【说明与解析】
什么是(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)?这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)一个很有(you)意(yi)思的(de)(de)(de)问(wen)题。《索隐》引《释(shi)(shi)名》说:“律(lv)(lv),述也(ye),所以述阳气也(ye)”。这(zhei)原是(shi)(shi)从《尔雅》翻出的(de)(de)(de)话(hua),《尔雅》还把律(lv)(lv)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)铨(quan)(quan)、法(fa)等,都(dou)不(bu)能究其(qi)窍要。其(qi)实,律(lv)(lv)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)率的(de)(de)(de)同音字,律(lv)(lv)学就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)关于万(wan)物形体比例(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)学问(wen)。《律(lv)(lv)书》开(kai)篇说:“王(wang)者制事(shi)立法(fa),物度规则,壹禀于六律(lv)(lv),六律(lv)(lv)为(wei)万(wan)事(shi)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)焉(yan)”。万(wan)事(shi)都(dou)有(you)比率,尤其(qi)“物度规则”四字把律(lv)(lv)铨(quan)(quan)释(shi)(shi)得再也(ye)明白不(bu)过了。这(zhei)句话(hua)包(bao)含(han)了古人一基本(ben)(ben)认识(shi),即(ji)万(wan)物之(zhi)间都(dou)存在一种比例(li)(li),比例(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)是(shi)(shi)像六律(lv)(lv)那(nei)种“三分损益”的(de)(de)(de)关系。
探索宇宙(zhou)万物间的(de)(de)数量关系(xi),这是许多古老民族的(de)(de)先(xian)民们都曾走过(guo)的(de)(de)路。欧洲有个毕达哥(ge)拉(la)斯,认为宇宙(zhou)存在一种数学的(de)(de)和(he)谐。此后的(de)(de)柏(bo)拉(la)图、托勒(le)密、哥(ge)白尼、开(kai)普(pu)勒(le),以至伽利略等都曾对此做过(guo)有益(yi)的(de)(de)研(yan)究。律(lv)学便是中国先(xian)民中的(de)(de)毕达哥(ge)拉(la)斯们留下(xia)的(de)(de)足迹。
《律书》分(fen)(fen)三部分(fen)(fen):律与(yu)兵(bing)、与(yu)星(xing)历的(de)(de)关系(xi),以及律数本身的(de)(de)学问。《律书》说,律“与(yu)兵(bing)械(xie)(xie)尤所(suo)重”。兵(bing)械(xie)(xie)指军事(shi)器械(xie)(xie),它与(yu)律的(de)(de)关系(xi)从今本《考工记》中还(hai)能(neng)看(kan)到(dao)一些影子,儒者只(zhi)注重“望气知(zhi)吉凶(xiong),闻声效胜负(fu)”,那是买(mai)椟还(hai)珠了(le)。与(yu)星(xing)历的(de)(de)关系(xi)只(zhi)讲了(le)与(yu)八方、十(shi)二(er)月、十(shi)二(er)支、二(er)十(shi)八宿的(de)(de)对(dui)应关系(xi),至(zhi)于数量关系(xi)的(de)(de)变化就不是这篇短(duan)文所(suo)能(neng)包(bao)括得了(le)的(de)(de)了(le)。律数部分(fen)(fen)舛(chuan)误颇多,兹借译注的(de)(de)机(ji)会一一订(ding)正之如(ru)后。
【译文】
帝(di)王制定(ding)事则,建(jian)立(li)法度(du),确定(ding)万物的度(du)数和准则,一切都遵(zun)照六律(lv),六律(lv)是万事万物的根(gen)本。
六律(lv)对于兵械尤其重要,所以说“望敌(di)气而知道(dao)吉凶,闻声音(yin)而决定(ding)胜(sheng)负(fu)”,这是百(bai)代不变的法(fa)则。
武王伐(fa)纣时,吹律管听(ting)声音(yin)而占卜吉凶(xiong),自孟春至(zhi)季冬的音(yin)律,都有(you)杀气并声而出,而军声与宫音(yin)相合(he)。同声相从(cong),这是事物自然的道(dao)理,有(you)什么可奇(qi)怪的呢(ni)?
兵(bing)事,是圣人(ren)(ren)用来讨(tao)伐(fa)强暴,平定乱世,夷(yi)除险阻(zu),挽救(jiu)危殆局面的(de)(de)工(gong)具。下自含齿戴角(jiao)的(de)(de)兽类(lei),遇到外物(wu)的(de)(de)侵犯(fan),尚且要与它(ta)角(jiao)力反抗,何况是怀有好恶之心(xin),喜怒之情的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)了?欢喜就有爱(ai)心(xin)产(chan)生,愤怒就会以(yi)毒螫相(xiang)加,这是人(ren)(ren)性情的(de)(de)必然道(dao)理。
以(yi)(yi)往黄(huang)帝时有(you)过涿鹿地(di)区的(de)(de)战(zhan)斗,以(yi)(yi)平定(ding)炎帝造成(cheng)的(de)(de)灾害(hai);颛顼有(you)与(yu)共(gong)工氏的(de)(de)对(dui)阵,以(yi)(yi)平定(ding)少昊氏造成(cheng)的(de)(de)灾害(hai);成(cheng)汤有(you)伐桀到南(nan)巢的(de)(de)战(zhan)斗,以(yi)(yi)殄灭(mie)夏朝的(de)(de)祸乱。一(yi)代(dai)又一(yi)代(dai),迭兴(xing)迭废,战(zhan)胜(sheng)得以(yi)(yi)统治(zhi)天下,那是受(shou)命于天的(de)(de)原(yuan)因。
从(cong)此之后,名(ming)(ming)士(shi)重(zhong)迭产生(sheng),晋(jin)国(guo)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)咎犯(fan),而齐国(guo)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)王子(zi)成(cheng)父,吴国(guo)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)孙武,名(ming)(ming)自都申明军纪,赏罚必守信用(yong)(yong),结果成(cheng)为诸侯霸主,兼并别(bie)国(guo)土地(di),虽然(ran)比不(bu)上(shang)三代时(shi)受诰誓封赏的(de)荣(rong)耀,然(ran)而同样是自身宠(chong)荣(rong),君(jun)主尊显,当世显名(ming)(ming)扬声,能说不(bu)荣(rong)耀吗?怎(zen)能与(yu)那些(xie)不(bu)明大势,不(bu)权轻重(zhong),终日啰(luo)索要以(yi)德化世,不(bu)该(gai)用(yong)(yong)兵(bing),结果重(zhong)者君(jun)亲受辱,国(guo)土失守,轻者遭(zao)人(ren)侵犯(fan),国(guo)家削弱,终至(zhi)于不(bu)可挽救的(de)世儒相提并论呢!所以(yi)家庭中不(bu)能没有(you)(you)(you)(you)教诲(hui)和鞭笞,国(guo)家不(bu)可没有(you)(you)(you)(you)刑罚,天下(xia)不(bu)可没有(you)(you)(you)(you)诛杀(sha)和征伐,不(bu)过使用(yong)(yong)起来有(you)(you)(you)(you)巧有(you)(you)(you)(you)拙,施(shi)行时(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)顺有(you)(you)(you)(you)逆罢了。
夏桀(jie)、殷(yin)纣王能(neng)赤手空拳与(yu)豺(chai)狼搏斗,奔跑起来能(neng)追得(de)上四(si)匹马拉的车子,其勇力(li)(li)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)弱;他(ta)们曾百战百胜,诸侯对他(ta)们恐惧服从,权(quan)力(li)(li)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)算轻。秦二世屯(tun)军于四(si)郊,连(lian)兵(bing)于边陲,力(li)(li)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)强;北与(yu)匈奴(nu)结怨(yuan),南在诸越招惹(re)祸端,势(shi)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)算寡弱,等到他(ta)们的威风使尽(jin),势(shi)力(li)(li)盛(sheng)极,闾(lv)巷(xiang)中的平民(min)也(ye)成了敌国(guo)。错就在于他(ta)们穷兵(bing)黩武不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知止(zhi)足,贪得(de)之心(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)停息。
高祖(zu)统一天下后,三方边境叛乱于外,国内大(da)国诸(zhu)侯王名虽称为天子(zi)的(de)(de)屏(ping)藩辅(fu)佐,并不太象个为臣子(zi)的(de)(de)样(yang)子(zi)。赶上高祖(zu)厌烦再(zai)有战事,也是(shi)由(you)于有萧何、张良的(de)(de)计(ji)谋,所以(yi)一时得以(yi)停止武(wu)事,与(yu)民(min)休息,对他们(men)只稍加约束(shu),不深(shen)防备。
直到孝文帝即(ji)位,将军陈(chen)武等建议说:“南越(yue)、朝鲜(xian)自从秦(qin)朝统(tong)一时内(nei)属为(wei)臣子(zi),后来才拥兵守(shou)险,踌躇观望。高祖时天(tian)下(xia)(xia)初定,人(ren)民(min)刚(gang)刚(gang)得到一点(dian)安(an)(an)宁(ning),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)次用兵。如今(jin)陛(bi)下(xia)(xia)以(yi)仁德、惠爱抚(fu)治百(bai)姓(xing),四海以(yi)内(nei)都(dou)受(shou)恩泽,应该乘此时士(shi)民(min)乐(le)为(wei)陛(bi)下(xia)(xia)所用的(de)(de)机会,讨(tao)(tao)伐叛(pan)逆的(de)(de)党徒(tu),以(yi)统(tong)一疆土。”孝文帝说:“朕(zhen)(zhen)自从能(neng)胜衣(yi)冠,从来没有(you)(you)想到这(zhei)些。赶上吕氏(shi)之(zhi)乱(luan),功臣和宗室(shi)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)我(wo)的(de)(de)微贱出身为(wei)耻,阴差阳错使(shi)(shi)我(wo)得了(le)(le)皇(huang)(huang)帝的(de)(de)大位,我(wo)常战(zhan)战(zhan)兢兢,害怕事(shi)情有(you)(you)始无(wu)终。况且兵是凶器(qi),纵然能(neng)达(da)到目的(de)(de),发动起来也必有(you)(you)耗损和创(chuang)病,又怎能(neng)避免得了(le)(le)百(bai)姓(xing)抛家(jia)离业远(yuan)方征讨(tao)(tao)?先皇(huang)(huang)帝知道(dao)劳(lao)乏(fa)的(de)(de)百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)加使(shi)(shi)用,所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)把(ba)南越(yue)、朝鲜(xian)等事(shi)放在(zai)心上。朕(zhen)(zhen)岂能(neng)自以(yi)为(wei)有(you)(you)能(neng)耐?如今(jin)匈奴入侵内(nei)地(di),军吏御(yu)敌无(wu)功,边(bian)(bian)地(di)百(bai)姓(xing)父死子(zi)继,服兵役的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)已经很久(jiu),朕(zhen)(zhen)时常为(wei)此不(bu)(bu)安(an)(an)和伤痛,没有(you)(you)一天(tian)能(neng)够忘记。如今(jin)既不(bu)(bu)能(neng)销毁兵器(qi),长守(shou)安(an)(an)定,但愿暂且坚守(shou)边(bian)(bian)防,远(yuan)设斥候(hou),派遣使(shi)(shi)者,缔盟结好,使(shi)(shi)北(bei)部边(bian)(bian)陲(chui)得到休息(xi)安(an)(an)宁(ning),功劳(lao)就算大得很了(le)(le)。且不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)议兴兵的(de)(de)事(shi)了(le)(le)”。因此百(bai)姓(xing)内(nei)外(wai)都(dou)无(wu)徭(yao)役,得到休息(xi)以(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)力于农事(shi),致(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)殷实富(fu)足,粮食每斗(dou)降(jiang)至十余文钱,国内(nei)鸡(ji)鸣狗(gou)吠(fei)相闻,烟火万里不(bu)(bu)惊,可(ke)(ke)说是够和平安(an)(an)乐(le)的(de)(de)了(le)(le)。
太史(shi)公说:文(wen)帝时,赶上天下刚从(cong)水火(huo)中解脱出来,人民(min)安心生产,顺(shun)着他们的(de)意(yi)愿,能作到(dao)不(bu)加扰乱,所(suo)以百姓(xing)安不(bu)思乱。就连六七十岁(sui)的(de)老翁(weng)也(ye)未曾到(dao)过集市之中,终日守在乡(xiang)里(li)敖游(you)玩耍,象个孩子一样(yang)。这岂不(bu)就是孔子称道的(de)有德君子!
