)作(zuo)品的怨(yuan)愤深沉(chen)、自(zi)然天成都有激(ji)赏。
《汉(han)书·艺文(wen)志》所(suo)(suo)录《李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)集》二(er)卷,新旧《唐(tang)书》仍见记(ji)载,至《宋史》则不(bu)见著(zhu)录,是(shi)该集宋时方告亡佚。今所(suo)(suo)存李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)名下之(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),有(you)文(wen)四(内有(you)令(ling)、表各一为残句(ju)(ju))、诗(shi)(shi)二(er)十二(er)(内有(you)四篇为残句(ju)(ju)),除《汉(han)书)所(suo)(suo)载之(zhi)外,其余诗(shi)(shi)文(wen),后世多有(you)学者指为伪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。宋以前评价(jia)李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)诗(shi)(shi)文(wen),似非仅就现存之(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),而是(shi)根据《李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)集》中所(suo)(suo)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品。
【题(ti)解】天(tian)汉二年,李(li)(li)广利率军(jun)(jun)伐匈(xiong)奴右贤(xian)王,武(wu)(wu)帝召李(li)(li)陵(ling)负(fu)责辎重。李(li)(li)陵(ling)请求自(zi)率一军(jun)(jun),武(wu)(wu)帝不(bu)予(yu)增兵(bing)(bing),只(zhi)令路博德为其后(hou)援(yuan),而路按兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)动(dong),致使李(li)(li)陵(ling)步卒五(wu)千(qian),深入(ru)匈(xiong)奴,面对数(shu)十倍于己的敌(di)军(jun)(jun)。苦战之后(hou),又逢管敢叛(pan)逃,暴露(lu)了李(li)(li)陵(ling)兵(bing)(bing)少无援(yuan)的军(jun)(jun)情,单于遂集中兵(bing)(bing)力围攻,李(li)(li)陵(ling)兵(bing)(bing)尽粮绝(jue),北面受虏(lu)。降匈(xiong)奴后(hou),曾与被匈(xiong)奴扣(kou)留的苏(su)武(wu)(wu)数(shu)次相(xiang)见。始元六年(前81),苏(su)武(wu)(wu)得(de)归(gui),修书劝(quan)李(li)(li)陵(ling)归(gui)汉,李(li)(li)陵(ling)以此书作答。
这封信的主旨是(shi)为(wei)自己(ji)(ji)的投(tou)降(jiang)行为(wei)解脱。信中战斗(dou)场面写(xie)得(de)极(ji)有声色(se),显然是(shi)要说明,当(dang)时(shi)因为(wei)双方兵力悬殊(shu),己(ji)(ji)方将帅的不(bu)顾大局(ju),武帝处(chu)置(诛陵全家)失(shi)当(dang),所以,自己(ji)(ji)投(tou)降(jiang)完全是(shi)出于不(bu)得(de)已,进而(er)使读者产(chan)生同(tong)情(qing);此外,屡(lv)用(yong)强烈对比,如身处(chu)异域而(er)怀念(nian)故土,以寡兵深入(ru)众敌而(er)浴血(xue)奋(fen)战,苏(su)武持(chi)节荣归而(er)自己(ji)(ji)居人篱下,确实产(chan)生了强烈的艺术效果。
这篇文章,学(xue)者多认为系后人伪(wei)作。但(dan)《文选》中(zhong)收入(ru),当系选自《李陵(ling)集》中(zhong),故其写作时间(jian)最迟不应晚于汉代。
子卿足下[1]:
勤(qin)(qin)宣(xuan)令德[2],策名(ming)清时[3],荣问休(xiu)畅[4],幸(xing)甚幸(xing)甚[5]。远(yuan)托异国[6],昔人所悲(bei),望(wang)风(feng)怀(huai)想[7],能(neng)不(bu)依(yi)依(yi)[8]?昔者不(bu)遗。远(yuan)辱还答[9],慰诲勤(qin)(qin)勤(qin)(qin),有(you)逾骨肉,陵虽不(bu)敏[10],能(neng)不(bu)慨然[11]?
自从初(chu)降,以(yi)至(zhi)今(jin)日(ri),身之(zhi)穷困,独(du)坐愁苦。终日(ri)无睹,但见异类[12]。韦韝毳(cui)幕[13],以(yi)御风(feng)雨;羶肉酪浆[14],以(yi)充饥渴(ke)。举目言笑(xiao),谁(shei)与为欢(huan)?胡地玄冰[15],边土(tu)惨裂,但闻悲(bei)风(feng)萧条之(zhi)声。凉秋九月,塞外草衰。夜不(bu)能,侧耳远听(ting),胡笳(jia)互(hu)动(dong)[16],牧马悲(bei)鸣,吟啸(xiao)成群,边声四起(qi)。晨坐听(ting)之(zhi),不(bu)觉泪(lei)下(xia)。嗟(jie)乎子卿[17],陵(ling)独(du)何心[18],能不(bu)悲(bei)哉!
