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教条示龙场诸生

作者:王守仁 文章来源:本站整理

诸生相从于此,甚盛。恐无能(neng)为助也,以四(si)事相规,聊以答诸生之意。一曰立志(zhi),二曰勤学,三曰改过,四(si)曰责(ze)善。其慎听毋(wu)忽!

立 志

志(zhi)不(bu)(bu)立(li)(li),天下无可成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。虽百(bai)(bai)工技艺(yi),未(wei)有不(bu)(bu)本于志(zhi)者。今学者旷(kuang)废隳惰,玩岁愒时,而百(bai)(bai)无所(suo)成,皆由于志(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)立(li)(li)耳。故立(li)(li)志(zhi)而圣,则(ze)圣矣;立(li)(li)志(zhi)而贤,则(ze)贤矣;志(zhi)不(bu)(bu)立(li)(li),如无舵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舟,无衔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)马,漂(piao)荡(dang)奔(ben)逸,终亦(yi)何所(suo)底乎?昔人所(suo)言(yan):「使为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善而父母(mu)怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟怨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宗(zong)(zong)族(zu)乡党贱(jian)恶(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如此(ci)而不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善,可也。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善则(ze)父母(mu)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟悦(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宗(zong)(zong)族(zu)乡党敬信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何苦而不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君子?使为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)恶(e)(e)而父母(mu)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟悦(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宗(zong)(zong)族(zu)乡党敬信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如此(ci)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)恶(e)(e),可也。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)恶(e)(e)则(ze)父母(mu)怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟怨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宗(zong)(zong)族(zu)乡党贱(jian)恶(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何苦必为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)恶(e)(e)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小(xiao)人?」诸(zhu)生(sheng)念此(ci),亦(yi)可以(yi)知所(suo)立(li)(li)志(zhi)矣。

勤 学

已立(li)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)君子,自当从(cong)(cong)事(shi)于(yu)学。凡学之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)勤(qin),必其志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尚未笃也。从(cong)(cong)吾游者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)聪慧警捷为(wei)高,而以(yi)(yi)勤(qin)确谦(qian)(qian)抑为(wei)上(shang)。诸(zhu)生试观(guan)侪辈(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),苟(gou)有(you)(you)「虚而为(wei)盈,无(wu)而为(wei)有(you)(you)」,讳(hui)己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng),忌人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)善(shan)(shan),自矜(jin)自是,大言(yan)欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),使其人(ren)(ren)(ren)资(zi)禀(bing)虽(sui)甚超迈,侪辈(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)弗(fu)疾(ji)恶(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?有(you)(you)弗(fu)鄙贱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?彼固将以(yi)(yi)欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)(ren)果遂(sui)为(wei)所欺(qi),有(you)(you)弗(fu)窃笑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?苟(gou)有(you)(you)谦(qian)(qian)默自持,无(wu)能(neng)(neng)自处(chu),笃志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力行,勤(qin)学好问;称人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan),而咎(jiu)己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失;从(cong)(cong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长,而明己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)短;忠(zhong)信乐易,表里(li)一致者(zhe)(zhe),使其人(ren)(ren)(ren)资(zi)禀(bing)虽(sui)甚鲁钝,侪辈(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)弗(fu)称慕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?彼固以(yi)(yi)无(wu)能(neng)(neng)自处(chu),而不(bu)(bu)求上(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)(ren)果遂(sui)以(yi)(yi)彼为(wei)无(wu)能(neng)(neng),有(you)(you)弗(fu)敬尚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?诸(zhu)生观(guan)此,亦可以(yi)(yi)知所从(cong)(cong)事(shi)于(yu)学矣。

