志第四十 兵
古之有天下国家者,其兴亡治乱,未始不以德,而自战国、秦、汉以来,鲜不以兵。夫兵岂非重事哉!然其因时制变,以苟利趋便,至于无所不为,而考其法制,虽可用于一时,而不足施于后世者多矣,惟唐立府兵之制,颇有足称焉。
盖古(gu)者(zhe)兵法起于(yu)井田,自(zi)周衰,王制坏而(er)不(bu)(bu)复;至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)府兵,始一寓之于(yu)农,其(qi)(qi)居(ju)处(chu)、教(jiao)养、畜材、待事、动作、休(xiu)息,皆(jie)有(you)节(jie)目,虽不(bu)(bu)能尽(jin)合古(gu)法,盖得其(qi)(qi)大意(yi)焉(yan),此(ci)高祖、太宗(zong)之所(suo)以盛也。至(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)后世,子孙(sun)骄弱,不(bu)(bu)能谨(jin)守,屡变其(qi)(qi)制。夫置兵所(suo)以止乱(luan)(luan),及其(qi)(qi)弊也,适足为(wei)乱(luan)(luan);又其(qi)(qi)甚也,至(zhi)(zhi)困天下以养乱(luan)(luan),而(er)遂(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)亡焉(yan)。
盖唐有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)二百(bai)余年,而(er)兵(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)大势三(san)变:其始盛(sheng)时有(you)府兵(bing),府兵(bing)后(hou)(hou)废而(er)为广骑(qi),彍骑(qi)又废,而(er)方镇(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)盛(sheng)矣。及其末也,强(qiang)臣悍将兵(bing)布天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),而(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)亦自置(zhi)兵(bing)于京师,曰(yue)禁(jin)军。其后(hou)(hou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)弱(ruo),方镇(zhen)强(qiang),而(er)唐遂以(yi)亡灭(mie)者,措(cuo)置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)势使然也。若乃将卒、营(ying)阵、车旗、器械(xie)、征防、守卫,凡兵(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)事不可以(yi)悉记(ji),记(ji)其废置(zhi)、得失、终始、治乱、兴(xing)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)迹,以(yi)为后(hou)(hou)世(shi)戒云。
府(fu)(fu)兵之(zhi)制(zhi),起自西魏(wei)、后周,而(er)备于隋,唐兴因之(zhi)。隋制(zhi)十二卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)翊卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)骁骑(qi)卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)武卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)屯卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)御卫(wei)(wei),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)候卫(wei)(wei),为左右,皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)将军以分统诸府(fu)(fu)之(zhi)兵。府(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)(you)郎将、副(fu)郎将、坊(fang)主、团主,以相统治。又(you)有(you)(you)(you)骠骑(qi)、车骑(qi)二府(fu)(fu),皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)将军。后更(geng)骠骑(qi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)鹰(ying)扬郎将,车骑(qi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)副(fu)郎将。别置(zhi)折冲、果毅。
自高祖初起,开大(da)将军(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu),以(yi)建成为(wei)(wei)(wei)左领(ling)大(da)都督,领(ling)左三军(jun)(jun)(jun),敦(dun)煌(huang)公为(wei)(wei)(wei)右领(ling)大(da)都督,领(ling)右三军(jun)(jun)(jun),元吉(ji)统中军(jun)(jun)(jun)。发自太原,有兵三万人。及诸起义以(yi)相属与降群盗(dao),得兵二十(shi)万。武德初,始置(zhi)军(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu),以(yi)骠(piao)骑(qi)、车(che)骑(qi)两将军(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)领(ling)之。析关中为(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)二道(dao)(dao)(dao),曰万年(nian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、长安道(dao)(dao)(dao)、富(fu)平道(dao)(dao)(dao)、醴(li)(li)泉(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、同州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、华州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、宁州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、岐(qi)州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、豳州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、西(xi)麟州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、泾州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、宜(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao),皆(jie)置(zhi)府(fu)。