与子(zi)别后(hou),益复(fu)无聊(liao),上(shang)念老(lao)母,临年(nian)被(bei)戮[19];妻子(zi)无辜,并(bing)为(wei)鲸(jing)鲵[20];身(shen)负国恩(en),为(wei)世(shi)所悲。子(zi)归受荣,我留受辱(ru)(ru),命也如何?身(shen)出(chu)礼义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)乡(xiang),而入无知之(zhi)(zhi)俗(su);违(wei)弃君(jun)亲之(zhi)(zhi)恩(en),长为(wei)蛮夷之(zhi)(zhi)域,伤已!令(ling)先(xian)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)嗣[21],更(geng)成戎狄之(zhi)(zhi)族[22],又自(zi)悲矣。功大罪(zui)小,不(bu)(bu)蒙明(ming)察[23],孤(gu)负陵心区(qu)区(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)意[24]。每一念至,忽然忘生(sheng)。陵不(bu)(bu)难刺心以(yi)自(zi)明(ming)[25],刎颈以(yi)见(jian)(jian)志,顾(gu)国家于我已矣[26],杀身(shen)无益,适(shi)足增羞,故每攘臂忍辱(ru)(ru)[27],辙(zhe)复(fu)苟(gou)活。左右之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),见(jian)(jian)陵如此,以(yi)为(wei)不(bu)(bu)入耳之(zhi)(zhi)欢(huan),来相(xiang)劝(quan)勉。异(yi)方之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le),只令(ling)人(ren)(ren)悲,增忉怛耳[28]。
嗟乎子卿,人之相(xiang)知,贵相(xiang)知心,前书(shu)仓卒,未尽所怀(huai),故(gu)复略(lve)而言之。
昔(xi)先帝授陵(ling)(ling)(ling)步(bu)(bu)卒五(wu)千[29],出(chu)征绝域[30]。五(wu)将(jiang)失道[31],陵(ling)(ling)(ling)独(du)遇战,而(er)裹万(wan)里之(zhi)粮(liang),帅徒步(bu)(bu)之(zhi)师;出(chu)天(tian)汉之(zhi)外[32],入(ru)强(qiang)胡之(zhi)域;以(yi)五(wu)千之(zhi)众,对十万(wan)之(zhi)军(jun);策疲乏之(zhi)兵,当新羁之(zhi)马[33]。然(ran)犹斩(zhan)将(jiang)搴旗(qi)[34],追奔逐(zhu)北[35],灭迹扫尘[36],斩(zhan)其枭帅[37],使(shi)三军(jun)之(zhi)士(shi),视死如归。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)才,希当大任[38],意谓此(ci)时(shi),功难堪矣[39]。匈奴既(ji)败,举国(guo)兴师。更练精(jing)兵[40],强(qiang)逾十万(wan)。单于临阵[41],亲自合(he)围(wei)。客主之(zhi)形,既(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相如[42];步(bu)(bu)马之(zhi)势(shi),又甚悬绝[43]。疲兵再(zai)战,一以(yi)当千,然(ran)犹扶乘(cheng)创(chuang)痛[44],决命争首[45]。死伤(shang)积野,余不(bu)(bu)(bu)满百,而(er)皆(jie)扶病,不(bu)(bu)(bu)任干(gan)戈[46],然(ran)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)振臂一呼(hu),创(chuang)病皆(jie)起,举刃(ren)指虏,胡马奔走。兵尽矢穷,人无(wu)尺铁(tie),犹复徒首奋(fen)呼(hu)[47],争为(wei)先登(deng)。当此(ci)时(shi)也,天(tian)地为(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)震怒,战士(shi)为(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)饮血[48]。单于谓陵(ling)(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)复得,便欲引还[49],而(er)贼臣教之(zhi)[50],遂使(shi)复战,故(gu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)免耳(er)。
昔高皇帝以三十(shi)万众,困于平(ping)城(cheng)[51]。当(dang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)之时,猛将如(ru)云,谋臣(chen)如(ru)雨(yu),然犹七日(ri)不(bu)(bu)食,仅(jin)乃得免。况当(dang)陵(ling)者(zhe)[52],岂易为力哉[53]?而执事者(zhe)云云[54],苟怨(yuan)(yuan)陵(ling)以不(bu)(bu)死[55]。然陵(ling)不(bu)(bu)死,罪也;子(zi)卿视(shi)陵(ling),岂偷(tou)生之士而惜死之人(ren)哉?宁有(you)背(bei)君(jun)亲,捐妻子(zi)而反为利者(zhe)乎(hu)[56]?然陵(ling)不(bu)(bu)死,有(you)所(suo)为也,故欲(yu)如(ru)前书之言,报(bao)(bao)恩于国主耳[57],诚以虚(xu)死不(bu)(bu)如(ru)立节,灭名(ming)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)报(bao)(bao)德(de)也[58]。昔范蠡(li)不(bu)(bu)殉会稽之耻(chi)[59],曹沬不(bu)(bu)死三败之辱[60],卒复勾践之仇(chou)[61],报(bao)(bao)鲁(lu)国之羞[62],区(qu)区(qu)之心,窃慕(mu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)耳。何图志未(wei)立而怨(yuan)(yuan)已成,计未(wei)从而骨(gu)肉(rou)受(shou)刑,此(ci)(ci)(ci)陵(ling)所(suo)以仰(yang)天椎心而泣血也[63]。
足下又云(yun):“汉与功臣不薄。”子为汉臣,安得不云(yun)尔乎?昔萧樊囚絷(zhi)
[64], 韩(han)彭葅醢(hai)[65],晁错受(shou)戮[66],周(zhou)魏见(jian)辜[67]。其(qi)(qi)余佐命立(li)功之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)[68],贾谊亚夫之(zhi)(zhi)徒[69],皆信(xin)命世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)才,抱将相之(zhi)(zhi)具,而受(shou)小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)谗[70],并受(shou)祸败之(zhi)(zhi)辱[71],卒使(shi)怀才受(shou)谤,能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)得(de)展。彼(bi)二(er)子之(zhi)(zhi)遐举[72],谁不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)痛心(xin)哉?陵先将军(jun)[73],功略(lve)盖天地,义勇冠三(san)军(jun)[74],徒失贵臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)意[75],刭(jing)身绝(jue)域之(zhi)(zhi)表。此(ci)功臣(chen)义士(shi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)负(fu)戟而长叹者(zhe)也[76]。何谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)薄(bo)哉?且足下(xia)昔以(yi)(yi)单车(che)之(zhi)(zhi)使(shi),适万(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)虏[77]。遭时不(bu)(bu)遇,至于伏剑不(bu)(bu)顾(gu)[78];流离辛(xin)苦,几死(si)(si)朔北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)野[79]。丁年奉(feng)使(shi)[80],皓首而归(gui)(gui)[81];老母终堂[82],生妻去(qu)帷[83]。此(ci)天下(xia)所(suo)(suo)希闻,古今所(suo)(suo)未(wei)有(you)也。蛮貊(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)人[84],尚(shang)犹(you)嘉子之(zhi)(zhi)节,况为(wei)(wei)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)乎?陵谓(wei)足下(xia)当(dang)享茅土之(zhi)(zhi)荐[85],受(shou)千乘之(zhi)(zhi)赏[86]。闻子之(zhi)(zhi)归(gui)(gui),赐不(bu)(bu)过二(er)百(bai)万(wan),位(wei)不(bu)(bu)过典属国[87],无(wu)尺土之(zhi)(zhi)封,加(jia)子之(zhi)(zhi)勤[88]。而妨功害能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen),尽为(wei)(wei)万(wan)户侯(hou)[89];亲(qin)戚贪佞之(zhi)(zhi)类,悉为(wei)(wei)廊庙宰[90]。子尚(shang)如此(ci),陵复(fu)何望哉?且汉厚诛陵以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)[91],薄(bo)赏子以(yi)(yi)守节,欲使(shi)远听之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)望风驰命,此(ci)实难(nan)矣,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)每顾(gu)而不(bu)(bu)悔者(zhe)也。陵虽孤恩[92],汉亦(yi)负(fu)德。昔人有(you)言:“虽忠(zhong)不(bu)(bu)烈(lie),视(shi)死(si)(si)如归(gui)(gui)。”陵诚能(neng)(neng)安[93],而主(zhu)(zhu)岂复(fu)能(neng)(neng)眷(juan)眷(juan)乎?男儿生以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)成名,死(si)(si)则葬蛮夷(yi)中(zhong),谁复(fu)能(neng)(neng)屈身稽颡[94],还向(xiang)北(bei)阙[95],使(shi)刀笔之(zhi)(zhi)吏弄(nong)其(qi)(qi)文墨邪[96]?愿足下(xia)勿复(fu)望陵。
嗟乎子卿,夫复何言[97]?相去万里,人绝路殊。生(sheng)为别(bie)世之人,死为异(yi)域之鬼。长与(yu)足(zu)下,生(sheng)死辞矣。幸谢故人[98],勉事(shi)圣君[99]。足(zu)下胤子无恙[100],勿以为念。努(nu)力(li)自爱(ai),时因北风,复惠德音。李陵顿首[101]。
——选自《文选》卷四十(shi)一
子卿足下:
您辛(xin)勤地宣扬美德,为官于太(tai)平(ping)盛世,美名流(liu)传四方,真是值得庆幸啊!我(wo)(wo)流(liu)落在远(yuan)方异国,这是前人所(suo)感(gan)悲痛的。遥望南方,怀念故人,怎能(neng)(neng)不(bu)满含(han)深情?以前承蒙您不(bu)弃(qi),从远(yuan)处赐给(ji)我(wo)(wo)回(hui)音,殷勤地安慰(wei)、教(jiao)诲,超过(guo)了(le)骨肉(rou)之情。我(wo)(wo)虽然愚钝,又怎能(neng)(neng)不(bu)感(gan)慨万端?