改 过

夫过(guo)(guo)者,自大贤(xian)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)免,然(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)害(hai)其(qi)卒为大贤(xian)者,为其(qi)能(neng)改也。故不(bu)(bu)(bu)贵(gui)于(yu)无过(guo)(guo),而(er)贵(gui)于(yu)能(neng)改过(guo)(guo)。诸(zhu)生自思,平日亦有(you)(you)(you)缺于(yu)廉耻忠信之(zhi)(zhi)行者乎(hu)(hu)?亦有(you)(you)(you)薄(bo)于(yu)孝友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)道,陷于(yu)狡诈(zha)偷(tou)刻(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)习(xi)者乎(hu)(hu)?诸(zhu)生殆(dai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至于(yu)此。不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸或有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi),皆其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知而(er)误蹈,素(su)无师友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)讲习(xi)规(gui)饬也。诸(zhu)生试内省,万一(yi)有(you)(you)(you)近于(yu)是者,固(gu)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以不(bu)(bu)(bu)痛自悔咎,然(ran)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)当以此自歉,遂(sui)馁于(yu)改过(guo)(guo)从善之(zhi)(zhi)心。但能(neng)一(yi)旦脱然(ran)洗(xi)涤(di)旧染,虽昔(xi)为盗寇,今日不(bu)(bu)(bu)害(hai)为君(jun)子矣。若曰吾昔(xi)已(yi)如此,今虽改过(guo)(guo)而(er)从善,将人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)信我(wo),且无赎(shu)于(yu)前过(guo)(guo),反怀羞涩疑(yi)沮,而(er)甘心于(yu)污(wu)浊终焉,则吾亦绝望尔矣。

责 善

「责(ze)善(shan),朋(peng)友之(zhi)(zhi)道。」然(ran)须「忠告而(er)(er)(er)善(shan)道之(zhi)(zhi)」,悉其(qi)(qi)(qi)忠爱(ai),致其(qi)(qi)(qi)婉曲,使(shi)(shi)彼闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)从(cong),绎之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)改,有(you)所(suo)感而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)怒(nu),乃为(wei)善(shan)耳。若先暴(bao)白其(qi)(qi)(qi)过恶(e),痛毁极诋(di),使(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)容,彼将(jiang)发(fa)其(qi)(qi)(qi)愧耻愤恨之(zhi)(zhi)心,虽(sui)欲降以(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)从(cong),而(er)(er)(er)势有(you)所(suo)不(bu)能,是激(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)为(wei)恶(e)矣。故凡讦人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)短,攻(gong)发(fa)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)阴私,以(yi)(yi)(yi)沽直者(zhe),皆(jie)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)言责(ze)善(shan)。虽(sui)然(ran),我(wo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是而(er)(er)(er)施(shi)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)也(ye);人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是而(er)(er)(er)加诸(zhu)我(wo),凡攻(gong)我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)失者(zhe),皆(jie)我(wo)师(shi)也(ye),安(an)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)乐受而(er)(er)(er)心感之(zhi)(zhi)乎?某于(yu)(yu)道未有(you)所(suo)得(de),其(qi)(qi)(qi)学卤莽耳。谬(miu)为(wei)诸(zhu)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)从(cong)于(yu)(yu)此。每(mei)终夜以(yi)(yi)(yi)思,恶(e)且未免,况于(yu)(yu)过乎?人(ren)(ren)谓「事师(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)犯(fan)(fan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)隐」,而(er)(er)(er)遂谓师(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)(ke)谏,非也(ye)。谏师(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)道,直不(bu)至于(yu)(yu)犯(fan)(fan),而(er)(er)(er)婉不(bu)至于(yu)(yu)隐耳。使(shi)(shi)吾而(er)(er)(er)是也(ye),因得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)是;吾而(er)(er)(er)非也(ye),因得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)去其(qi)(qi)(qi)非。盖相(xiang)(xiang)长也(ye)。诸(zhu)生(sheng)责(ze)善(shan),当自吾始。

【校注】此篇不见于(yu)原(yuan)本(ben)古文(wen)观止。校以四部丛刊影明刻《王文(wen)成(cheng)公全书》卷二十(shi)五(wu)。

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