三年(nian),更(geng)以(yi)万年(nian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)参旗(qi)军(jun)(jun)(jun),长安道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)鼓旗(qi)军(jun)(jun)(jun),富(fu)平道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)玄戈军(jun)(jun)(jun),醴(li)(li)泉(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)井钺军(jun)(jun)(jun),同州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)羽林军(jun)(jun)(jun),华州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)骑(qi)官(guan)军(jun)(jun)(jun),宁州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)折威军(jun)(jun)(jun),岐(qi)州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)平道(dao)(dao)(dao)军(jun)(jun)(jun),豳州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)招摇(yao)军(jun)(jun)(jun),西(xi)麟州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)苑(yuan)游军(jun)(jun)(jun),泾州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)天纪军(jun)(jun)(jun),宜(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)天节军(jun)(jun)(jun);军(jun)(jun)(jun)置(zhi)将、副各(ge)一(yi)人,以(yi)督耕战,以(yi)车(che)骑(qi)府(fu)统之。六年(nian),以(yi)天下既定,遂废十(shi)二军(jun)(jun)(jun),改骠(piao)骑(qi)曰统军(jun)(jun)(jun),车(che)骑(qi)曰别将。居岁余,十(shi)二军(jun)(jun)(jun)复,而军(jun)(jun)(jun)置(zhi)将军(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)人,军(jun)(jun)(jun)有坊,置(zhi)主一(yi)人,以(yi)检察户口(kou),劝(quan)课农(nong)桑。
太宗贞观十(shi)(shi)年(nian),更号统军为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)折(zhe)冲(chong)都尉(wei)(wei),别(bie)将为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)果毅都尉(wei)(wei),诸府总曰折(zhe)冲(chong)府。凡天(tian)下十(shi)(shi)道,置府六百三(san)十(shi)(shi)四,皆(jie)有(you)(you)名号,而关内二百六十(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi),皆(jie)以隶诸卫。凡府三(san)等:兵(bing)千(qian)二百人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上,千(qian)人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中,八百人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下。府置折(zhe)冲(chong)都尉(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)人(ren),左右果毅都尉(wei)(wei)各一(yi)(yi)人(ren),长(zhang)史、兵(bing)曹、别(bie)将各一(yi)(yi)人(ren),校尉(wei)(wei)六人(ren)。士以三(san)百人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)团(tuan),团(tuan)有(you)(you)校尉(wei)(wei);五十(shi)(shi)人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)队,队有(you)(you)正(zheng);十(shi)(shi)人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火(huo),火(huo)有(you)(you)长(zhang)。火(huo)备(bei)六驮马(ma)。凡火(huo)具(ju)(ju)乌布幕、铁(tie)马(ma)盂、布槽、锸、䦆、凿、碓、筐、斧(fu)、钳、锯皆(jie)一(yi)(yi),甲床二,鎌二;队具(ju)(ju)火(huo)钅(jin)赞一(yi)(yi),胸马(ma)绳(sheng)一(yi)(yi),首羁、足绊皆(jie)三(san);人(ren)具(ju)(ju)弓一(yi)(yi),矢三(san)十(shi)(shi),胡禄、横(heng)刀、砺石、大觿、氈帽、氈装、行藤皆(jie)一(yi)(yi),麦饭九斗,米(mi)二斗,皆(jie)自备(bei),并其介胄、戎具(ju)(ju)藏于库。有(you)(you)所征行,则视其入而出给之。其番上宿卫者(zhe),惟给弓矢、横(heng)刀而已。
凡(fan)民年二十(shi)为兵(bing),六十(shi)而(er)免。其(qi)能骑而(er)射(she)者为越骑,其(qi)余为步兵(bing)、武骑、排手、步射(she)。