我从投降以来(lai)(lai),身处艰难(nan)困境,一(yi)(yi)人独坐(zuo),愁闷(men)苦恼。整天(tian)看不(bu)(bu)(bu)见别的(de),只(zhi)见到些(xie)异族之人。我戴(dai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)皮袖(xiu)套,住不(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)毡幕,也(ye)(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)靠它(ta)们来(lai)(lai)抵御风雨;吃不(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)腥羶(shan)的(de)肉,喝(he) 不(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)乳(ru)浆(jiang),也(ye)(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)用它(ta)们来(lai)(lai)充饥解渴。眼(yan)看四周,有谁能(neng)一(yi)(yi)起谈笑欢乐呢?胡地(di)结(jie)着厚厚的(de)坚冰,边塞(sai)上的(de)土被冻得裂开(kai),只(zhi)听(ting)(ting)见悲惨凄凉的(de)风声。深秋九月,塞(sai)外草木凋(diao)零,夜晚(wan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)入睡,侧(ce)耳倾(qing)听(ting)(ting),胡笳声此起彼伏,牧(mu)马悲哀地(di)嘶叫,乐曲(qu)声和嘶鸣声相(xiang)混,在边塞(sai)的(de)四面(mian)响起。清晨坐(zuo)起来(lai)(lai)听(ting)(ting)着这些(xie)声音,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)觉(jue)地(di)流下泪水(shui)。唉,子卿(qing),我难(nan)道是铁(tie)石心肠,能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)悲伤?
同您分别以(yi)后(hou),更加(jia)无(wu)聊。上念老母,在垂(chui)暮之(zhi)年还被杀(sha)(sha)戮;妻子(zi)、儿(er)女们(men)是(shi)(shi)无(wu)罪的(de)(de)(de),也一起惨遭杀(sha)(sha)害。我(wo)(wo)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)辜负(fu)了国家(jia)之(zhi)恩(en),被世人所悲怜。您回国后(hou)享(xiang)受荣誉,我(wo)(wo)留(liu)此地(di)蒙(meng)受羞(xiu)辱(ru)。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)命中(zhong)(zhong)注定,有什么办法(fa)?我(wo)(wo)出(chu)身于(yu)讲究礼义(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)国家(jia),却进入对礼义(yi)(yi)茫然无(wu)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)社(she)会(hui)。背弃(qi)了国君和双亲(qin)的(de)(de)(de)恩(en)德,终(zhong)身居(ju)住在蛮夷(yi)的(de)(de)(de)区(qu)域,真是(shi)(shi)伤心(xin)极了!让先父的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代,变(bian)成了戎(rong)狄的(de)(de)(de)族人,自(zi)(zi)己(ji)怎能不感到(dao)悲痛。我(wo)(wo)在与匈(xiong)奴作战中(zhong)(zhong)功(gong)大(da)罪小,却没有受到(dao)公正的(de)(de)(de)评价,辜负(fu)了我(wo)(wo)微小的(de)(de)(de)诚意,每当想到(dao)这(zhei)(zhei)里,恍惚之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)仿佛失(shi)去(qu)了对生存的(de)(de)(de)留(liu)恋。我(wo)(wo)不难刺心(xin)来表白自(zi)(zi)己(ji),自(zi)(zi)刎来显示志(zhi)向,但国家(jia)对我(wo)(wo)已经恩(en)断义(yi)(yi)绝(jue),自(zi)(zi)杀(sha)(sha)毫(hao)无(wu)益处,只会(hui)增加(jia)羞(xiu)辱(ru)。因此常常愤慨地(di)忍受侮辱(ru),就又苟(gou)且地(di)活在世上。周(zhou)围的(de)(de)(de)人,见我(wo)(wo)这(zhei)(zhei)样,用不中(zhong)(zhong)听的(de)(de)(de)话来劝告勉励,可是(shi)(shi),异国的(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)乐,只能令(ling)人悲伤,增加(jia)忧愁罢了。
唉,子卿(qing)!人(ren)们的(de)相互(hu)了解,贵在(zai)相互(hu)知心。前一封信匆忙写成,没有能够充分表达我(wo)的(de)心情(qing),所以再作简(jian)略叙(xu)述(shu)。
从(cong)前(qian)先帝授(shou)予我(wo)步(bu)兵(bing)(bing)五(wu)(wu)千,出(chu)征远方。五(wu)(wu)员将(jiang)(jiang)领(ling)迷失道(dao)路,我(wo)单独(du)与(yu)(yu)匈奴军(jun)(jun)遭遇作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),携带着(zhe)供征战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)万(wan)(wan)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粮(liang)草,率(lv)领(ling)着(zhe)徒步(bu)行军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部队(dui)(dui);出(chu)了(le)国(guo)境之(zhi)外,进入强胡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆土(tu);以(yi)五(wu)(wu)千士兵(bing)(bing),对(dui)付(fu)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)敌(di)军(jun)(jun);指挥疲敝不(bu)堪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)队(dui)(dui)伍,抵挡养(yang)精蓄锐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)马(ma)(ma)队(dui)(dui)。但是(shi),依然斩敌(di)将(jiang)(jiang),拔敌(di)旗,追逐败(bai)逃之(zhi)敌(di)。在(zai)肃清残敌(di)时(shi),斩杀(sha)(sha)其骁勇(yong)(yong)将(jiang)(jiang)领(ling),使我(wo)全(quan)(quan)军(jun)(jun)将(jiang)(jiang)士,都(dou)(dou)能(neng)视死如归。我(wo)没有什么(me)能(neng)耐,很少担当(dang)重任,内(nei)心暗以(yi)为,此时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功(gong),是(shi)其他情况下(xia)所(suo)难(nan)以(yi)相比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)。