书(shu)中记载,七正(zheng)二十八舍(she)(she)和律历,是天(tian)用来勾(gou)通(tong)五行八正(zheng)之气(qi)的(de),是天(tian)用来产生和养育万(wan)物的(de)。舍(she)(she)的(de)意(yi)思就是日月止宿的(de)地方。舍(she)(she)就是休(xiu)息一下缓口气(qi)的(de)意(yi)思。
不(bu)周风在西北方(fang),主(zhu)(zhu)管杀生(sheng)的(de)(de)事。东(dong)壁宿(su)在不(bu)周风以东(dong),主(zhu)(zhu)持开辟(pi)生(sheng)气(qi)(qi)(qi)使往东(dong)行,到(dao)(dao)达营(ying)(ying)室。营(ying)(ying)室,主(zhu)(zhu)管胎育阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)并把它产(chan)生(sheng)出来。再(zai)向东(dong)到(dao)(dao)达危宿(su)。危,就是垝(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)意思,是说(shuo)阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)垝(gui)(gui),所(suo)(suo)以称为危。以上星宿(su)与(yu)十月相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying),于(yu)十二律与(yu)应(ying)钟(zhong)相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。应(ying)钟(zhong),就是阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)反(fan)应(ying),阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)这时还不(bu)主(zhu)(zhu)事。于(yu)十二子与(yu)亥相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。亥,就是该的(de)(de)意思。是说(shuo)阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)藏在它下面,所(suo)(suo)以是它成了阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)出现(xian)的(de)(de)隔(ge)核(he)(按:同该)。
广莫风在(zai)北方(fang)。广莫,是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)在(zai)下,阴(yin)气(qi)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)阳气(qi)广大(da)(da),所以说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)广莫。广莫风以东(dong)到(dao)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)宿。虚(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思,是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)能实能虚(xu)(xu)(xu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)冬季则(ze)蕴(yun)藏于(yu)空(kong)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)之中,到(dao)冬至日就(jiu)(jiu)会有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)分(fen)(fen)阴(yin)气(qi)下藏,一(yi)分(fen)(fen)阳气(qi)上(shang)升发散出(chu)(chu)来,所以称(cheng)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)。再(zai)向东(dong)到(dao)达(da)须(xu)女宿。须(xu)女(按:同如(ru)),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)的(de)位置(zhi)发生变动,阴(yin)气(qi)阳气(qi)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)离开,尚且互(hu)相胥如(ru)的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思,所以称(cheng)为须(xu)女。月(yue)份与(yu)十一(yi)月(yue)相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying),律与(yu)黄钟(zhong)相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying)。黄钟(zhong)的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)阳气(qi)踵随黄泉(quan)而(er)出(chu)(chu)。于(yu)十二(er)(er)子与(yu)子相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying)。子就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)滋(zi)(zi)长的(de)滋(zi)(zi)字(zi);滋(zi)(zi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)滋(zi)(zi)长于(yu)下面(mian)。于(yu)十母与(yu)壬癸相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying)。壬就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)负担着在(zai)下面(mian)养育万(wan)物(wu)的(de)重(zhong)任(ren)。癸就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)揆,说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)可以揆度(du),所以称(cheng)为癸。向东(dong)到(dao)牵(qian)牛宿。牵(qian)牛的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)牵(qian)引万(wan)物(wu)而(er)出(chu)(chu)。牛就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)冒(mao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)地虽冻,能冒(mao)出(chu)(chu)地面(mian)生长出(chu)(chu)来。牛又指(zhi)耕耘种植(zhi)万(wan)物(wu)的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思。再(zai)向东(dong)到(dao)建(jian)(jian)星(xing)。建(jian)(jian)星(xing),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)立(li)起诸有(you)(you)(you)生命之物(wu)的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思。与(yu)十二(er)(er)月(yue)相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying),十二(er)(er)律与(yu)大(da)(da)吕相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying)。大(da)(da)吕的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)。十二(er)(er)子与(yu)丑相对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应(ying)。
条风(feng)(feng)在东(dong)北方(fang),主管万(wan)物(wu)的产生和出(chu)现。条风(feng)(feng)意(yi)思是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)条治万(wan)物(wu)而(er)使它们产生出(chu)来,所(suo)以称(cheng)为条风(feng)(feng)。条风(feng)(feng)向(xiang)南到(dao)箕(ji)(ji)宿。箕(ji)(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)万(wan)物(wu)的根柢,所(suo)以称(cheng)为箕(ji)(ji)。与(yu)正(zheng)月(yue)对应,律与(yu)泰蔟(cu)相对应。泰蔟(cu),是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)蔟(cu)拥而(er)生的意(yi)思,所(suo)以称(cheng)为泰蔟(cu)。于(yu)十二(er)子(zi)与(yu)寅相对应。寅是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)初(chu)(chu)生如蚯螾(蚓)之(zhi)行螾然(ran)弯曲的样(yang)子(zi),所(suo)以称(cheng)为寅。向(xiang)南到(dao)达尾(wei)宿,尾(wei)是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)初(chu)(chu)生象(xiang)尾(wei)巴一(yi)样(yang)弯曲。向(xiang)南到(dao)达心(xin)宿,心(xin)是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)初(chu)(chu)生都有象(xiang)花(华)一(yi)般的顶心(xin)。再向(xiang)南到(dao)房宿。房,是(shi)指(zhi)为万(wan)物(wu)的门(men)户(hu),到(dao)门(men)前就(jiu)(jiu)要出(chu)来了。
明庶风在东方(fang)。明庶的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi),表明众物(wu)全都出(chu)土萌发出(chu)来(lai)了。与(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)月(yue)相(xiang)应(ying),律(lv)与(yu)(yu)(yu)夹钟相(xiang)对应(ying)。夹钟,是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)阴阳相(xiang)夹,厕(侧(ce))身于中(zhong)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)。十(shi)二(er)(er)子与(yu)(yu)(yu)卯相(xiang)对应(ying)。卯就是(shi)(shi)(shi)茂(mao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)生长(zhang)茂(mao)盛。于十(shi)母与(yu)(yu)(yu)甲(jia)(jia)乙(yi)(yi)相(xiang)对应(ying)。甲(jia)(jia),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)冲破符(按:同莩)甲(jia)(jia)萌发出(chu)来(lai);乙(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)生长(zhang)时轧轧乙(yi)(yi)乙(yi)(yi)艰(jian)难而顽(wan)强的(de)(de)样子。向南(nan)到(dao)达(da)氐(di)宿(su)。氐(di)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)都已(yi)抵达(da)、来(lai)到(dao)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)。向南(nan)到(dao)达(da)亢宿(su)。亢的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si),是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)渐(jian)渐(jian)长(zhang)高了。再向南(nan)到(dao)角(jiao)宿(su)。角(jiao)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)都已(yi)有(you)了枝叉就象角(jiao)一(yi)样。十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)中(zhong)与(yu)(yu)(yu)三月(yue)相(xiang)对应(ying),律(lv)中(zhong)与(yu)(yu)(yu)姑(gu)洗相(xiang)对应(ying)。姑(gu)洗的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)初生,颜色光(guang)鲜如洗。于十(shi)二(er)(er)子与(yu)(yu)(yu)辰相(xiang)对应(ying)。辰,是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)都已(yi)蠕动起来(lai)。
清明风在东南(nan)方,主(zhu)管吹动万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)向(xiang)西发展。先到(dao)达(da)轸宿(su)(su)(su)。轸,是说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)生长(zhang)得殷(yin)殷(yin)轸轸,更加盛大(da)了(le)。向(xiang)西到(dao)达(da)翼宿(su)(su)(su)。翼,是说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)都已长(zhang)大(da),如同(tong)有了(le)羽翼。以(yi)(yi)上两宿(su)(su)(su)为(wei)四月宿(su)(su)(su),于(yu)律为(wei)中吕。中吕的意思(si)是说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)全都向(xiang)西旅行。于(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)巳(si)。巳(si)的意思(si)是说(shuo)阳(yang)气(qi)已尽(jin)了(le)。向(xiang)西到(dao)达(da)七(qi)星(xing)。七(qi)星(xing),是由(you)于(yu)阳(yang)数(shu)成于(yu)七(qi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)七(qi)星(xing)。向(xiang)西到(dao)张(zhang)宿(su)(su)(su)。张(zhang),是说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)都已张(zhang)大(da)。再向(xiang)西到(dao)注(zhu)宿(su)(su)(su)。注(zhu),是说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)开(kai)始(shi)衰落(luo),阳(yang)气(qi)下注(zhu),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)注(zhu)。以(yi)(yi)上三宿(su)(su)(su)为(wei)五月宿(su)(su)(su),于(yu)律为(wei)蕤(rui)宾(bin)。蕤(rui)宾(bin)的意思(si),是说(shuo)阴气(qi)幼小,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)蕤(rui);衰落(luo)的阳(yang)气(qi)已不主(zhu)事,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)宾(bin)。
景风(feng)在南方。景,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气之道已(yi)竟(尽),所以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)景风(feng)。于十二子(zi)为(wei)午。午,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)阴阳交午的意思,所以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)午。于十母为(wei)丙丁(ding)(ding)。丙,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳道彪炳明(ming)著,所以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)丙;丁(ding)(ding),是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物已(yi)长成(cheng)丁(ding)(ding)壮,所以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)丁(ding)(ding)。向西到(dao)弧宿。弧的意思,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物鹜落,很快就(jiu)要死(si)亡了。向西到(dao)狼宿。狼,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物都可度量,量断万(wan)物,所以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)狼。
凉风在西(xi)南方,主宰地。地,就是(shi)(shi)沉夺万(wan)(wan)物之气(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)意(yi)思(si)。与六(liu)月(yue)相应,律属林钟。林钟,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物走向(xiang)死(si)亡(wang)的(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)象(xiang)懔(lin)然恐惧的(de)样子(zi)。于(yu)(yu)十二子(zi)为(wei)未(wei)。未(wei)与味同(tong)音,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物都已(yi)长成,有(you)滋有(you)味了。向(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)罚宿(su)。罚,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物气(qi)(qi)(qi)势已(yi)夺,可(ke)以(yi)斩伐了。向(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)参(can)宿(su)。参(can)是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物都可(ke)参(can)验,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)称参(can)。以(yi)上两(liang)宿(su)属七(qi)月(yue),律属夷则。夷则,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)贼害(hai)万(wan)(wan)物的(de)意(yi)思(si)。于(yu)(yu)十二子(zi)为(wei)申。申,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)主事,一再贼害(hai)万(wan)(wan)物,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)名为(wei)申。向(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)浊(zhuo)宿(su)。浊(zhuo),与触(chu)音相近,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物都触(chu)阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)而死(si),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)名为(wei)浊(zhuo)。向(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)留宿(su)。留,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)(qi)稽(ji)留没有(you)去尽,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)名为(wei)留。以(yi)上两(liang)宿(su)为(wei)八月(yue)宿(su),于(yu)(yu)律属南吕。南吕,是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)(qi)旅行入于(yu)(yu)藏(zang)所(suo)(suo),就要(yao)被收藏(zang)起来了。于(yu)(yu)十二子(zi)属于(yu)(yu)酉(you)(you)。酉(you)(you),就是(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)物已(yi)经(jing)成熟,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)名为(wei)酉(you)(you)。