每(mei)岁季(ji)冬,折(zhe)冲(chong)都尉率五(wu)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)兵马之在府者(zhe),置左右(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)尉,位相距(ju)百步(bu)。每(mei)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)为步(bu)队(dui)(dui)十,骑(qi)队(dui)(dui)一(yi)(yi),皆(jie)(jie)卷槊(shuo)幡(fan),展刃(ren)旗,散立(li)以俟。角手吹大(da)角一(yi)(yi)通(tong),诸校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)皆(jie)(jie)敛人骑(qi)为队(dui)(dui);二(er)通(tong),偃旗槊(shuo),解幡(fan);三通(tong),旗槊(shuo)举(ju)(ju)。左右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)击(ji)(ji)鼓,二(er)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)之人合(he)噪而(er)进。右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)击(ji)(ji)钲(zheng),队(dui)(dui)少却,左校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)进逐至(zhi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)立(li)所;左校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)击(ji)(ji)钲(zheng),少却,右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)进逐至(zhi)左校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)立(li)所;右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)复(fu)击(ji)(ji)钲(zheng),队(dui)(dui)还,左校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)复(fu)薄战(zhan);皆(jie)(jie)击(ji)(ji)钲(zheng),队(dui)(dui)各(ge)还。大(da)角复(fu)鸣一(yi)(yi)通(tong),皆(jie)(jie)卷幡(fan)、摄矢、弛弓、匣刃(ren);二(er)通(tong),旗槊(shuo)举(ju)(ju),队(dui)(dui)皆(jie)(jie)进;三通(tong),左右(you)(you)(you)(you)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)皆(jie)(jie)引还。是日也,因(yin)纵猎,获各(ge)入其人。其隶于卫(wei)也,左、右(you)(you)(you)(you)卫(wei)皆(jie)(jie)领六十府,诸卫(wei)领五(wu)十至(zhi)四十,其余(yu)以隶东宫六率。
凡发府兵,皆下符(fu)契,州(zhou)刺史(shi)与折冲勘契乃(nai)发。若全府发,则(ze)折冲都(dou)尉以下皆行;不尽,则(ze)果(guo)毅行;少则(ze)别将行。当给马者,官(guan)予其直市之,每匹予钱二(er)万五千(qian)。刺史(shi)、折冲、果(guo)毅岁阅不任战事者鬻之,以其钱更市,不足(zu)则(ze)一府共(gong)足(zu)之。
凡当宿卫者(zhe)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)上,兵部以远近给番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),五百(bai)里为(wei)五番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),千(qian)里七番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),一(yi)千(qian)五百(bai)里八番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),二(er)千(qian)里十番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),外(wai)为(wei)十二(er)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),皆(jie)一(yi)月上。若(ruo)简留直卫者(zhe),五百(bai)里为(wei)七番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),千(qian)里八番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),二(er)千(qian)里十番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),外(wai)为(wei)十二(er)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),亦月上。
先天二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)诰曰(yue):“往者(zhe)分建(jian)府(fu)卫,计(ji)户充兵(bing),裁足周事(shi),二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)入募,六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)出军,多惮劳(lao)以(yi)规(gui)避匿。今宜取年(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五以(yi)上,五十(shi)(shi)(shi)而免(mian)。屡(lv)征镇者(zhe),十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)免(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)。”虽有其言,而事(shi)不(bu)克行(xing)。玄宗开元六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian),始诏折冲府(fu)兵(bing)每(mei)六(liu)岁一(yi)简(jian)。自高宗、武(wu)后时(shi),天下久不(bu)用兵(bing),府(fu)兵(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)法浸坏,番役更(geng)代多不(bu)以(yi)时(shi),卫士(shi)(shi)稍稍亡匿,至是益(yi)耗散,宿卫不(bu)能给。宰相张说乃(nai)请一(yi)切募士(shi)(shi)宿卫。