匈奴兵(bing)(bing)败(bai)后,全(quan)(quan)国(guo)军(jun)(jun)事动员,又挑选(xuan)出(chu)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)多(duo)精兵(bing)(bing)。单于(yu)(yu)(yu)亲临阵前(qian),指挥对(dui)我(wo)军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合围。我(wo)军(jun)(jun)与(yu)(yu)敌(di)军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形势已不(bu)相称,步(bu)兵(bing)(bing)与(yu)(yu)马(ma)(ma)队(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量更加悬殊。疲兵(bing)(bing)再战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),一(yi)(yi)人(ren)要(yao)敌(di)千人(ren),但仍然带伤(shang)忍痛,奋勇(yong)(yong)争先。阵亡与(yu)(yu)受(shou)伤(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)(bing)遍地(di)都(dou)(dou)是(shi),身边剩下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)满百人(ren),而且都(dou)(dou)伤(shang)痕(hen)累累,无法(fa)持稳兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)。但是(shi),我(wo)只(zhi)要(yao)振臂一(yi)(yi)呼,重伤(shang)和轻(qing)伤(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)(bing)都(dou)(dou)一(yi)(yi)跃而起,拿起兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)杀(sha)(sha)向敌(di)人(ren),迫使敌(di)骑逃奔。兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)耗尽,箭(jian)也(ye)射(she)完,手无寸铁,还是(shi)光着(zhe)头(tou)高呼杀(sha)(sha)敌(di),争着(zhe)冲上前(qian)去。在(zai)这时(shi)刻,天地(di)好像为我(wo)震怒,战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士感(gan)奋地(di)为我(wo)饮泣。单于(yu)(yu)(yu)认为不(bu)可能(neng)再俘(fu)获(huo)我(wo),便打算引军(jun)(jun)班师,不(bu)料叛逃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邪臣(chen)管敢(gan)出(chu)卖(mai)军(jun)(jun)情,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)使得单于(yu)(yu)(yu)重新对(dui)我(wo)作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),而我(wo)终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)未能(neng)免于(yu)(yu)(yu)失败(bai)。
以(yi)前高皇帝(di)率领三(san)十万大军,被匈奴围困在平城。那时,军中猛(meng)将如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)云,谋臣如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)雨,然而(er)还是(shi)(shi)(shi)七天(tian)断粮,只不(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)勉强脱身而(er)已(yi)。何(he)况像我(wo)(wo)(wo)这样的人(ren),难道(dao)就容(rong)易(yi)有所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)吗(ma)(ma)?而(er)当(dang)权者却议论纷(fen)纷(fen),一味怨(yuan)责(ze)我(wo)(wo)(wo)未能以(yi)死殉(xun)国。不(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)(wo)未以(yi)死殉(xun)国,确是(shi)(shi)(shi)罪(zui)过(guo)(guo);但(dan)您看我(wo)(wo)(wo)难道(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)贪生(sheng)怕死的小人(ren)吗(ma)(ma)?又(you)哪(na)里(li)会有背离君(jun)亲(qin)、抛(pao)弃妻(qi)儿(er)却反而(er)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)对自(zi)己有利的人(ren)?既然如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此,那末,我(wo)(wo)(wo)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)死,是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)想有所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)。本来是(shi)(shi)(shi)想如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)前一封信(xin)上(shang)所(suo)(suo)说的那样,要向(xiang)(xiang)皇上(shang)报恩啊(a)。实在因(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)徒然死去不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)树立名节,身死名灭不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)报答恩德。前代范蠡不(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)会稽山(shan)投降之(zhi)耻而(er)殉(xun)国,曹沫(mo)不(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)三(san)战三(san)败之(zhi)辱而(er)自(zi)杀,终于,范蠡为(wei)(wei)越王勾(gou)践报了仇,曹沫(mo)为(wei)(wei)鲁(lu)国雪了耻。我(wo)(wo)(wo)一点赤诚心(xin)(xin)意,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)暗自(zi)景仰(yang)他们的作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)。哪(na)里(li)料到志向(xiang)(xiang)没有实现,怨(yuan)责(ze)之(zhi)声已(yi)四起;计划尚未实行,亲(qin)人(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)刀下之(zhi)鬼,这就是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)面(mian)对苍天(tian)椎心(xin)(xin)泣血的原因(yin)(yin)啊(a)!