阊阖风(feng)在西方。阊,就是(shi)倡导;阖,就是(shi)闭藏(zang)。是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)阳气(qi)倡导万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),阖藏(zang)于黄泉之下。于十母为(wei)庚辛(xin)(xin)。庚,是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)阴气(qi)变更万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),所(suo)以称(cheng)为(wei)庚;辛(xin)(xin),是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生存艰辛(xin)(xin),所(suo)以称(cheng)为(wei)辛(xin)(xin)。向(xiang)北是(shi)胃宿(su)。胃,是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)阳气(qi)被收(shou)(shou)藏(zang),都(dou)偎偎然缩(suo)聚起来(lai)。向(xiang)北是(shi)娄宿(su)。娄,就是(shi)呼唤(huan)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而且要拽拉使入于内的(de)意思。向(xiang)北是(shi)奎宿(su)。奎,主管(guan)以毒(du)螫(shi)杀万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),举(ju)而收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)起来(lai)。以上三(san)宿(su)为(wei)九月(yue)宿(su),律(lv)属无(wu)(wu)射(she)(she)(she)。无(wu)(wu)射(she)(she)(she),是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)阴气(qi)正盛,主宰事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),阳气(qi)隐藏(zang)无(wu)(wu)所(suo)余,所(suo)以称(cheng)为(wei)无(wu)(wu)射(she)(she)(she)。于十二子属戌。戌,是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)全都(dou)灭亡了,所(suo)以称(cheng)为(wei)戌。
律数:
五声之间的比(bi)例关(guan)系,以九九八十(shi)一作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫的大(da)小(xiao),将八十(shi)一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),除(chu)去(qu)一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),余(yu)二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)得(de)(de)五十(shi)四就是(shi)(shi)徵(zhi)。将五十(shi)四分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),加上一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),得(de)(de)四分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)十(shi)二(er),就是(shi)(shi)商。把(ba)七(qi)十(shi)二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),除(chu)去(qu)一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),余(yu)二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)四十(shi)八就是(shi)(shi)羽。将四十(shi)八分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),加上一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),得(de)(de)四分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)六十(shi)四就是(shi)(shi)角。
黄钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)长(zhang)(zhang)度为(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)十(七(qi)(qi))分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)之一,其声(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫。大吕(lv)的(de)长(zhang)(zhang)是七(qi)(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)五又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。太蔟长(zhang)(zhang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)角声(sheng)。夹钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)(zhang)六寸(cun)(cun)(cun)七(qi)(qi)又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之一分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。姑洗长(zhang)(zhang)六寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)羽(yu)声(sheng)。仲吕(lv)长(zhang)(zhang)五寸(cun)(cun)(cun)九又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)徵声(sheng)。蕤宾(bin)长(zhang)(zhang)五寸(cun)(cun)(cun)六又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)(zhang)五寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)角声(sheng)。夷则长(zhang)(zhang)五寸(cun)(cun)(cun)零三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)商声(sheng)。南吕(lv)长(zhang)(zhang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)八(ba)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)徵声(sheng)。无(wu)射长(zhang)(zhang)四(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四(si)又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。应钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)(zhang)四(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)又(you)(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)羽(yu)声(sheng)。
生钟(zhong)律数(shu)方法的运用(yong):
子一(yi)分(fen)(fen),丑(chou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)。寅为(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)分(fen)(fen)。卯为(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)。辰为(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)一(yi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)。巳为(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)分(fen)(fen)。午为(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)。未为(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)七(qi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)。申为(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)一(yi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)(si)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)。酉为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)万九(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)六(liu)(liu)(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)。戊为(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)万九(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)万二(er)(er)(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)七(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)分(fen)(fen)。亥为(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)七(qi)万七(qi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)七(qi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)万五(wu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)。
由(you)(you)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)产生(sheng)十(shi)二律(lv)(lv)的方法(fa)是:由(you)(you)长(zhang)(zhang)律(lv)(lv)管生(sheng)短律(lv)(lv)管将分子加倍,分母乘(cheng)三(san)。由(you)(you)短律(lv)(lv)管生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)律(lv)(lv)管则(ze)(ze)(ze)是将分子乘(cheng)四,分母乘(cheng)三(san)。数(shu)(shu)最大(da)为(wei)(wei)九(jiu),音(yin)数(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)五,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)宫为(wei)(wei)五;宫生(sheng)徵,以(yi)(yi)徵为(wei)(wei)九(jiu);徵生(sheng)商,以(yi)(yi)商为(wei)(wei)八(ba);商生(sheng)羽,以(yi)(yi)羽为(wei)(wei)七;羽生(sheng)角,以(yi)(yi)角为(wei)(wei)六。以(yi)(yi)“生(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)”中(zhong)的黄钟(zhong)(zhong)大(da)数(shu)(shu)十(shi)七万余为(wei)(wei)分子,另把一枚(mei)算筹放(fang)置在算盘上(shang),用三(san)去乘(cheng),一乘(cheng)得(de)(de)三(san),再(zai)乘(cheng)得(de)(de)九(jiu),依次乘(cheng)下去,直乘(cheng)到(dao)“生(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)”中(zhong)的酉数(shu)(shu)一万九(jiu)千余。以(yi)(yi)每次乘(cheng)得(de)(de)的数(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)分母,用分母除分子,得(de)(de)到(dao)一些(xie)长(zhang)(zhang)度为(wei)(wei)寸(cun)的数(shu)(shu),直到(dao)得(de)(de)到(dao)九(jiu)寸(cun)的数(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)止,将此数(shu)(shu)称为(wei)(wei)“黄钟(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)的宫声”。由(you)(you)此用“生(sheng)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)术”得(de)(de)到(dao)其余各音(yin),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说五音(yin)是由(you)(you)宫声开始,角声结(jie)束(shu)的。而(er)数(shu)(shu)由(you)(you)一开始,到(dao)十(shi)终(zhong)止,变(bian)化则(ze)(ze)(ze)由(you)(you)三(san)来完(wan)成。节气则(ze)(ze)(ze)由(you)(you)冬至(zhi)开始,周(zhou)而(er)复始。
神(shen)是从(cong)无(wu)中(zhong)产(chan)生的(de)(de)(de),形(xing)体(ti)则是自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)中(zhong)产(chan)生,有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)体(ti)然后才有(you)(you)(you)(you)数产(chan)生,有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)体(ti)才能(neng)(neng)生成声(sheng)音(yin),所以(yi)(yi)说是神(shen)能(neng)(neng)运用(yong)气(qi),气(qi)要(yao)依附于形(xing)体(ti)。形(xing)体(ti)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征是大都能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)类(lei)(lei)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)区别。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)体(ti)因(yin)而(er)不可(ke)分(fen)类(lei)(lei),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)体(ti)相同(tong)因(yin)而(er)属于同(tong)一(yi)类(lei)(lei),有(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征表(biao)(biao)示出(chu)来(lai),有(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)识(shi)(shi)别。圣(sheng)人(ren)懂得(de)(de)天、地(di)等(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)体(ti)之(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)与人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意识(shi)(shi)这(zhei)种无(wu)形(xing)体(ti)之(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)区别,所以(yi)(yi)是从(cong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)推断无(wu)形(xing)、无(wu)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)东西(xi),从(cong)而(er)得(de)(de)到轻细如气(qi)体(ti),微小(xiao)如声(sheng)音(yin)那(nei)(nei)样东西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)关(guan)知(zhi)识(shi)(shi)。然而(er)圣(sheng)人(ren)是通过那(nei)(nei)些本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)称为神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)认(ren)识(shi)(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)或(huo)神(shen)无(wu)论何等(deng)微妙必然要(yao)在(zai)情性(xing)中(zhong)表(biao)(biao)现出(chu)来(lai),审核研(yan)究(jiu)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)如同(tong)花(hua)叶(ye)一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)象特(te)征,内部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)特(te)征也就(jiu)(jiu)明瞭了。若没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)颗圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)心再加(jia)上相当的(de)(de)(de)聪明,有(you)(you)(you)(you)谁能(neng)(neng)够既懂得(de)(de)天地(di)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)或(huo)神(shen),又能(neng)(neng)推知(zhi)其(qi)形(xing)体(ti)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)情等(deng)外部(bu)特(te)征呢?本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)或(huo)神(shen),是指(zhi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)了它(ta)(ta)而(er)不自(zi)知(zhi)何时具有(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)失(shi)去它(ta)(ta),所以(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)人(ren)十分(fen)重视并希望能(neng)(neng)够保(bao)留(认(ren)识(shi)(shi))它(ta)(ta)。唯其(qi)希望保(bao)留它(ta)(ta),本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)或(huo)神(shen)这(zhei)些内在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)也就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)那(nei)(nei)些希望保(bao)留它(ta)(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)心保(bao)留下(xia)来(lai)。所以(yi)(yi)它(ta)(ta)们(men)是无(wu)比宝(bao)贵的(de)(de)(de)。
太史公说(shuo):以(yi)(yi)旋玑玉衡(heng)整齐七政,即指天(tian)地、二十八宿(su),十母、十二子(zi)、钟(zhong)律等,自上(shang)古(gu)时(shi)就(jiu)加以(yi)(yi)调配,建(jian)立起一定比(bi)率(lv)以(yi)(yi)运算历(li)法编造日(ri)月(yue)(yue)度数(shu),日(ri)月(yue)(yue)等的(de)运行就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)量度出来。平(ping)常所说(shuo)合符(fu)节,通道德,就(jiu)是(shi)指此而(er)言(yan)的(de)。
【原文及注释】
王者(zhe)制事立法,物度轨(gui)则(ze),壹禀于六律<1>,六律为万事根本(ben)焉。
其于兵械尤(you)所重,故(gu)云“望敌知吉凶(xiong),闻(wen)声(sheng)效(xiao)胜负(fu)”,百王不(bu)易之(zhi)道也。
武王伐纣,吹(chui)律听声<2>,推孟春以至于季冬<3>,杀气(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)并<4>,而音尚宫<5>。同(tong)声相(xiang)(xiang)从<6>,物之自(zi)然,何足怪哉?