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),取京(jing)兆、蒲、同、岐、华府(fu)兵(bing)及白丁,而益(yi)以(yi)潞州长从兵(bing),共(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)万(wan),号(hao)“长从宿卫”,岁二(er)番,命尚(shang)书左丞萧嵩与州吏共(gong)选之(zhi)(zhi)。明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian),更(geng)号(hao)曰(yue)“彍骑”。又(you)诏:“诸州府(fu)马阙,官(guan)私共(gong)补之(zhi)(zhi)。今兵(bing)贫难(nan)致(zhi),乃(nai)给以(yi)监牧(mu)马。”然自是诸府(fu)士(shi)(shi)益(yi)多不(bu)补,折冲将又(you)积(ji)岁不(bu)得迁(qian),士(shi)(shi)人(ren)皆耻为之(zhi)(zhi)。
十(shi)三年(nian),始以(yi)(yi)彍骑(qi)分(fen)隶十(shi)二(er)卫,总十(shi)二(er)万,为(wei)六(liu)(liu)番(fan),每卫万人。京兆彍骑(qi)六(liu)(liu)万六(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian),华州(zhou)六(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian),同州(zhou)九千(qian)(qian),蒲州(zhou)万二(er)千(qian)(qian)三百(bai),绛州(zhou)三千(qian)(qian)六(liu)(liu)百(bai),晋(jin)州(zhou)千(qian)(qian)五百(bai),岐州(zhou)六(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian),河南(nan)府三千(qian)(qian),陕、虢、汝、郑、怀、汴六(liu)(liu)州(zhou)各六(liu)(liu)百(bai),内弩手六(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian)。其制:皆择(ze)下户白丁、宗(zong)丁、品子强壮五尺七(qi)寸以(yi)(yi)上(shang),不足则兼(jian)以(yi)(yi)户八等(deng)五尺以(yi)(yi)上(shang),皆免征镇、赋(fu)役,为(wei)四(si)籍(ji),兵部及州(zhou)、县、卫分(fen)掌之(zhi)(zhi)。十(shi)人为(wei)火,五火为(wei)团(tuan),皆有(you)首长(zhang)。又择(ze)材(cai)勇者(zhe)为(wei)番(fan)头,颇(po)习(xi)弩射(she)。又有(you)习(xi)林军飞(fei)骑(qi),亦习(xi)弩。凡(fan)伏远(yuan)弩自能施张,纵矢三百(bai)步(bu)(bu),四(si)发而(er)二(er)中(zhong)(zhong);擘张弩二(er)百(bai)三十(shi)步(bu)(bu),四(si)发而(er)二(er)中(zhong)(zhong);角弓(gong)弩二(er)百(bai)步(bu)(bu),四(si)发而(er)三中(zhong)(zhong);单弓(gong)弩百(bai)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)步(bu)(bu),四(si)发而(er)二(er)中(zhong)(zhong):皆为(wei)及第(di)。诸军皆近营为(wei)堋,士有(you)便习(xi)者(zhe),教试之(zhi)(zhi),及第(di)者(zhe)有(you)赏。
自(zi)天宝(bao)以后,彍(kuo)骑之法(fa)又稍变废,士皆(jie)失拊循(xun)。八(ba)载,折冲诸府至无(wu)兵可交,李林甫(fu)遂请停上下鱼书(shu)。其(qi)后徒有(you)兵额、官吏,而(er)戎器、驮马、锅幕、糗(qiu)粮并废矣,故(gu)时府人(ren)目番上宿卫者(zhe)曰侍(shi)(shi)官,言侍(shi)(shi)卫天子;至是,卫佐悉以假人(ren)为童奴,京师人(ren)耻(chi)之,至相骂辱必(bi)曰侍(shi)(shi)官。而(er)六军宿卫皆(jie)市人(ren),富者(zhe)贩缯(zeng)彩、食粱肉,壮者(zhe)为角(jiao)牴、拔(ba)河、翘(qiao)木、扛铁(tie)之戏,及(ji)禄山反(fan),皆(jie)不能受甲矣。
初(chu),府(fu)兵之(zhi)(zhi)置(zhi),居无(wu)事时耕于(yu)野,其番(fan)上者(zhe),宿卫京(jing)师而已。若四方(fang)有(you)(you)(you)事,则(ze)命将(jiang)以出(chu),事解辄罢(ba),兵散于(yu)府(fu),将(jiang)归于(yu)朝。故(gu)士(shi)不(bu)失业(ye),而将(jiang)帅无(wu)握兵之(zhi)(zhi)重,所以防微渐、绝祸乱之(zhi)(zhi)萌也。及府(fu)兵法坏(huai)而方(fang)镇盛(sheng),武夫悍将(jiang)虽无(wu)事时,据要险,专方(fang)面,既有(you)(you)(you)其土(tu)地,又(you)有(you)(you)(you)其人民(min),又(you)有(you)(you)(you)其甲兵,又(you)有(you)(you)(you)其财赋,以布列天(tian)下。然则(ze)方(fang)镇不(bu)得(de)不(bu)强,京(jing)师不(bu)得(de)不(bu)弱(ruo),故(gu)曰措置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)势使然者(zhe),以此(ci)也。
夫所(suo)谓方(fang)镇(zhen)者,节度(du)使(shi)(shi)之(zhi)兵(bing)也(ye)。原其(qi)始,起于边将之(zhi)屯防者。