您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)又说道:“汉(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)给功(gong)臣(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待(dai)遇并(bing)不(bu)菲薄(bo)。”您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)是(shi)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen),怎能(neng)不(bu)说这(zhei)(zhei)种话(hua)?可是(shi),以(yi)前萧何、樊哙被(bei)拘(ju)捕囚禁,韩信(xin)、彭越被(bei)剁成肉酱(jiang),晁错被(bei)杀,周勃(bo)、魏(wei)其(qi)(qi)侯被(bei)判罪(zui)处刑。其(qi)(qi)余辅助汉(han)(han)(han)(han)室立(li)下(xia)功(gong)劳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)士(shi),如贾谊、周亚夫等人(ren),都(dou)确实是(shi)当时杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才,具备担任将相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),却(que)遭受小人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诽谤,他(ta)(ta)们(men)都(dou)受迫(po)害(hai)、屈辱,其(qi)(qi)事(shi)业也(ye)告失败。最终使有(you)才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)遭到(dao)诋毁,才能(neng)无法施(shi)展(zhan)。他(ta)(ta)们(men)二人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遭遇,谁(shei)不(bu)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)痛心(xin)(xin)呢?我(wo)已故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)父李(li)广,身任将军(jun),其(qi)(qi)功(gong)绩略谋盖(gai)天地,忠义勇气(qi)冠于全军(jun),只是(shi)因为(wei)不(bu)屑迎(ying)合当朝(chao)(chao)(chao)权贵(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)意(yi),结(jie)果(guo)在(zai)边远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆场(chang)自杀身亡。这(zhei)(zhei)就是(shi)功(gong)臣(chen)义士(shi)手持兵刃叹(tan)息不(bu)止的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。怎么能(neng)说待(dai)遇“不(bu)薄(bo)”呢?您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)过(guo)去凭(ping)着单车出使到(dao)拥有(you)强兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敌国(guo),逢上时运不(bu)佳,竟至伏(fu)剑自刎(wen)也(ye)不(bu)在(zai)乎;颠沛流离,含辛茹(ru)苦,差点(dian)死在(zai)北方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒野(ye)。壮年时奉命(ming)出使,满头白(bai)发而(er)(er)归(gui),老母(mu)在(zai)家中亡故,妻子也(ye)改嫁(jia)离去。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)天下(xia)很(hen)少听到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),古今(jin)所没有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遭遇。异族未(wei)开化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),尚且(qie)还称赞(zan)您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)节气(qi),何况是(shi)天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)呢?我(wo)认(ren)为(wei)您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)应当享(xiang)受封领(ling)地、赏千(qian)乘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸侯待(dai)遇。可是(shi),听说您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)回国(guo)后,赏赐不(bu)过(guo)二百万(wan)(wan),封官(guan)不(bu)过(guo)典属国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职(zhi),并(bing)没有(you)一(yi)尺(chi)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封赏,来奖(jiang)励您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)多年来对(dui)国(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效忠。而(er)(er)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)排斥功(gong)臣(chen)、扼(e)杀人(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)臣(chen),都(dou)成了万(wan)(wan)户(hu)侯;皇亲国(guo)戚(qi)或奉迎(ying)拍马之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流,都(dou)成了朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷政(zheng)权的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)宰。您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)尚且(qie)如此,我(wo)还有(you)什(shen)么希望呢?像这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang),汉(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)因为(wei)我(wo)未(wei)能(neng)死节而(er)(er)施(shi)以(yi)严厉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惩罚(fa),您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)坚贞守节又只给予微薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奖(jiang)赏,要想叫远方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)民急切地投奔效命(ming),这(zhei)(zhei)实在(zai)是(shi)难以(yi)办到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),所以(yi)我(wo)常常想到(dao)这(zhei)(zhei)事(shi)却(que)不(bu)觉得(de)后悔。我(wo)虽然辜负了汉(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩(en)情(qing),汉(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)也(ye)亏(kui)对(dui)了我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)德。前人(ren)说过(guo)这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua):“即使忠诚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)不(bu)被(bei)世人(ren)遍知,也(ye)能(neng)做到(dao)视死如归(gui)。”但如果(guo)我(wo)能(neng)够安心(xin)(xin)死节,皇上难道就能(neng)对(dui)我(wo)有(you)眷顾(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)吗?男子汉(han)(han)(han)(han)活着不(bu)能(neng)成就英名,死了就让他(ta)(ta)埋葬在(zai)异族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中吧,谁(shei)还能(neng)再弯腰下(xia)拜,回到(dao)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)廷,听凭(ping)那(nei)(nei)帮刀笔吏舞(wu)文(wen)弄墨(mo)、随(sui)意(yi)发落呢?希望您(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)(nin)不(bu)必(bi)再盼(pan)着我(wo)归(gui)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)了。
唉,子卿!还有什么(me)话可(ke)说?相(xiang)隔万(wan)里(li)之遥,人的(de)身份不同,人生道路也迥然相(xiang)异。活着时是另一世间的(de)人,死(si)后便成(cheng)了异国鬼魂。我和您永诀(jue),生死(si)都不得相(xiang)见了。请代向老(lao)朋友们致(zhi)意,希望(wang)他们勉(mian)力(li)(li)事奉圣明的(de)君(jun)主。您的(de)公(gong)子很(hen)好,不要挂念。愿您努力(li)(li)自爱(ai),更盼您时常依托北(bei)风的(de)方便不断给(ji)我来(lai)信。李陵(ling)顿首。
(李祚唐)
【注释】
[1]子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)卿:苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)字。足下(xia):古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)级(ji)或同(tong)辈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),周(zhou)(zhou)、秦时(shi)多(duo)(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu),后世则(ze)(ze)(ze)多(duo)(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)同(tong)辈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间。[2]令德(de)(de):美德(de)(de)。令,美。[3]策(ce)名(ming)(ming):臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姓名(ming)(ming)书(shu)(shu)写在(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)简(jian)策(ce)上(shang)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)做(zuo)官(guan)。《左传(chuan)·僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》:“策(ce)名(ming)(ming)委质。”清(qing)时(shi):政(zheng)治(zhi)清(qing)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)世。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)昭帝在(zai)位之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际。[4]荣问(wen):好(hao)(hao)名(ming)(ming)声(sheng)。问(wen)通(tong)“闻(wen)”。休畅(chang):吉祥顺利。休:美。畅(chang):通(tong)。[5]幸(xing)甚(shen):这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)表示为(wei)(wei)(wei)对(dui)(dui)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)境(jing)顺利而(er)(er)(er)高(gao)(gao)兴。[6]异(yi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):此(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。[7]风:此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怀(huai)念对(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)风采。[8]依(yi)依(yi):恋(lian)恋(lian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状。[9]辱:承蒙(meng),书(shu)(shu)信中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谦词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。[10]敏:聪(cong)慧。[11]然:此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)“慨”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)尾。[12]异(yi)类:古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)对(dui)(dui)少数(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬(bian)称(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。[13]韦韝(gōu沟):皮革制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)长袖(xiu)套(tao),用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)束衣袖(xiu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)便射箭或其他(ta)(ta)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。毳(cuì脆(cui))幕:毛(mao)毡(zhan)制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帐篷。[14]羶(shān山)肉(rou):带(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)腥臭气(qi)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羊肉(rou)。酪(lào涝)浆:牲畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳浆。[15]玄(xuan)冰:黑色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冰。形容(rong)冰结得厚实,极(ji)言天(tian)气(qi)寒冷。[16]胡笳:古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)我国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)乐(le),其音(yin)悲凉。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胡笳吹奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)。[17]嗟(jie)(juē撅(jue))乎:叹词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。[18]独:反(fan)诘(jie)(jie)副词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),有(you)(you)(you)(you)难(nan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。[19]临年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian):达(da)到一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已至暮年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。