兵(bing)者(zhe),圣(sheng)人(ren)所以(yi)讨强暴,平(ping)乱世(shi),夷险(xian)阻(zu),救危殆<7>。自含(han)(血)[齿]戴角(jiao)之(zhi)兽见犯则校<8>,而况(kuang)于人(ren)怀好(hao)恶喜(xi)怒之(zhi)气?喜(xi)则爱心生(sheng),怒则毒螫加(jia),情性(xing)之(zhi)理也。
昔(xi)黄(huang)帝有涿鹿(lu)之(zhi)战<9>,以(yi)定火灾<10>;颛顼(xu)有共工之(zhi)陈(chen)(11),以(yi)平水害(12);成汤(tang)有南巢(chao)之(zhi)伐(fa)(13),以(yi)殄夏乱。递兴递废,胜者用事(shi),所受于天也(14)。
自是之后(hou),名士迭兴,晋用(yong)(yong)(yong)咎犯,而齐用(yong)(yong)(yong)王子,吴用(yong)(yong)(yong)孙武,申明军约(yue),赏罚(fa)必信,卒伯诸侯(15),兼列邦(bang)土,虽不及三(san)代之诰誓(16),然身崇(chong)君尊,当(dang)世显扬(yang),可(ke)(ke)不谓荣焉?岂(qi)与世儒(ru)暗(an)于大校(17),不权轻重,猥(wei)云(yun)德化(hua)(18),不当(dang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)兵(bing),大至君辱失(shi)守(shou),小乃侵(qin)犯削(xue)弱,遂执不移等(deng)哉(19)!故教笞不可(ke)(ke)废于家(20),刑(xing)罚(fa)不可(ke)(ke)捐(juan)于国,诛伐不可(ke)(ke)偃于天下<21>,用(yong)(yong)(yong)之有(you)巧拙,行(xing)之有(you)逆顺耳(er)。
〔注释〕
<1>一切都是(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)据(ju)六(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。禀,承受(shou)(shou)(shou),引申为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)据(ju);六(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)有(you)(you)十二(er)(er)。阳六(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv):黄种、太(tai)蔟、姑洗(xi)、蕤(rui)宾、夷则(ze)、无(wu)射(she);阴(yin)六(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吕:大(da)(da)(da)吕、夹(jia)钟(zhong)、中(zhong)吕、林钟(zhong)、南(nan)(nan)吕、应(ying)钟(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也。”阴(yin)阳二(er)(er)义,以(yi)(yi)(yi)阳为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),阴(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)从,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)六(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)六(liu)吕有(you)(you)时迳称十二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)(huo)六(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),如(ru)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)医十寺经(jing)络(luo)(六(liu)经(jing)六(liu)络(luo))只称六(liu)经(jing)一样(yang)。 <2>《周礼·太(tai)师(shi)》载:“太(tai)师(shi)执同(tong)(tong)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)听军(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)而诏(zhao)吉凶“。按(an)郑(zheng)玄的(de)(de)(de)(de)解释,古时候王(wang)者出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi),授(shou)给大(da)(da)(da)冼弓矢,大(da)(da)(da)将整(zheng)顿士(shi)卒张(zhang)弓试射(she),与(yu)(yu)(yu)士(shi)卒一起(qi)大(da)(da)(da)呼口号。太(tai)师(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)管确定将卒呼号的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音是(shi)(shi)(shi)属于(yu)十二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)一律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),由此占卜出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吉凶。如(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)商声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜;角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)军(jun)心不(bu)(bu)(bu)定,可(ke)能(neng)发(fa)生(sheng)军(jun)变;宫声(sheng)(sheng)士(shi)卒同(tong)(tong)心等等。武(wu)王(wang)伐(fa)纣时也搞了这(zhei)一套,《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),太(tai)史公必有(you)(you)根(gen)据(ju),只是(shi)(shi)(shi)今人已不(bu)(bu)(bu)知根(gen)据(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么了。 <3>十二(er)(er)月(yue)与(yu)(yu)(yu)十二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)应(ying),如(ru)孟春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)月(yue)(正月(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)蔟,仲春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)月(yue)(二(er)(er)月(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夹(jia)钟(zhong),……季(ji)冬之(zhi)月(yue)(十二(er)(er)月(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)吕。本句的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思实际是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)自(zi)太(tai)蔟至(zhi)于(yu)大(da)(da)(da)吕,通推十二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音以(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)军(jun)声(sheng)(sheng),相(xiang)比较。 <4>律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)声(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)含着杀(sha)气。《正义》解释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“人君暴虐(nve)酷急(ji),即常(chang)寒应(ying)。寒生(sheng)北(bei)方(fang),乃杀(sha)气也”。 <5>军(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)(yu)(yu)宫声(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)合(he)。《正义》引《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)书(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夫战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),太(tai)师(shi)吹(chui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),合(he)商则(ze)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜,……宫则(ze)军(jun)和,主(zhu)卒同(tong)(tong)心。”对武(wu)王(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)个好兆(zhao)头。 <6>声(sheng)(sheng)音相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)则(ze)能(neng)互相(xiang)谐(xie)调(diao)。这(zhei)里指(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)确定军(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。 <7>挽救危机局面(mian)。殆,危险。 <8>见(jian)犯(fan)则(ze)校:见(jian)有(you)(you)来犯(fan)者则(ze)与(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)角(jiao)斗(dou)、较量。校,同(tong)(tong)较。 <9>黄帝(di)(di)与(yu)(yu)(yu)蚩尤战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)涿鹿之(zhi)野,杀(sha)蚩尤,诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)始尊黄帝(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)子(zi),取代了神(shen)农氏(shi)。参见(jian)《五(wu)帝(di)(di)本纪》。 <10>神(shen)农氏(shi)号炎帝(di)(di),按(an)五(wu)德终始说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)火德而王(wang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)代神(shen)农氏(shi)有(you)(you)天(tian)下(xia)(xia),称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“定火灾(zai)”。 <11>传(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)氏(shi)曾与(yu)(yu)(yu)共(gong)工氏(shi)争为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di),共(gong)工氏(shi)失(shi)败了。参见(jian)《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·天(tian)文(wen)(wen)训》。陈,同(tong)(tong)阵(zhen)。军(jun)阵(zhen),指(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)争。 <12>《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)略训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“共(gong)工为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水害,故颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)诛之(zhi)”。按(an):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水害”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)水德而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)害天(tian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思,与(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)文(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)农氏(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火灾(zai)义同(tong)(tong)。共(gong)工氏(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水德见(jian)《汉书(shu)·律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)历(li)志下(xia)(xia)》。又《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·原(yuan)道训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)共(gong)工“与(yu)(yu)(yu)高辛争为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)”,高辛即帝(di)(di)喾(ku),是(shi)(shi)(shi)继颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)者。高诱注(zhu)又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“共(gong)工以(yi)(yi)(yi)水行,霸于(yu)伏牺神(shen)农间者”。则(ze)远(yuan)在颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)之(zhi)前(qian)。王(wang)符(fu)《潜夫论》又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)共(gong)工。古代传(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)过于(yu)执着。 <13>按(an)《尚书(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法,汤(tang)伐(fa)桀(jie)(jie),战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)鸣条(tiao)之(zhi)野。桀(jie)(jie)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)败,走保三朡,汤(tang)又伐(fa)三朡,桀(jie)(jie)走南(nan)(nan)巢,汤(tang)收兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)回亳。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)《仲虺之(zhi)诰》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“成汤(tang)放桀(jie)(jie)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)巢”。由此知“成汤(tang)有(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)巢之(zhi)伐(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi),汤(tang)伐(fa)桀(jie)(jie)直到南(nan)(nan)巢才结束战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)。 <14>受(shou)(shou)(shou)命于(yu)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思。指(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)争胜利,得以(yi)(yi)(yi)用事(shi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia),是(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)照天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)旨才这(zhei)么干的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <15>结果做了诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)霸主(zhu)。卒,最终,结果;伯,同(tong)(tong)霸。 <16>虽然不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)三代时受(shou)(shou)(shou)诰誓封为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)那(nei)样(yang)荣耀。诰誓,帝(di)(di)王(wang)封诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)所下(xia)(xia)文(wen)(wen)告、命令。誓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)命令。见(jian)《周礼·典命》。 <17>暗于(yu)大(da)(da)(da)校:大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)胡涂(tu)。对事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方(fang)面(mian)认(ren)识不(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)。校(qiāo,敲),同(tong)(tong)“骹”,器足。引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)本、重要(yao)方(fang)面(mian)。 <18>猥云:唠(lao)唠(lao)叨叨地说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。猥为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)琐屑、絮烦貌;云为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。德化(hua):以(yi)(yi)(yi)德化(hua)人。 <19>遂(sui)执不(bu)(bu)(bu)移(yi):终于(yu)陷(xian)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)挽回、无(wu)法改变的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。遂(sui),达到,或(huo)(huo)(huo)译作于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi);执,守、处于(yu);不(bu)(bu)(bu)移(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)移(yi)。 <20>笞;以(yi)(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)片或(huo)(huo)(huo)荆条(tiao)打人。 <21>偃(yan):停止。
夏桀、殷纣手搏(bo)豺狼,足追四马<1>,勇非(fei)微也(ye);百战克(ke)胜<2>,诸侯慑服,权(quan)非(fei)轻(qing)也(ye)。秦二(er)世宿军无用(yong)之地(di)<3>,连兵(bing)于(yu)边(bian)陲,力非(fei)弱(ruo)也(ye);结(jie)怨(yuan)匈(xiong)奴,絓祸于(yu)越<4>,势非(fei)寡(gua)也(ye)。及其威尽势极,闾巷之人为敌国(guo)。咎生穷武(wu)之不知足,甘(gan)得之心不息也(ye)<5>。
高祖(zu)(zu)有天下(xia),三边外畔<6>;大国之王虽称蕃(fan)辅(fu),臣节未尽。会高祖(zu)(zu)厌苦(ku)军事(shi),亦有萧(xiao)、张之谋(mou),故偃武一(yi)休息,羁縻不备<7>。
历至孝文即(ji)位(wei)(wei),将(jiang)军(jun)陈(chen)武(wu)等议(yi)(yi)曰:“南越(yue)、朝鲜自全(quan)秦(qin)时(shi)内(nei)属(shu)为臣子,后且拥兵阻(zu)阸(e)<8>,选(xuan)蠕观望<9>。高(gao)祖时(shi)天下(xia)新定,人民(min)小(xiao)安,未可(ke)复兴兵。今陛下(xia)仁惠抚百(bai)(bai)姓(xing),恩(en)泽加(jia)海(hai)内(nei),宜及士(shi)兵乐用,征讨(tao)逆(ni)党,以一封(feng)疆。”孝文曰:“朕(zhen)能(neng)任(ren)衣(yi)冠<10>,念(nian)不(bu)(bu)到此。会吕氏之(zhi)乱,功臣宗室(shi)共不(bu)(bu)羞耻,误居正位(wei)(wei),常战(zhan)战(zhan)栗栗,恐事之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)终(zhong)。且兵凶器(qi),虽克所愿(yuan),动(dong)亦秏病(bing)<11>,谓百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)远方何<12>?又先帝知(zhi)劳民(min)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)烦,故不(bu)(bu)以为意(yi)。朕(zhen)岂自谓能(neng)?今匈奴内(nei)侵,军(jun)吏(li)无(wu)(wu)功,边民(min)父(fu)子荷兵日久,朕(zhen)常为动(dong)心伤痛,无(wu)(wu)日忘(wang)之(zhi)。今未能(neng)销距<13>,愿(yuan)且坚边设(she)候<14>,结和(he)通使(shi),休宁(ning)北陲,为功多矣。且无(wu)(wu)议(yi)(yi)军(jun)。”故百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)无(wu)(wu)内(nei)外之(zhi)繇<15>,得(de)息肩于田亩,天下(xia)殷富,粟至十余钱,鸣鸡吠狗,烟火万里,可(ke)谓和(he)乐者乎!
太史公(gong)曰:文帝时,会天下新去汤火<16>,人(ren)民乐业,因其欲然,能不扰(rao)乱,故百姓遂安。自(zi)年(nian)六七(qi)十(shi)翁亦未尝至市井,游(you)敖嬉戏如小(xiao)儿状。孔子(zi)所称有德(de)君子(zi)者(zhe)邪(xie)!