唐(tang)(tang)初,兵(bing)之(zhi)戍(shu)边者,大(da)曰(yue)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),小曰(yue)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo),曰(yue)城,曰(yue)镇(zhen),而(er)总(zong)之(zhi)者曰(yue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao):若卢(lu)龙(long)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi),东(dong)(dong)(dong)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi),曰(yue)平(ping)卢(lu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);横(heng)(heng)(heng)海、北平(ping)、高阳、经略、安(an)(an)(an)塞(sai)(sai)、纳降、唐(tang)(tang)兴、渤海、怀(huai)柔(rou)、威(wei)(wei)武、镇(zhen)远、静(jing)塞(sai)(sai)、雄(xiong)武、镇(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)、怀(huai)远、保(bao)定军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu),曰(yue)范阳道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);天(tian)兵(bing)、大(da)同、天(tian)安(an)(an)(an)、横(heng)(heng)(heng)野军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)四,岢岚等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)五,曰(yue)河(he)(he)东(dong)(dong)(dong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);朔方(fang)经略、丰(feng)安(an)(an)(an)、定远、新昌、天(tian)柱、宥州经略、横(heng)(heng)(heng)塞(sai)(sai)、天(tian)德、天(tian)安(an)(an)(an)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)九,三(san)受降、丰(feng)宁、保(bao)宁、乌延等(deng)六(liu)城,新泉(quan)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)一(yi),曰(yue)关内道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);赤水(shui)、大(da)斗、白亭、豆卢(lu)、墨离、建康(kang)、宁寇(kou)、玉门、伊吾、天(tian)山军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)(shi),乌城等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四,曰(yue)河(he)(he)西道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);瀚海、清(qing)海、静(jing)塞(sai)(sai)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)三(san),沙钵等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)十(shi)(shi)(shi),曰(yue)北庭道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);保(bao)大(da)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi),鹰娑都(dou)督(du)一(yi),兰城等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)八(ba),曰(yue)安(an)(an)(an)西道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);镇(zhen)西、天(tian)成、振威(wei)(wei)、安(an)(an)(an)人、绥戎、河(he)(he)源(yuan)、白水(shui)、天(tian)威(wei)(wei)、榆林、临洮、莫门、神策(ce)、宁边、威(wei)(wei)胜、金(jin)天(tian)、武宁、曜武、积石军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba),平(ping)夷、绥和、合(he)川守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)三(san),曰(yue)陇(long)右道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);威(wei)(wei)戎、安(an)(an)(an)夷、昆明、宁远、洪源(yuan)、通化、松当、平(ping)戎、天(tian)保(bao)、威(wei)(wei)远军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)(shi),羊灌田等(deng)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五,新安(an)(an)(an)等(deng)城三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二,犍为等(deng)镇(zhen)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba),曰(yue)剑南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);岭南(nan)、安(an)(an)(an)南(nan)、桂管(guan)、邕管(guan)、容管(guan)经略、清(qing)海军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)六(liu),曰(yue)岭南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);福(fu)州经略军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi),曰(yue)江南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);平(ping)海军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi),东(dong)(dong)(dong)牟、东(dong)(dong)(dong)莱(lai)(lai)守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)二,蓬莱(lai)(lai)镇(zhen)一(yi),曰(yue)河(he)(he)南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。此自(zi)武德至(zhi)天(tian)宝以(yi)前边防之(zhi)制。其(qi)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、城、镇(zhen)、守(shou)(shou)捉(zhuo)(zhuo)皆有使(shi)(shi),而(er)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)有大(da)将一(yi)人,曰(yue)大(da)总(zong)管(guan),已而(er)更曰(yue)大(da)都(dou)督(du)。