[20]鲸(jing)(jing)鲵(ni)(ni)(qíngní情泥(ni)):鲸(jing)(jing)鱼雄(xiong)曰鲸(jing)(jing),雌曰鲵(ni)(ni)。原(yuan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凶恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),《左传(chuan)·宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》:“古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)明王(wang)(wang)(wang)伐(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬,取(qu)(qu)其鲸(jing)(jing)鲵(ni)(ni)而(er)(er)(er)封(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)戮。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)借指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)牵(qian)连诛(zhu)戮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。[21]先(xian)(xian)(xian)君(jun)(jun)(jun):对(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)已故(gu)父亲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊称(cheng)(cheng),此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)李(li)当(dang)(dang)户(hu)。当(dang)(dang)户(hu)早(zao)亡(wang),李(li)陵(ling)为(wei)(wei)(wei)其遗腹(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。嗣(si):后代(dai)(dai),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孙(sun)。[22]戎(róng荣)狄:古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)对(dui)(dui)少数(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬(bian)称(cheng)(cheng),与(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)面“蛮夷”均指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。[23]蒙(meng):受(shou)(shou)到。明察:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)切实公(gong)(gong)(gong)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了解。[24]孤负(fu)(fu):亏负(fu)(fu)。后世多(duo)(duo)写作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“辜负(fu)(fu)”。区(qu)区(qu):小,少。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)诚恳解。[25]刺(ci)(ci)心(xin)(xin):自(zi)(zi)刺(ci)(ci)心(xin)(xin)脏,意(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)杀。[26]已矣:表绝望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)。[27]攘(ráng瓤(rang))臂:捋起(qi)(qi)袖(xiu)口,露出(chu)(chu)手(shou)臂,是(shi)(shi)准(zhun)备劳作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)或搏斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。《孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·尽心(xin)(xin)下(xia)》载,晋勇(yong)士冯(feng)妇(fu)能杀猛虎,后来(lai)要做(zuo)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),便发誓不(bu)(bu)(bu)再打虎。可是(shi)(shi),一次遇(yu)上(shang)众(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制服(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了老(lao)虎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)险情,冯(feng)妇(fu)虽然明知会(hui)(hui)(hui)因(yin)(yin)违(wei)背做(zuo)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诺言(不(bu)(bu)(bu)打虎)而(er)(er)(er)受(shou)(shou)耻笑,仍(reng)然“攮臂下(xia)车”去(qu)(qu)打虎。文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)暗用(yong)(yong)冯(feng)妇(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典为(wei)(wei)(wei)己(ji)开脱。[28]忉怛(da)(dāodá刀达(da)):悲痛。[29]先(xian)(xian)(xian)帝:已故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)帝。[30]绝域:极(ji)远(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)域。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)居住地(di)(di)(di)区(qu)。[31]五(wu)(wu)(wu)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang):五(wu)(wu)(wu)员将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)领(ling),姓名(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)详(xiang)。《汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)》未载五(wu)(wu)(wu)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)失(shi)道(dao)事(shi)(shi),惟《文(wen)(wen)(wen)选(xuan)(xuan)》李(li)善注(zhu)载:“《集》表云:‘臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到塞外,寻被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诏(zhao)书(shu)(shu),责臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)进。臣(chen)(chen)辄引(yin)师前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。到浚稽山,五(wu)(wu)(wu)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)失(shi)道(dao)。’”[32]天(tian)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han):武(wu)(wu)帝年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)号(hao)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区(qu)域。[33]当(dang)(dang):挡。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抵御。[34]搴(qiān牵(qian)):拔取(qu)(qu)。[35]奔(ben):逃跑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。[36]灭迹扫尘:喻肃(su)清(qing)残敌。[37]枭(xiāo消(xiao))帅:骁勇(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)帅。[38]希:少,与(yu)(yu)“稀”通(tong)。[39]难(nan)堪:难(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)比(bi)。堪,胜(sheng)(shēng升)。[40]练:同(tong)“拣”,挑(tiao)选(xuan)(xuan)。[41]单(chàn缠)于(yu):匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)长的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)号(hao)。[42]相(xiang)如(ru)(ru):相(xiang)比(bi)。如(ru)(ru),及,比(bi)。[43]悬(xuan)绝:相(xiang)差极(ji)远(yuan)。[44]扶:支(zhi)持,支(zhi)撑。乘(cheng)(cheng):凌驾,此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。《汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·李(li)陵(ling)传(chuan)》:“士卒(zu)中(zhong)矢(shi)伤,三(san)(san)(san)创者(zhe)载辇,两(liang)创者(zhe)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)车,一创者(zhe)持兵(bing)战(zhan)。”[45]决(jue)命争(zheng)首(shou)(shou):效命争(zheng)先(xian)(xian)(xian)。[46]干戈:此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)器。[47]徒(tu)首(shou)(shou):光(guang)着头(tou)(tou),意(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)穿防护的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲衣。[48]饮血:犹言饮泣(qi)。形容(rong)极(ji)度悲愤。《文(wen)(wen)(wen)选(xuan)(xuan)》李(li)善注(zhu):“血即(ji)(ji)(ji)泪也。”[49]引(yin)还(hai):退兵(bing)返回(hui)。引(yin),后退。[50]贼臣(chen)(chen):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)叛(pan)投匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)军(jun)候(hou)管(guan)敢(gan)。[51]“昔(xi)高(gao)(gao)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝”二(er)(er)句(ju)(ju):是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)从(cong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)200)高(gao)(gao)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(即(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang))亲率(lv)(lv)大(da)军(jun)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)万(wan)驻(zhu)平城(今(jin)山西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)同(tong)市(shi)(shi)东(dong)(dong)),准(zhun)备伐(fa)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冒顿单于(yu)带(dai)领(ling)四(si)十(shi)(shi)万(wan)骑兵(bing)围(wei)困七(qi)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久。[52]当(dang)(dang):如(ru)(ru),像。[53]为(wei)(wei)(wei)力(li):用(yong)(yong)力(li),用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)。[54]执事(shi)(shi)者(zhe):掌权者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)廷大(da)臣(chen)(chen)。[55]苟(gou):但,只。[56]宁(nìng佞):难(nan)道(dao),反(fan)诘(jie)(jie)副词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)与(yu)(yu)上(shang)句(ju)(ju)连用(yong)(yong)反(fan)诘(jie)(jie),调换反(fan)诘(jie)(jie)词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)免(mian)(mian)重(zhong)复(fu)。妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、儿(er)女。[57]“故(gu)欲”二(er)(er)句(ju)(ju):据2《文(wen)(wen)(wen)选(xuan)(xuan)》李(li)善注(zhu)载:“李(li)陵(ling)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)与(yu)(yu)苏(su)(su)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)卿书(shu)(shu)云:‘陵(ling)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)卿死(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)然者(zhe),冀其驱(qu)丑(chou)虏,翻然南(nan)(nan)驰,故(gu)且屈(qu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)求伸。若将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)(si),功成事(shi)(shi)立(li),则(ze)(ze)(ze)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)上(shang)报(bao)厚恩(en),下(xia)显祖(zu)考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明也。’”[58]灭名(ming)(ming):使名(ming)(ming)声(sheng)泯灭。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)“灭名(ming)(ming)”与(yu)(yu)“虚死(si)(si)(si)”对(dui)(dui)应(ying)(ying),是(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)身无(wu)谓而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)、名(ming)(ming)也随(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俱灭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。[59]昔(xi)范蠡(lǐ李(li))不(bu)(bu)(bu)殉会(hui)(hui)(hui)(kuài快(kuai))稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耻:鲁哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)494)越(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)践(jian)(jian)(jian)兵(bing)败(bai),率(lv)(lv)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)围(wei)在(zai)会(hui)(hui)(hui)稽山,向(xiang)吴(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差求和(he),范蠡作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)质前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)往(wang)吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并未因(yin)(yin)求和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耻自(zi)(zi)杀殉国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。