<1>四马(ma):即驷(si)马(ma)。四匹马(ma)拉的(de)(de)(de)车(che)。 <2>克胜:克敌致胜。克,胜敌。 <3>《索隐》解(jie)释说(shuo):“谓常拥兵于郊野之外也。” <4>絓(gua)(gua)(guà,挂)祸:召(zhao)祸、惹祸。絓(gua)(gua),丝结(jie)牵缠(chan)。引(yin)伸(shen)为召(zhao)惹。 <5>甘得之心:以(yi)得为乐之心,引(yin)伸(shen)为贪得之心。甘,乐。见(jian)《玉(yu)篇》。 <6>三边:三方(fang)(fang)(fang)边境。由下文知是指(zhi)(zhi)东方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)朝鲜,北方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)匈奴,南边的(de)(de)(de)于越(yue)。畔:同(tong)叛(pan)。 <7>羁縻:笼(long)络(luo)、稍加约束。 <8>阸(ài爱):同(tong)厄。厄塞(sai),狭隘的(de)(de)(de)通道。 <9>选蠕(ruán,软):《索隐》说(shuo):“谓动(dong)身(shen)欲(yu)有(you)进(jin)取(qu)之状也。”全句是说(shuo)欲(yu)有(you)进(jin)取(qu)而又(you)观望不前,是踌躇(chu)不决,首鼠而狼顾的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。 <10>能任衣冠:指(zhi)(zhi)长大成人以(yi)来。古时(shi)男子二(er)十岁行(xing)加冠礼(li)后(hou),始可任职(zhi)事,居士位(wei)。表示已进(jin)入成年。加冠以(yi)前称为幼学(xue)。 <11>秏病:损耗和创伤病痛。秏,同(tong)耗。 <12>可译为:你说(shuo)百姓执役远方(fang)(fang)(fang)有(you)什么办法可以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)? <13>销距(ju)(ju):销毁御(yu)敌的(de)(de)(de)武器。比喻停止争战。距(ju)(ju):刃(ren)锋、倒(dao)刺。这里泛指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)切武器。 <14>坚边设(she)候(hou)(hou):坚守边境,远设(she)斥候(hou)(hou)。候(hou)(hou),斥候(hou)(hou)。即巡罗、候(hou)(hou)望敌情的(de)(de)(de)兵卒(zu)。 <15>繇:同(tong)徭(yao)。徭(yao)役。 <16>新(xin)去(qu)汤火:刚刚脱离(li)水(shui)深火热的(de)(de)(de)处境。
书曰:“七正”二十八舍(she)<1>、律(lv)历,天(tian)所以通五行八正之(zhi)气(qi)<2>,天(tian)所以成熟万物也。舍(she)者(zhe),日月(yue)所舍(she)。舍(she)者(zhe),舒气(qi)也。
不周(zhou)风居西北<3>,主杀(sha)生。东(dong)壁居不周(zhou)风东(dong)<4>,主辟生气而东(dong)之<5>。至于(yu)营(ying)室。营(ying)室者(zhe),主营(ying)胎阳(yang)气而产之<6>。东(dong)至于(yu)危(wei)。危(wei),垝(gui)也(ye)<7>。言阳(yang)气之(危(wei))垝(gui),故曰危(wei)。十月也(ye)<8>,律中(zhong)应(ying)钟(zhong)。应(ying)钟(zhong)者(zhe),阳(yang)气之应(ying),不用事也(ye)<9>。其于(yu)十二子为亥<10>。亥者(zhe),该(gai)也(ye)<11>。言阳(yang)气藏于(yu)下,故该(gai)也(ye)。
广(guang)莫风(feng)居北(bei)方(fang)。广(guang)莫者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)在(zai)下(xia),阴(yin)莫阳(yang)广(guang)大也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)广(guang)莫。东(dong)(dong)至(zhi)于(yu)虚。虚者(zhe)(zhe),能(neng)实能(neng)虚,言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)冬则宛藏于(yu)虚<12>,日冬至(zhi)则一(yi)阴(yin)下(xia)藏<13>,一(yi)阳(yang)上舒(shu),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)虚。东(dong)(dong)至(zhi)于(yu)须女。言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)变动其(qi)所,阴(yin)阳(yang)气(qi)未相离,尚相(如)胥[如]也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)须女。十(shi)一(yi)月(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)黄钟。黄钟者(zhe)(zhe),阳(yang)气(qi)踵(zhong)黄泉(quan)而出也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<14>。其(qi)于(yu)十(shi)二子(zi)为(wei)子(zi)。子(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),滋也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);滋者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)滋于(yu)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)十(shi)母为(wei)壬癸(gui)(gui)<15>。壬之(zhi)为(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)任(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)任(ren)养万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)于(yu)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。癸(gui)(gui)之(zhi)为(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)揆也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可揆度,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)癸(gui)(gui)。东(dong)(dong)至(zhi)牵牛。牵牛者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)牵引万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)出之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。牛者(zhe)(zhe),冒(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)(yan)地虽冻,能(neng)冒(mao)而生也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。牛者(zhe)(zhe),耕植种万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。东(dong)(dong)至(zhi)于(yu)建(jian)星。建(jian)星者(zhe)(zhe),建(jian)诸生也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。十(shi)二月(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)大吕。大吕者(zhe)(zhe),〔有脱文〕。其(qi)于(yu)十(shi)二子(zi)为(wei)丑。
条(tiao)(tiao)风(feng)居东北,主出万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)。条(tiao)(tiao)之言(yan)(yan)条(tiao)(tiao)治万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)而出之,故曰(yue)条(tiao)(tiao)风(feng)。南(nan)至于(yu)箕(ji)。箕(ji)者,言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)根棋(qi),故曰(yue)箕(ji)。正月也(ye),律中(zhong)泰蔟(cu)(cu)。泰蔟(cu)(cu)者,言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)蔟(cu)(cu)生也(ye),故曰(yue)泰蔟(cu)(cu)。其于(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)寅(yin)。寅(yin)言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)始(shi)生螾然也(ye),故曰(yue)寅(yin)<16>。南(nan)至于(yu)尾,言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)始(shi)生如尾也(ye)。南(nan)至于(yu)心,言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)始(shi)生有华心也(ye)。南(nan)至于(yu)房。房者,言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)门户(hu)也(ye),至于(yu)门则出矣。
明庶风(feng)居(ju)东方。明庶者(zhe),明众物(wu)(wu)(wu)尽出(chu)也(ye)(ye)。二月也(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)夹(jia)钟(zhong)。夹(jia)钟(zhong)者(zhe),言(yan)阴(yin)阳(yang)相夹(jia)厕也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)十二子为(wei)卯。卯之(zhi)为(wei)言(yan)茂(mao)也(ye)(ye),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)茂(mao)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)十母(mu)为(wei)甲乙(yi)。甲者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)剖符甲而(er)出(chu)也(ye)(ye)<17>;乙(yi)者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生轧轧也(ye)(ye)<18>。南至(zhi)于(yu)氐。氐者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)<19>。南至(zhi)于(yu)亢(kang)。亢(kang)者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)亢(kang)见也(ye)(ye)。南至(zhi)于(yu)角。角者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆有枝(zhi)格如角也(ye)(ye)。三月也(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)姑洗。姑洗者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)洗生<20>。其(qi)于(yu)十二子为(wei)辰。辰者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)蜄也(ye)(ye)<21>。
〔注释〕
<1>七正:日、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)。《索隐》以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)“可(ke)正天(tian)(tian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)”;又引孔安国(guo)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)由(you)(you)于它们各(ge)有所(suo)(suo)主(“各(ge)异政”),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七正。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)舍(she),又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)星(xing)(xing)、二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)宿(su)等,是(shi)赤道附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)个恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)座,古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)作测天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)参照物(wu)。星(xing)(xing)名(ming)(见后(hou)所(suo)(suo)附《律星(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)表》)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《天(tian)(tian)官书(shu)(shu)》、《淮南(nan)(nan)子(zi)》等均有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)体系。 <2>五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing):木(mu)、火、土、金(jin)、水。八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)正:四立(li)(li)(li)(立(li)(li)(li)春、立(li)(li)(li)夏(xia)、立(li)(li)(li)秋、立(li)(li)(li)冬)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)至(zhi)(夏(xia)至(zhi)、冬至(zhi))二(er)分(fen)(fen)(春分(fen)(fen)、秋分(fen)(fen))合为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)节(jie)(jie),又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)正,言(yan)其(qi)得四时(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)(si)。其(qi)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi),即(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)个季节(jie)(jie):春、夏(xia)、长夏(xia)、秋、冬。八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi),泛指(zhi)(zhi)每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四节(jie)(jie)气(qi)。 <3>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)(feng):古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)方(fang)风(feng)(feng)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)方(fang)风(feng)(feng)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)星(xing)(xing)、律、辰(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关系见附图(律星(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)表),以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)注(zhu)(zhu)。 <4>东(dong)(dong)壁(bi):二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)舍(she)星(xing)(xing)名(ming),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北方(fang)七宿(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。《天(tian)(tian)官书(shu)(shu)》无(wu)东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)名(ming)。其(qi)位(wei)置(zhi)、与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)、律、辰(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)(dui)应关系见《律星(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)表》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)各(ge)宿(su)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)(feng)东(dong)(dong):指(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)西(xi)北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)(feng)向(xiang)东(dong)(dong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。即(ji)顺天(tian)(tian)球旋(xuan)转(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)视方(fang)向(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)走(zou),附图(律星(xing)(xing)历(li)(li)表)中(zhong)是(shi)最末(mo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)箭(jian)头所(suo)(suo)示方(fang)向(xiang),从(cong)中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu),或东(dong)(dong)、或南(nan)(nan)、或西(xi)、或北,都是(shi)顺天(tian)(tian)球旋(xuan)转(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)走(zou)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)。 <5>辟:开辟、打开通(tong)道。生(sheng)气(qi):生(sheng)长之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi),指(zhi)(zhi)阳气(qi)。天(tian)(tian)气(qi)变化到子(zi)位(wei)时(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)阳生(sheng),东(dong)(dong)壁(bi),营(ying)(ying)室(shi)在(zai)子(zi)位(wei)前而临近子(zi)位(wei),是(shi)未(wei)雨(yu)绸缪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)期,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)打开了(le)生(sheng)气(qi)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道,使向(xiang)东(dong)(dong)行(xing)(xing)(xing),而营(ying)(ying)室(shi)胎(tai)孕(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 <6>营(ying)(ying)胎(tai):营(ying)(ying)造而胎(tai)养之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 <7>垝(guǐ,鬼):土筑矮墙,用(yong)(yong)来(lai)放置(zhi)物(wu)品(pin),又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土坫。这里是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)围墙。 <8>以(yi)(yi)(yi)上危(wei)(wei)、室(shi)、壁(bi)三(san)宿(su)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应。按《淮南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·天(tian)(tian)文(wen)训(xun)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)日在(zai)尾(wei)宿(su),与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)危(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)约90°,黄(huang)昏(hun)时(shi)(shi)(shi)日从(cong)西(xi)方(fang)落下(xia),危(wei)(wei)宿(su)恰在(zai)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)正中(zhong)天(tian)(tian),就是(shi)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“日昏(hun)中(zhong)”。《律书(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)某星(xing)(xing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)某月(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配,是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)该(gai)月(yue)(yue)(yue)昏(hun)时(shi)(shi)(shi)斗柄指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)某星(xing)(xing)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)注(zhu)(zhu)。 <9>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)事:不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)主事。阳气(qi)潜(qian)藏(zang)未(wei)生(sheng),对(dui)(dui)事物(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起主宰作用(yong)(yong)。 <10>十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi):即(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)支,或称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)辰(chen)(chen)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)亥配十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),是(shi)由(you)(you)子(zi)配十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)顺次而得,子(zi)配十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因可(ke)能(neng)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)曾以(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)岁首有关。余不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)。 <11>该(gai):读(du)(du)如(ru)核,义(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)隔(ge)(ge)核之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核。 <12>宛:《正义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)读(du)(du)如(ru)蕴(yun)。宛藏(zang)就是(shi)蕴(yun)藏(zang)。 <13>意思(si)(si)是(shi),到了(le)冬至(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi),阴(yin)(yin)气(qi)有三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)藏(zang)于地下(xia)(即(ji)消失(shi))了(le)。古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)计(ji)数法,阴(yin)(yin)阳各(ge)分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)份,称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)阴(yin)(yin)三(san)阳,中(zhong)医学中(zhong)又各(ge)有专(zhuan)名(ming)(略)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)阴(yin)(yin)指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)份阴(yin)(yin)气(qi)。下(xia)文(wen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)阳义(yi)同(tong)(tong)。 <14>踵黄(huang)泉(quan)(quan)而出(chu):即(ji)自(zi)黄(huang)泉(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)而出(chu)。黄(huang)泉(quan)(quan),指(zhi)(zhi)地下(xia)深处。 <15>十(shi)(shi)(shi)母:自(zi)甲至(zhi)癸(gui)十(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)干。称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“母”是(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)(dui)于十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi)而言(yan)。 <16>以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)段末(mo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错简文(wen),应放在(zai)下(xia)段第(di)二(er)句(ju)“明(ming)众物(wu)尽(jin)出(chu)也”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。理由(you)(you)有二(er),一(yi)(yi)(yi)据以(yi)(yi)(yi)上文(wen)例(li):西(xi)北不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)(feng)占一(yi)(yi)(yi)辰(chen)(chen),接北方(fang)广漠风(feng)(feng),占二(er)辰(chen)(chen),后(hou)面(mian)是(shi)东(dong)(dong)北方(fang)条风(feng)(feng),也应该(gai)只隔(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)辰(chen)(chen)便接东(dong)(dong)方(fang)明(ming)庶风(feng)(feng)。二(er)据《淮南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·天(tian)(tian)文(wen)训(xun)》:“东(dong)(dong)方(fang)曰苍天(tian)(tian),其(qi)星(xing)(xing)房、心、尾(wei);东(dong)(dong)北曰变天(tian)(tian),其(qi)星(xing)(xing)箕、斗、牵(qian)牛。房心尾(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)(dong)方(fang)宿(su),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应置(zhi)于东(dong)(dong)北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)条风(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)。 <17>符(fu)甲:即(ji)莩甲。植(zhi)物(wu)种子(zi)外面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬壳,如(ru)稻壳、谷壳等。破符(fu)甲而出(chu)就是(shi)萌发生(sheng)芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)(si)。 <18>轧(ya)轧(ya):曲折、艰难貌。 <19>至(zhi):抵达。与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氐音(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)谐(xie)。 <20>《正义(yi)》引《白虎通(tong)》说(shuo)(shuo):“洗者,鲜(xian)(xian)也。言(yan)万物(wu)去故就新(xin),莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)鲜(xian)(xian)明(ming)也。” <21>蜄:动。
清明风居东南维<1>,主(zhu)风吹万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)而西(xi)之。〔至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)〕轸(zhen)。轸(zhen)者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)益大而轸(zhen)轸(zhen)然<2>。西(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)翼(yi)。翼(yi)者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆有羽翼(yi)也(ye)。四月(yue)也(ye),律中(zhong)中(zhong)吕(lv)。中(zhong)吕(lv)者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)尽旅而西(xi)行也(ye)。其于(yu)(yu)十二子为巳(si)。巳(si)者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)之已尽也(ye)<3>。西(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)七星。七星者(zhe),阳(yang)数成于(yu)(yu)七<4>,故(gu)曰(yue)七星。西(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)张。张者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆张也(ye)。西(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)注<5>。注者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之始(shi)衰,阳(yang)气(qi)下注,故(gu)曰(yue)注。五月(yue)也(ye),律中(zhong)蕤(rui)宾。蕤(rui)宾者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阴(yin)气(qi)幼少,故(gu)曰(yue)蕤(rui)<6>;痿阳(yang)不用事<7>,故(gu)曰(yue)宾。
景(jing)风居南方。景(jing)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)阳(yang)气道竟<8>,故曰景(jing)风。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二子为午(wu)。午(wu)者(zhe)(zhe),阴阳(yang)交,故曰午(wu)。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)母为丙丁。丙者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)阳(yang)道著明,故曰丙<9>;丁者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)丁壮也,故曰丁。西至于(yu)(yu)弧<10>。弧者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)吴落且就死也<11>。西至于(yu)(yu)狼(lang)<12>。狼(lang)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)度量<13>,断万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu),故曰狼(lang)。
凉风居(ju)西南维,主地。地者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),沈夺万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)气(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<14>。六月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)林钟。林钟者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)就死,气(qi)(qi)林林然<15>。其(qi)于十二子为(wei)未。未者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆成,有(you)滋(zi)味也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于罚(fa)。罚(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)气(qi)(qi)夺可(ke)伐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于参<16>。参言(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)参也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<17>,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)参。七月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)夷则。夷则,言(yan)(yan)阴气(qi)(qi)之(zhi)贼万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<18>。其(qi)于十二子为(wei)申(shen)。申(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阴用(yong)事,申(shen)贼万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)<19>,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)申(shen)<20>。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于浊<21>。浊者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),触也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆触死也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)浊。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于留<22>。留者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阳气(qi)(qi)之(zhi)稽(ji)留也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)留。八月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),律中(zhong)南吕(lv)。南吕(lv)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阳气(qi)(qi)之(zhi)旅入藏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于十二子为(wei)酉。酉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)老也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<23>,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)酉。
阊(chang)阖风居西方。阊(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),倡也(ye)(ye);阖者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),藏(zang)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)道万物(wu)<24>,阖黄泉也(ye)(ye)。其于十母为庚辛(xin)。庚者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)阴气(qi)庚万物(wu),故(gu)曰庚;辛(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)万物(wu)之辛(xin)生,故(gu)曰辛(xin)。北至(zhi)于胃。胃者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)阳(yang)气(qi)就藏(zang),皆胃胃也(ye)(ye)<25>。北至(zhi)于娄(lou)。娄(lou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)<26>,呼万物(wu)且内(nei)之也(ye)(ye)。北至(zhi)于奎。奎者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),主毒(du)螫杀万物(wu)也(ye)(ye),奎而藏(zang)之<27>。九(jiu)月也(ye)(ye),律中无(wu)(wu)射。无(wu)(wu)射者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),阴气(qi)盛用(yong)事,阳(yang)气(qi)无(wu)(wu)余(yu)也(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰无(wu)(wu)射<28>。其于十二子为戌。戌者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)万物(wu)尽灭<29>,故(gu)曰戌。
〔注释〕
<1>东南(nan)(nan)(nan)维(wei):东方(fang)(fang)与南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)相连接处,即(ji)东南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)。维(wei),维(wei)系;连接。 <2>轸轸然(ran)(ran):众盛貌。 <3>古(gu)巳、已(yi)(yi)二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)通读(du)(du)(du),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)“巳”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“已(yi)(yi)”尽。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)所(suo)(suo)述(shu)注、七(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)、张三宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su);又按行(xing)文顺序,应(ying)该(gai)先述(shu)张,次(ci)及七(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing),知为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错简(jian)。应(ying)把下(xia)段“景风居南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)”至(zhi)“故曰景风”移(yi)到(dao)此句“尽也(ye)(ye)”之后。而(er)把下(xia)句“西(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)七(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)”至(zhi)“故曰七(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)”间的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)移(yi)到(dao)更下(xia)句“万物(wu)(wu)皆张也(ye)(ye)”之后(参(can)(can)见(jian)前附《律(lv)星(xing)(xing)历表》)。 <4>阳(yang)数有(you)(you)五个(1、3、5、7、9),始于(yu)(yu)(yu)1,成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)7,终于(yu)(yu)(yu)9。 <5>注:即(ji)柳宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。按《天官书》的(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)法,南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朱雀,其(qi)中(zhong)柳宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鸟喙,又称(cheng)鸟咮,咮音(yin)转成(cheng)了(le)“注”字(zi)(zi)(zi)。 <6>蕤(ruí锐,阳(yang)平):有(you)(you)柔弱(ruo)意,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“幼少”。 <7>痿(wei)阳(yang):阳(yang)盛已(yi)(yi)极,极则衰,因(yin)称(cheng)痿(wei)阳(yang)。 <8>竟(jing):终、穷、结束。 <9>“丙”释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)著明,见(jian)《说(shuo)(shuo)文》。 <10>弧:在赤道(dao)经(jing)度(du)7-8时,南(nan)(nan)(nan)纬25°-40°之间。汉(han)代(dai)已(yi)(yi)不在二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)之内,《天官书》附于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)参(can)(can)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)之下(xia)。 <11>吴落(luo)(luo):《集(ji)解(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo):“吴,一(yi)作柔。”柔落(luo)(luo)亦不可(ke)解(jie)。按:吴当是(shi)(shi)鹜的(de)(de)(de)(de)同音(yin)假借字(zi)(zi)(zi),叶(ye)落(luo)(luo)如鹜,渐近枯死(si)了(le)。 <12>狼(lang)(lang):即(ji)天狼(lang)(lang)星(xing)(xing),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弧矢座α星(xing)(xing),汉(han)代(dai)也(ye)(ye)不在二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)之内。 <13>古(gu)代(dai)传说(shuo)(shuo):“狼(lang)(lang)善(shan)卜(bu),将远出(chu)扑食,先倒立以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卜(bu)所(suo)(suo)向,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猎人遇狼(lang)(lang)则喜,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)狼(lang)(lang)之所(suo)(suo)向,必有(you)(you)禽兽。这里由狼(lang)(lang)善(shan)断(duan),引伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)度(du)量。 <14>这一(yi)段自(zi)开头“凉风”至(zhi)此处,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错简(jian),应(ying)移(yi)到(dao)后面“有(you)(you)滋味(wei)也(ye)(ye)”之后。 <15>林林然(ran)(ran):犹懔懔然(ran)(ran),有(you)(you)畏(wei)惧意。 <16>参(can)(can):读(du)(du)(du)shēn申(shen)。 <17>前一(yi)个“参(can)(can)”读(du)(du)(du)“申(shen)”,指(zhi)参(can)(can)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su);第(di)二(er)个读(du)(du)(du)cān,餐。义(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弹劾、抨击。是(shi)(shi)借同字(zi)(zi)(zi)异音(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)立解(jie)。 <18>夷为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斩杀,则是(shi)(shi)贼的(de)(de)(de)(de)假借字(zi)(zi)(zi),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上解(jie)释(shi)。 <19>申(shen)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong),重(zhong)贼万物(wu)(wu),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(读(du)(du)(du)zhòng种)重(zhong)地(di),或(huo)狠狠地(di)贼害万物(wu)(wu)。 <20>以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)、留为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知有(you)(you)错简(jian),应(ying)把下(xia)一(yi)段自(zi)开始“阊阖”二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)至(zhi)“阖黄(huang)泉也(ye)(ye)”移(yi)到(dao)此句之后。 <21>浊(zhuo)(zhuo):毕宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。见(jian)《尔雅·释(shi)天》。 <22>留:昴(mao)(mao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。昴(mao)(mao)古(gu)文为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),俗误为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)留,因(yin)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)留。 <23>《说(shuo)(shuo)文》释(shi)酉(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)就(jiu),徐铉解(jie)释(shi)就(jiu)意思是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟。物(wu)(wu)成(cheng)熟就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)老(lao)了(le)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此处释(shi)酉(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)。 <24>道(dao):同导。引导。 <25>胃胃:缩聚之貌。 <26>娄(lou)是(shi)(shi)系牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)绳(sheng)(见(jian)《公羊传·昭(zhao)25》“牛(niu)马(ma)维(wei)娄(lou)”注),引伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)牵引、招呼(hu)。 <27>这一(yi)句中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“奎”,读(du)(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)kǔi,亏(kui)。同跬(kui),义(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)举足(zu)、开步,即(ji)行(xing)动起(qi)来(lai)。 <28>律(lv)名无射(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“射(she)(she)(she)”,读(du)(du)(du)yè,夜。此句中(zhong)读(du)(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)shè,射(she)(she)(she)取(qu)之射(she)(she)(she),取(qu)而(er)得之称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)射(she)(she)(she)。无所(suo)(suo)余,则无可(ke)射(she)(she)(she)取(qu),因(yin)称(cheng)无射(she)(she)(she)。 <29>《说(shuo)(shuo)文》释(shi)戌为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灭,与此句同义(yi)。
律数<1>:
九九八(ba)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)为宫<2>。三分(fen)去一(yi)(yi)<3>,五十(shi)四以为徵<4>。三分(fen)益一(yi)(yi)<5>,七(qi)十(shi)二以为商。三分(fen)去一(yi)(yi),四十(shi)八(ba)以为羽。三分(fen)益一(yi)(yi),六十(shi)四以为角。
黄(huang)钟长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)八寸七(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)<6>,宫<7>。大吕长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)七(qi)(qi)寸五分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(一(yi)(yi))[二(er)(er)]<8>。太蔟(cu)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)七(qi)(qi)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十(shi)(shi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er),角<9>。夹钟长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)六(liu)寸(一(yi)(yi))[七(qi)(qi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)。姑洗长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)六(liu)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十(shi)(shi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si),羽。仲吕长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)五寸九分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er),徵。蕤宾长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)五寸六(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(一(yi)(yi))[二(er)(er)]。林钟长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)五寸(七(qi)(qi))[十(shi)(shi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si),角。夷(yi)则长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)五寸(四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen))三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er),商(shang)。南吕长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四(si)(si)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十(shi)(shi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)八,徵。无(wu)射长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四(si)(si)寸四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)。应(ying)钟长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四(si)(si)寸二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er),羽。