范蠡,字少伯,春秋(qiu)楚国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)宛(wan)(今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南(nan)(nan)阳(yang)县(xian)(xian)(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)辅助勾(gou)践(jian)(jian)(jian)振兴越(yue)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、兴师灭吴(wu)重(zhong)要谋士。后至齐(qi)(qi),改名(ming)(ming)鸱(chi)夷子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)皮。晚经(jing)商,称(cheng)(cheng)陶朱公(gong)(gong)(gong)。[60]曹沬(mèi妹)不(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)(si)三(san)(san)(san)败(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辱:曹沬曾与(yu)(yu)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)战(zhan),三(san)(san)(san)战(zhan)三(san)(san)(san)败(bai),并不(bu)(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)屡(lv)次受(shou)(shou)辱而(er)(er)(er)自(zi)(zi)杀身死(si)(si)(si)。曹沬,春秋(qiu)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)勇(yong)力(li)事(shi)(shi)鲁庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)681),齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)伐(fa)鲁,庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)请和(he),会(hui)(hui)(hui)盟于(yu)柯(今(jin)山东(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)东(dong)(dong)阿县(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)),沬以(yi)(yi)(yi)匕(bi)首(shou)(shou)劫(jie)持桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),迫(po)使他(ta)(ta)全部归还(hai)战(zhan)争(zheng)中(zhong)侵占的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)。[61]卒(zu)复(fu)勾(gou)践(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仇:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勾(gou)践(jian)(jian)(jian)灭吴(wu),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差自(zi)(zi)杀。[62]报(bao)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞:此(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柯盟追回(hui)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)侵地(di)(di)(di)。[63]椎(zhui)(chuǐ垂)心(xin)(xin)、泣(qi)血:形容(rong)极(ji)度悲伤。椎(zhui),用(yong)(yong)椎(zhui)打击。泣(qi)血,悲痛无(wu)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哭(ku)。[64]萧(xiao):萧(xiao)何(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)193),沛(pei)(今(jin)江苏(su)(su)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沛(pei)县(xian)(xian)(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),辅助刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)建(jian)立(li)基业,论功第一,封(feng)酂(cuo)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。他(ta)(ta)曾因(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)请求上(shang)林苑(专(zhuan)供皇(huang)(huang)(huang)族(zu)(zu)畋猎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)场(chang)所(suo)(suo))向(xiang)老(lao)百(bai)姓开放(fang)而(er)(er)(er)遭囚(qiu)禁(jin)。樊:樊哙(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)189),沛(pei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。从(cong)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)起(qi)(qi)兵(bing),屡(lv)建(jian)功勋,封(feng)舞阳(yang)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。曾因(yin)(yin)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)诬(wu)告与(yu)(yu)吕(lv)后家(jia)族(zu)(zu)结党(dang)而(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu)拘。[65]韩:韩信(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)196),淮(huai)阴(yin)(今(jin)江苏(su)(su)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)淮(huai)阴(yin)市(shi)(shi))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),初随(sui)项羽,后归刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang),拜大(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),屡(lv)建(jian)奇功,封(feng)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang),后贬(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)淮(huai)阴(yin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。他(ta)(ta)因(yin)(yin)要响应(ying)(ying)陈(chen)狶起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)造反(fan),被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)吕(lv)氏(shi)(shi)斩首(shou)(shou)。彭:彭越(yue)(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)196),昌(chang)邑(今(jin)山东(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金乡(xiang)县(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)北(bei)(bei))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),秦末(mo)聚众(zhong)起(qi)(qi)兵(bing),后归刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang),多(duo)(duo)建(jian)军(jun)功,封(feng)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)。他(ta)(ta)因(yin)(yin)造反(fan)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu),高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)予以(yi)(yi)(yi)赦免(mian)(mian),迁(qian)至蜀道(dao),但吕(lv)氏(shi)(shi)仍(reng)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)他(ta)(ta)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)死(si)(si)(si),并夷三(san)(san)(san)族(zu)(zu)。葅醢(hai)(zūhǎi租海):剁成肉(rou)酱,是(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)一种残酷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)(si)刑。[66]晁(chao)错(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)200—154):颍川(chuan)(今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)部及南(nan)(nan)部地(di)(di)(di),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)禹(yu)县(xian)(xian)(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。景(jing)(jing)帝时(shi),他(ta)(ta)建(jian)议(yi)削各诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)封(feng)地(di)(di)(di)。后吴(wu)楚等七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)反(fan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)削地(di)(di)(di)所(suo)(suo)致,晁(chao)错因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)杀。[67]周(zhou)(zhou):周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)169),沛(pei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),从(cong)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)起(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)军(jun)功为(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军(jun),拜绛(jiang)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。吕(lv)氏(shi)(shi)死(si)(si)(si),勃(bo)与(yu)(yu)陈(chen)平共诛(zhu)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)吕(lv),立(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝。周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)曾被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诬(wu)告欲造反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)下(xia)狱(yu)。魏:魏其侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)窦婴(ying)(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)131),字王(wang)(wang)(wang)孙(sun),观津(今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)衡水县(xian)(xian)(xian)东(dong)(dong))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),窦太后姪。景(jing)(jing)帝时(shi),平定吴(wu)楚七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)功,封(feng)魏其侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。与(yu)(yu)灌(guan)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)至交(jiao)。武(wu)(wu)帝时(shi),灌(guan)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)因(yin)(yin)与(yu)(yu)丞相(xiang)田蚡结仇下(xia)狱(yu),婴(ying)力(li)图(tu)相(xiang)救(jiu),受(shou)(shou)牵(qian)连而(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诛(zhu)。见:受(shou)(shou)。辜:罪。[68]佐命:辅助帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)治(zhi)理国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事(shi)(shi)。[69]贾谊(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)201—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)169):洛阳(yang)(今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)洛阳(yang)市(shi)(shi)东(dong)(dong))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),自(zi)(zi)幼博学,文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝召为(wei)(wei)(wei)博士,迁(qian)太中(zhong)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。积极(ji)参与(yu)(yu)政(zheng)事(shi)(shi),并勇(yong)于(yu)针砭时(shi)弊。亚夫(fu)(fu)(fu):即(ji)(ji)(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)亚失(shi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(?—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)143),周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),封(feng)條(tiao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),曾屯军(jun)细柳(今(jin)陕西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)咸阳(yang)市(shi)(shi)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)),以(yi)(yi)(yi)军(jun)令严整闻(wen)名(ming)(ming)。景(jing)(jing)帝时(shi),任太尉(wei),率(lv)(lv)师平定七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)叛(pan)乱(luan)。[70]小人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):包括排挤贾谊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)绛(jiang)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo),而(er)(er)(er)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“周(zhou)(zhou)魏见辜”句(ju)(ju),谨录(lu)备考。[71]“并受(shou)(shou)”句(ju)(ju):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贾谊被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)在(zai)朝(chao)权贵(周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)、灌(guan)婴(ying)、张相(xiang)如(ru)(ru)、冯(feng)敬等)排斥,流放(fang)长沙(sha);周(zhou)(zhou)亚夫(fu)(fu)(fu)因(yin)(yin)其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)私(si)购御物(wu)下(xia)狱(yu),被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诬(wu)谋反(fan),绝食(shi)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)。[72]二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贾谊、周(zhou)(zhou)亚夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。《文(wen)(wen)(wen)选(xuan)(xuan)》李(li)善注(zhu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)云:“二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),谓范蠡、曹沬也。言诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)才能者(zhe)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu)戮,不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能雪耻报(bao)功也。”亦(yi)可备一说(shuo)。遐举:原(yuan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远(yuan)行,此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)兼指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功业。[73]陵(ling)先(xian)(xian)(xian)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军(jun):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)李(li)广。[74]冠(guan)(guàn贯(guan)):在(zai)……之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)居第一位。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)用(yong)(yong)。[75]贵臣(chen)(chen):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卫(wei)(wei)青(qing)。卫(wei)(wei)青(qing)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)伐(fa)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),李(li)广为(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军(jun),被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遣出(chu)(chu)东(dong)(dong)道(dao),因(yin)(yin)东(dong)(dong)道(dao)远(yuan)而(er)(er)(er)难(nan)行,迷惑失(shi)路,被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)卫(wei)(wei)青(qing)追逼问(wen)罪,含愤自(zi)(zi)杀。[76]戟(jǐ己(ji)):古(gu)(gu)兵(bing)器,合戈矛为(wei)(wei)(wei)一体,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)直刺(ci)(ci)、横击。[77]万(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(shèng胜(sheng)):一万(wan)辆车。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)万(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)称(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)武(wu)(wu)力(li)强盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。虏:古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)对(dui)(dui)少数(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬(bian)称(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。[78]伏(fu)剑:以(yi)(yi)(yi)剑自(zi)(zi)杀。此(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)说(shuo),苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)在(zai)卫(wei)(wei)律(lv)逼降时(shi),引(yin)佩刀自(zi)(zi)刺(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)。[79]朔北(bei)(bei):北(bei)(bei)方(fang)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)境(jing)。[80]丁年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian):成丁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄,即(ji)(ji)(ji)成年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)强调苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)出(chu)(chu)使时(shi)正处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)壮(zhuang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。[81]皓(hào号(hao))首(shou)(shou):年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)老(lao)白(bai)头(tou)(tou)。皓,光(guang)亮、洁(jie)白(bai)。[82]终(zhong)堂:死(si)(si)(si)在(zai)家(jia)里(li)(li)。终(zhong):死(si)(si)(si)。[83]去(qu)(qu)帷:改嫁(jia)。去(qu)(qu),离开。[84]蛮貊(mò末(mo)):泛(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少数(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)。貊,古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)对(dui)(dui)居于(yu)东(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)(di)区(qu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)呼。[85]茅(mao)土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荐(jian):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赐土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)、封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)社(she)祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坛(tan)(tan)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)色(se)土(tu),分封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)则(ze)(ze)(ze)按封(feng)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)向(xiang)取(qu)(qu)坛(tan)(tan)上(shang)一色(se)土(tu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)茅(mao)包之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),称(cheng)(cheng)茅(mao)土(tu),给所(suo)(suo)封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内立(li)社(she)坛(tan)(tan)。[86]千(qian)(qian)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赏:也指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)称(cheng)(cheng)千(qian)(qian)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。[87]典属国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):官(guan)名(ming)(ming)。掌管(guan)民(min)族(zu)(zu)交(jiao)往(wang)事(shi)(shi)务,位在(zai)三(san)(san)(san)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),属官(guan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)九译令。秩中(zhong)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)石(shi),即(ji)(ji)(ji)每月受(shou)(shou)俸一百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)斛(hu)。[88]加:施。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)奖赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。[89]万(wan)户(hu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou):食(shi)邑万(wan)户(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)受(shou)(shou)重(zhong)赏、居高(gao)(gao)位者(zhe)。[90]廊(lang)(lang)庙:殿四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廊(lang)(lang)和(he)太庙,是(shi)(shi)帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)与(yu)(yu)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)议(yi)论政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang),因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)称(cheng)(cheng)朝(chao)廷为(wei)(wei)(wei)廊(lang)(lang)庙。“廊(lang)(lang)庙宰”,即(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)廷中(zhong)掌权的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。[91]厚诛(zhu):严重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惩(cheng)罚。[92]孤恩(en):辜负(fu)(fu)恩(en)情。恩(en),此(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)对(dui)(dui)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。下(xia)句(ju)(ju)“负(fu)(fu)德(de)(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“德(de)(de)”偏(pian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)对(dui)(dui)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功绩。[93]安:安于(yu)死(si)(si)(si),即(ji)(ji)(ji)视(shi)死(si)(si)(si)如(ru)(ru)归之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。[94]稽颡(sǎng嗓):叩(kou)首(shou)(shou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)额(e)触(chu)地(di)(di)(di)。颡,额(e)。[95]北(bei)(bei)阙:原(yuan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫殿北(bei)(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)门楼,后借指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)宫禁(jin)或朝(chao)廷。[96]刀笔(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吏:主(zhu)办文(wen)(wen)(wen)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)吏,他(ta)(ta)们往(wang)往(wang)通(tong)过文(wen)(wen)(wen)辞(ci)左右(you)案情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轻重(zhong)。[97]夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fú扶):发语词(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),无(wu)义。[98]幸(xing):希望。故(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):老(lao)朋(peng)友。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任立(li)政(zheng)、霍光(guang)、上(shang)官(guan)桀等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。[99]圣君(jun)(jun)(jun):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)昭帝刘(liu)(liu)弗陵(ling)。[100]胤(yìn印)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):儿(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)曾娶匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)女为(wei)(wei)(wei)妻,生子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)通(tong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)归时(shi)仍(reng)留匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),宣(xuan)帝时(shi)才回(hui)到汉(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)。[101]顿首(shou)(shou):叩(kou)头(tou)(tou),书(shu)(shu)信结尾常(chang)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)谦辞(ci)。
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