生钟分<10>:
子一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)<11>。丑(chou)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)<12>。寅九分(fen)(fen)(fen)八(ba)<13>。卯(mao)二(er)(er)十(shi)七分(fen)(fen)(fen)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。辰八(ba)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)四(si)。巳二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)。午七百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)九分(fen)(fen)(fen)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)十(shi)二(er)(er)。未(wei)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七分(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)。申六(liu)(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)千(qian)(qian)(qian)九十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。酉(you)一(yi)(yi)万(wan)(wan)九千(qian)(qian)(qian)六(liu)(liu)(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)八(ba)千(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九十(shi)二(er)(er)。戌五(wu)万(wan)(wan)九千(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)十(shi)九分(fen)(fen)(fen)三万(wan)(wan)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)七百(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)八(ba)。亥十(shi)七万(wan)(wan)七千(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)七分(fen)(fen)(fen)六(liu)(liu)(liu)万(wan)(wan)五(wu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。
生黄(huang)钟术曰<14>:以(yi)(yi)下生者(zhe)倍其实<15>,三(san)其法<16>。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)生者(zhe)<17>,四其实,三(san)其法。上(shang)(shang)九<18>,商八<19>,羽七,角(jiao)六,宫五(wu),徵(zhi)九。置(zhi)一(yi)而(er)九三(san)之以(yi)(yi)为法<20>。实如法<21>,得长一(yi)寸<22>。凡得九寸<23>,命曰“黄(huang)钟之宫”。故(gu)曰音始于(yu)(yu)宫<24>,穷于(yu)(yu)角(jiao)<25>;数始于(yu)(yu)一(yi),终于(yu)(yu)十<26>,成于(yu)(yu)三(san)<27>;气始于(yu)(yu)冬(dong)至(zhi)<28>,周(zhou)而(er)复生。
〔注释〕
<1>就是(shi)五(wu)音(yin)以(yi)及十二(er)(er)律(lv)管长度的比(bi)率(lv)数(shu)。 <2>设(she)定宫声为(wei)81,作(zuo)为(wei)比(bi)率(lv)的基数(shu)。 <3>三(san)(san)分(fen)除去(qu)(qu)一(yi)分(fen),就是(shi)去(qu)(qu)掉三(san)(san)分(fen)之一(yi),留三(san)(san)分(fen)之二(er)(er)。 <4>留下(xia)(xia)的三(san)(san)分(fen)之二(er)(er)是(shi)54,以(yi)此(ci)作(zuo)为(wei)徵声。 <5>三(san)(san)分(fen)加(jia)一(yi)分(fen)就是(shi)4/3。以(yi)下(xia)(xia)同此(ci),不另注。五(wu)音(yin)比(bi)率(lv)的计算式如下(xia)(xia):
宫:81;
徵:宫×2/3=81×2/3=54;
商:徵×4/3=54×4/3=72;
羽:商×2/3=72×2/3=48;
角:羽(yu)×4/3=48×4/3=64。
<6>宫数81,黄钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫,其长8寸1分(fen),用古代分(fen)数的(de)(de)表(biao)示法就是八寸十(shi)分(fen)一(yi),翻(fan)译时把(ba)最靠近(jin)分(fen)数(“十(shi)分(fen)一(yi)”)的(de)(de)量词(ci)(“寸”)移到分(fen)数之后(hou),而在量词(ci)原来的(de)(de)位置上加一(yi)个“又”字(zi),即(ji)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)“八又十(shi)分(fen)之一(yi)寸”。后(hou)仿此,不(bu)另(ling)(ling)注(zhu)。此句中原文分(fen)数为(wei)(wei)(wei)“七(qi)分(fen)一(yi)”,误,“七(qi)”改为(wei)(wei)(wei)“十(shi)”。 <7>表(biao)示以(yi)上述长度(du)的(de)(de)黄钟(zhong)管(guan)发出的(de)(de)声音作为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫声。这完全是一(yi)种假(jia)定,因为(wei)(wei)(wei)古代有“旋相为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫”的(de)(de)理(li)论,十(shi)二(er)律中任(ren)何一(yi)律都可(ke)当作宫声,同(tong)时又认为(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)长度(du)八寸一(yi)分(fen)的(de)(de)黄钟(zhong)管(guan)作为(wei)(wei)(wei)宫声,最得五(wu)声之正,即(ji)高低最合适(shi)。 <8>用注(zhu) <6>所说(shuo)的(de)(de)翻(fan)译法可(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei):大(da)吕(lv)长为(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)寸五(wu)又三分(fen)之二(er)分(fen),此处分(fen)数部分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)近(jin)似值。古人习惯于把(ba)数的(de)(de)奇零部分(fen)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三分(fen),接近(jin)1/3便说(shuo)是1/3;接近(jin)2/3便说(shuo)是2/3;有的(de)(de)还要加上强、弱二(er)字(zi)。大(da)吕(lv)的(de)(de)实(shi)际长度(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)。以(yi)下(xia)同(tong),不(bu)另(ling)(ling)注(zhu)。各(ge)律管(guan)长度(du)的(de)(de)计算法如(ru)下(xia):
黄钟:81分(fen)(即(ji)八寸一分(fen),以下不注(zhu))
林钟:81分×2/3=54分;
太蔟:54分×4/3=72分;
南(nan)吕:72分×2/3=48分;
姑洗:48分(fen)×4/3=64分(fen);
又《索隐》说:“谓十一月以(yi)黄钟(zhong)为宫,五行相次,土(tu)生金,故以(yi)大吕为商(shang)者”。可知小司(si)马(ma)所见本此(ci)句后(hou)尚(shang)有“商(shang)”字,今本脱(tuo)。有“商(shang)”字是(shi)。 <9>以(yi)太蔟为角,与《淮(huai)南子(zi)·天文(wen)训》不同。兹将《淮(huai)南子(zi)》与《律书》中(zhong)五音列(lie)表如下,以(yi)比(bi)较(jiao)其优(you)劣:
古时(shi)采用的是七音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阶(jie),除(chu)表中(zhong)(zhong)五音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)外,还有变(bian)徵、变(bian)宫,《淮南(nan)子》称为(wei)(wei)(wei)谬(miu)(miu)、和(he)(he)(he),并以应钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he),管长(zhang)分;以蕤宾为(wei)(wei)(wei)谬(miu)(miu),管长(zhang)分。将这两(liang)律(lv)插(cha)入(ru)上表,谬(miu)(miu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)徵,在林钟之(zhi)上,和(he)(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)宫,在南(nan)吕之(zhi)下(xia)。这样《天文(wen)训》与(yu)《律(lv)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)最高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)与(yu)最低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)间的管长(zhang)差相同,说明音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域宽相同。而《天文(wen)训》各音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)间的长(zhang)度差(音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程(cheng)差)的变(bian)化比较均匀(yun)。《律(lv)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)还有四种律(lv)管指明了(le)五音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)名称,将其中(zhong)(zhong)任意二个(ge)插(cha)入(ru)上表中(zhong)(zhong),使成七音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阶(jie),音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程(cheng)的变(bian)化仍不够(gou)均匀(yun)。这说明《律(lv)书(shu)》时(shi)代必早于《淮南(nan)子》,或者文(wen)字(zi)有误,已难(nan)以确考了(le)。
<10>产生钟律(lv)积实的(de)方法。积实就(jiu)是分(fen)子。 <11>十二(er)律(lv)与十二(er)辰(chen)(chen)对应,所(suo)以(yi)以(yi)十二(er)辰(chen)(chen)表示,首(shou)先假(jia)定子为一分(fen),再推算其余各辰(chen)(chen)。 <12>子三分(fen)去一得丑(chou),所(suo)以(yi)丑(chou)为三分(fen)之二(er),古时说是“三分(fen)二(er)”。 <13>丑(chou)三分(fen)益一,即丑(chou)的(de)4/3倍是寅,得九分(fen)之八,古人说是“九分(fen)八”。其余各辰(chen)(chen)同,总列如下:〔略(lve)〕
<14>产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)计(ji)算(suan)钟(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。然而(er)不(bu)(bu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)术(shu)”说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)音律(lv)循环相生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),自(zi)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)81分(fen)(fen)开始,经过变化产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)各(ge)律(lv),最(zui)后(hou)应该能重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)回复(fu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)81分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)长(zhang)度,如同现在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八(ba)度音,自(zi)1(读dōu)经2(ruái)、3(mī)……等重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)高八(ba)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1(dōu)。古(gu)人(ren)用(yong)三分(fen)(fen)损(sun)益法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)达到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)这(zhei)个目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),由(you)(you)注(zhu) <8>若将(jiang)仲吕(lv)(lv)长(zhang)分(fen)(fen)乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)4/3,约等于(yu)(yu)(yu)80分(fen)(fen),可知(zhi)只能近似(si)恢复(fu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)度。汉代京房(fang)用(yong)三分(fen)(fen)损(sun)益法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)从(cong)仲吕(lv)(lv)继(ji)续做(zuo)下(xia)(xia)去得(de)(de)(de)(de)60律(lv),宋元嘉(jia)中(zhong)(zhong),太史(shi)钱乐之(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)360律(lv),始终不(bu)(bu)能恢复(fu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)度。称为(wei)(wei)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)”就(jiu)反映了(le)(le)古(gu)人(ren)这(zhei)种目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性。 <15>下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng):由(you)(you)长(zhang)律(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)短(duan)律(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)为(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。《索隐》引蔡邕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“阳生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阴为(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”误。如蕤宾为(wei)(wei)阳,大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)为(wei)(wei)阴,由(you)(you)蕤宾生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)(阳生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阴)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“四其(qi)(qi)实,三其(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”,为(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。实:被除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、乘(cheng)积或(huo)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)都(dou)称为(wei)(wei)实,这(zhei)里指分(fen)(fen)子(zi)。 <16>将(jiang)分(fen)(fen)母(mu)乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)3。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),指除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)或(huo)分(fen)(fen)母(mu)。 <17>由(you)(you)短(duan)律(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)律(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)为(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。《索隐》谓“阴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阳为(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”,误。由(you)(you)注(zhu) <8>可见,大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)阴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阳皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 <18>数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)起于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi),终于(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),因称“上(shang)(shang)九(jiu)(jiu)”。郭嵩(song)焘以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)“所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)”,亦可。 <19>五音中(zhong)(zhong)宫是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),与五行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)相应,土(tu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)五,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)宫也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五;宫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徵(zhi)(参(can)见“律(lv)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”),五行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)除(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)宫声(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)外,徵(zhi)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)得(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)早,其(qi)(qi)余(yu)三声(sheng)(sheng)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)徵(zhi)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)徵(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)9,成(cheng)了(le)(le)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);徵(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang),商(shang)自(zi)应是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8;同样,商(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu),羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)7;羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角,角为(wei)(wei)6。梁玉绳以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“旋(xuan)相为(wei)(wei)宫”法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),颇(po)繁复(fu),不(bu)(bu)取(qu)。 <20>置(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi):古(gu)人(ren)做(zuo)乘(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)骤,先(xian)将(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)算(suan)筹放置(zhi)在(zai)算(suan)盘上(shang)(shang),称置(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。九(jiu)(jiu)三之(zhi):依次(ci)(ci)(ci)用(yong)三的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倍数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)相乘(cheng),乘(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)3,再乘(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)9,一(yi)(yi)(yi)直乘(cheng)下(xia)(xia)去称为(wei)(wei)“九(jiu)(jiu)三之(zhi)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa):用(yong)乘(cheng)得(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。 <21>实除(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。实,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)”中(zhong)(zhong)所得(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)实十(shi)七(qi)万七(qi)千一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)四十(shi)七(qi)。 <22>得(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个长(zhang)度为(wei)(wei)寸(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)算(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)术(shu)语(yu),并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)实如法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),所得(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)。 <23>“凡(fan)得(de)(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)(jiu)寸(cun)(cun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)许(xu)多次(ci)(ci)(ci),直到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)得(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)九(jiu)(jiu)寸(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)至(zhi)。由(you)(you)前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)”法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)可知(zhi),将(jiang)子(zi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)“九(jiu)(jiu)三”之(zhi),直乘(cheng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)第(di)十(shi)次(ci)(ci)(ci),得(de)(de)(de)(de)酉数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)万九(jiu)(jiu)千六(liu)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)三,以(yi)(yi)(yi)此数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)除(chu)(chu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)实数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)才(cai)能得(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)九(jiu)(jiu)寸(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。24)由(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)宫,用(yong)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)依次(ci)(ci)(ci)得(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)其(qi)(qi)余(yu)各(ge)律(lv),黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)宫声(sheng)(sheng),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“音始于(yu)(yu)(yu)宫”。 <25>由(you)(you)“律(lv)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”部分(fen)(fen)可知(zhi)宫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徵(zhi),徵(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang),商(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu),羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角。五音中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)后(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“穷(qiong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)角”。 <26>1至(zhi)10为(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)国数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)个基本数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),变化而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)其(qi)(qi)余(yu)各(ge)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起于(yu)(yu)(yu)1,终于(yu)(yu)(yu)10。 <27>数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)基本数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)3完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),反映古(gu)人(ren)对(dui)3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)率重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认识(shi)。《淮南子(zi)·天文训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“一(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二、二生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)三、三生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)万物。”万物都(dou)由(you)(you)3生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)三”。 <28>气:节气。冬(dong)至(zhi)为(wei)(wei)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月中(zhong)(zhong)气,阳气从(cong)冬(dong)至(zhi)开始产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),由(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)灭,再到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)复(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)岁(sui)毕。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)节气由(you)(you)冬(dong)至(zhi)始。
神(shen)(shen)生于(yu)无(wu)<1>,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)于(yu)有(you)<2>,形(xing)(xing)(xing)然(ran)后数<3>,形(xing)(xing)(xing)而成(cheng)声<4>,故曰(yue)神(shen)(shen)使气(qi)<5>,气(qi)就(jiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)<6>。形(xing)(xing)(xing)理如类(lei)(lei)有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)类(lei)(lei)<7>。或未(wei)形(xing)(xing)(xing)而未(wei)类(lei)(lei)<8>,或同形(xing)(xing)(xing)而同类(lei)(lei)<9>,类(lei)(lei)而可(ke)(ke)(ke)班<10>,类(lei)(lei)而可(ke)(ke)(ke)识(shi)<11>。圣(sheng)人知(zhi)天地识(shi)之(zhi)别,故从有(you)以(yi)至未(wei)有(you)<12>,以(yi)得细(xi)若(ruo)气(qi),微若(ruo)声。然(ran)圣(sheng)人因神(shen)(shen)而存(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)<13>,虽妙必效情(qing)<14>,核其(qi)(qi)华<15>,道者(zhe)(zhe)明(ming)矣<16>。非有(you)圣(sheng)心以(yi)乘聪(cong)明(ming)<17>,孰(shu)能存(cun)(cun)(cun)天地之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)而成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)情(qing)哉<18>?神(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe),物受(shou)之(zhi)而不能知(zhi)(及)其(qi)(qi)去来,故圣(sheng)人畏而欲(yu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)。唯欲(yu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi),神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)亦存(cun)(cun)(cun)其(qi)(qi)欲(yu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)<19>,故莫贵焉<20>。
〔注释〕
<1>神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen):精(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)、本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)、规(gui)律(lv)、原理等一(yi)切(qie)内涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,都称为(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),古人概(gai)括为(wei)“道”、“理”。生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)无:先天产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),强调精(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)独立性(xing)(xing),认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)它可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)依(yi)附(fu)于(yu)(yu)质(zhi)(zhi)而(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。 <2>形(xing)(xing):形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you):是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)看得见(jian)、摸得着的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)(有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <3>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后才(cai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)数(shu)量。即认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)数(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)从(cong)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)(wu))中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抽象出来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <4>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后才(cai)能(neng)生(sheng)成(cheng)声音。 <5>神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)使(shi)气(qi):神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)使(shi)用、运用、操纵气(qi)。这(zhei)(zhei)里气(qi)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)声和形(xing)(xing)赖以(yi)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)。认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)气(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)质(zhi)(zhi),这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古代哲学思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)华之一(yi)。 <6>气(qi)或质(zhi)(zhi)依(yi)附(fu)于(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing),或者说(shuo)以(yi)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式而(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。 <7>形(xing)(xing)理:形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之理,或说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征、事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei):大都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)(fen)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)之处。前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)”作(zuo)大抵、大都解(jie)释;后一(yi)个“类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)”解(jie)释为(wei)分(fen)(fen)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)词(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动词(ci)(ci)化。 <8>神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)依(yi)附(fu)于(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),即没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化,就(jiu)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)别(bie)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)。 <9>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)附(fu)于(yu)(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),处于(yu)(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)别(bie)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。这(zhei)(zhei)两句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)(神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen))所(suo)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区分(fen)(fen),没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性(xing)(xing)质(zhi)(zhi),自然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)也(ye)(ye)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性(xing)(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong),性(xing)(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong),类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)也(ye)(ye)自相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。 <10>班(ban):清(qing)·方苞释为(wei)别(bie),说(shuo)“类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)班(ban)者,制器而(er)可(ke)别(bie)其度(du)也(ye)(ye)”(见(jian)方苞《望溪先生(sheng)文集》卷二《诂(gu)律(lv)书一(yi)则》)。误。班(ban)同(tong)(tong)“颁”。颁发,公(gong)诸于(yu)(yu)世(shi),普及推广等。全句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征,就(jiu)成(cheng)了具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可(ke)资区别(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,因(yin)而(er)可(ke)以(yi)按(an)特征表(biao)示出来(lai),班(ban)之于(yu)(yu)众,而(er)不(bu)(bu)与(yu)他物(wu)(wu)相(xiang)混(hun)(hun)。 <11>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)则可(ke)以(yi)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)别(bie)。 <12>本(ben)句(ju)述圣(sheng)人识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)别(bie)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。即从(cong)形(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),从(cong)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)推断没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”。 <13>是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)个方面。虽然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”)再(zai)到神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),但具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”)却是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)过对(dui)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)圣(sheng)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。即只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)特征和“神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”,事(shi)物(wu)(wu)才(cai)能(neng)被(bei)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 <14>神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)理虽然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)微(wei)妙,仍然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)在(zai)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)现它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)性(xing)(xing)。这(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)到无、由(you)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)到抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根据。郭嵩焘将“情(qing)(qing)”字点入下句(ju),亦通(tong)。 <15>审核、研究事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(华)叶。 <16>道:即神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。 <17>乘:驾驭、应用、因(yin)。 <18>存(cun)(cun)天地之神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen):认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天地万物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)。使(shi)它不(bu)(bu)因(yin)被(bei)混(hun)(hun)淆于(yu)(yu)他物(wu)(wu)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)被(bei)漏失,因(yin)称为(wei)“存(cun)(cun)”。成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)之情(qing)(qing):应用于(yu)(yu)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),使(shi)之以(yi)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)性(xing)(xing)表(biao)现出来(lai)。成(cheng),成(cheng)就(jiu),作(zuo)为(wei)。这(zhei)(zhei)还是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si),能(neng)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)与(yu)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)连系,仿佛是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)现出来(lai)了。 <19>欲(yu)存(cun)(cun)之者:指(zhi)圣(sheng)人。全句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo),谁(shei)希望认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi),本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)把他“圣(sheng)人”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)子保留下来(lai),使(shi)不(bu)(bu)致(zhi)名(ming)不(bu)(bu)符实。这(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)。 <20>所(suo)以(yi),莫此为(wei)贵也(ye)(ye),即再(zai)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)比(bi)这(zhei)(zhei)更重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了。指(zhi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。
太(tai)史公曰:(故)[在]旋玑玉(yu)衡以齐七政<1>,即天(tian)地、二(er)十八宿、十母、十二(er)子(zi)、钟律(lv)调自上古(gu)<2>,建律(lv)运(yun)历造日(ri)度<3>,可据而度也(ye)<4>。合符节(jie)<5>,通(tong)道德<6>,即从斯之(zhi)谓也(ye)<7>。
〔注释〕
<1>旋玑玉衡:浑(hun)(hun)仪(yi)。为测天仪(yi)器。有异说,略(lve)。七(qi)政:日(ri)(ri)、月(yue)、五星(xing)。也有异说,略(lve)。全(quan)句(ju)是说,以(yi)(yi)浑(hun)(hun)仪(yi)观测天体(ti),使日(ri)(ri)、月(yue)、五星(xing)运(yun)行谐(xie)调(diao)(整齐),即(ji)不(bu)致有与天象不(bu)合(he)(不(bu)谐(xie)调(diao))的(de)(de)(de)错误(wu)判断。 <2>以(yi)(yi)上诸元的(de)(de)(de)相互关系(xi),自上古以(yi)(yi)来不(bu)断加以(yi)(yi)调(diao)整。中华书局标点本《史记》“二十(shi)八宿”与“上古”后为句(ju)号,其余为逗号。均(jun)改。 <3>建立起相互之间的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)率,以(yi)(yi)运(yun)算历(li)法,构(gou)造(zao)起日(ri)(ri)星(xing)度(du)(du)数来。 <4>可(ke)根据这些(指(zhi)上句(ju)中的(de)(de)(de)律、历(li)、日(ri)(ri)度(du)(du))对日(ri)(ri)月(yue)运(yun)行加以(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)量了。 <5>使符与节相合(he)。符,指(zhi)物候(hou)。即(ji)万物随时(shi)令(ling)不(bu)同表现出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同状貌;节,节气。 <6>使各自的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)相构(gou)通(tong)。道(dao)德(de)(de),指(zhi)规律、品(pin)性。 <7>就是指(zhi)此而言。斯,比(bi),这。这里是指(zhi)“齐七(qi)政”或“建律、运(yun)历(li).造(zao)日(ri)(ri)度(du)(du)”以(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)日(ri)(ri)月(yue)之行等事。
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