至(zhi)太宗(zong)时,行军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)征讨曰(yue)大(da)总(zong)管(guan),在其(qi)本(ben)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)曰(yue)大(da)都(dou)督(du)。自(zi)高宗(zong)永(yong)徽以(yi)后,都(dou)督(du)带(dai)使(shi)(shi)持节者,始谓之(zhi)节度(du)使(shi)(shi),犹犹未以(yi)名官。景云(yun)二年,以(yi)贺(he)拔延嗣为凉州都(dou)督(du)、河(he)(he)西节度(du)使(shi)(shi)。自(zi)此而(er)后,接乎开元,朔方(fang)、陇(long)右、河(he)(he)东(dong)(dong)(dong)、河(he)(he)西诸(zhu)镇(zhen),皆置节度(du)使(shi)(shi)。
及范阳节度使安禄(lu)山反,犯(fan)京师,天(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)弱,不能抗(kang),遂陷两京。肃(su)宗(zong)起(qi)(qi)灵武(wu),而诸镇(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)共起(qi)(qi)诛贼。其后禄(lu)山子庆绪及史思明(ming)父子继(ji)起(qi)(qi),中国(guo)大(da)乱,肃(su)宗(zong)命李光弼等讨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),号(hao)“九(jiu)节度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师”。久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)盗既灭(mie),而武(wu)夫战卒以(yi)(yi)功起(qi)(qi)行阵,列(lie)为(wei)侯王者,皆(jie)除节度使。由是(shi)(shi)方镇(zhen)相望于(yu)(yu)内地,大(da)者连州(zhou)十(shi)余(yu),小者犹兼三四。故兵(bing)(bing)(bing)骄则逐帅(shuai),帅(shuai)强(qiang)则叛上。或(huo)父死子握其兵(bing)(bing)(bing)而不肯代;或(huo)取舍由于(yu)(yu)士卒,往往自择将(jiang)(jiang)吏,号(hao)为(wei)“留(liu)后”,以(yi)(yi)邀命于(yu)(yu)朝(chao)。天(tian)子顾力不能制(zhi),则忍耻含(han)垢,因而抚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姑息(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政。盖姑息(xi)起(qi)(qi)于(yu)(yu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)骄,兵(bing)(bing)(bing)骄由由方镇(zhen),姑息(xi)愈甚(shen),而兵(bing)(bing)(bing)将(jiang)(jiang)愈俱骄。由是(shi)(shi)号(hao)令自出,以(yi)(yi)相侵击,虏其将(jiang)(jiang)帅(shuai),并其土地,天(tian)子熟视不知所为(wei),反为(wei)和解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),莫(mo)肯听命。
始时为朝廷患者,号“河(he)朔三镇(zhen)”。及(ji)其(qi)(qi)末,硃全忠以(yi)(yi)梁(liang)兵(bing)、李克用以(yi)(yi)晋兵(bing)更犯京(jing)师,而李茂贞(zhen)、韩建(jian)近(jin)据岐(qi)、华,妄一喜怒,兵(bing)已至于(yu)(yu)国门,天子(zi)为杀大臣(chen)、罪己悔过,然后(hou)去。及(ji)昭(zhao)宗用崔胤召梁(liang)兵(bing)以(yi)(yi)诛宦官,劫(jie)天子(zi)奔岐(qi),梁(liang)兵(bing)围之(zhi)逾(yu)年。当(dang)此之(zhi)时,天下之(zhi)兵(bing)无复(fu)勤王者。向之(zhi)所谓(wei)三镇(zhen)者,徒能始祸而已。其(qi)(qi)他大镇(zhen),南则(ze)吴、浙、荆、湖、闽、广,西则(ze)岐(qi)、蜀(shu),北(bei)则(ze)燕、晋,而梁(liang)盗据其(qi)(qi)中,自国门以(yi)(yi)外(wai),皆分裂(lie)于(yu)(yu)方镇(zhen)矣。
故(gu)兵(bing)之(zhi)始重于外(wai)也(ye),土地、民赋(fu)非天(tian)子有;既(ji)其盛也(ye),号令(ling)、征代非其有;又其甚也(ye),至(zhi)无尺(chi)土,而不能庇其妻子宗族,遂以亡灭。语曰:“兵(bing)犹(you)火(huo)也(ye),弗戢将自焚。”夫恶(e)危乱(luan)而欲安全者,庸君(jun)常主(zhu)之(zhi)能知(zhi),至(zhi)于措置之(zhi)失(shi),则所谓(wei)困天(tian)下(xia)以养乱(luan)也(ye)。唐之(zhi)置兵(bing),既(ji)外(wai)柄以授(shou)人,而末大本小,方(fang)区区自为(wei)捍卫(wei)之(zhi)计,可(ke)不哀哉!
夫所谓天(tian)子禁(jin)军者,南、北(bei)衙(ya)兵(bing)也(ye)。南衙(ya),诸(zhu)卫(wei)兵(bing)是(shi)也(ye);北(bei)衙(ya)者,禁(jin)军也(ye)。
初,高祖以(yi)(yi)(yi)义兵起太原,已(yi)定天(tian)下,悉罢遣归,其(qi)愿留(liu)宿卫者三万人。高祖以(yi)(yi)(yi)渭北白渠旁民(min)弃腴(yu)田分(fen)给之(zhi),号(hao)“元从禁(jin)军”。后老(lao)不任事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)子弟代(dai),谓之(zhi)“父子军”。及贞观初,太宗择(ze)善(shan)射者百人,为二(er)(er)番于北门长上(shang)(shang),曰“百骑(qi)(qi)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)从田猎(lie)。又置北衙(ya)七营,选材力骁壮,月以(yi)(yi)(yi)一营番上(shang)(shang)。十二(er)(er)年(nian),始(shi)置左右屯营于玄武门,领以(yi)(yi)(yi)诸(zhu)卫将军,号(hao)“飞骑(qi)(qi)”,其(qi)法(fa):取(qu)户二(er)(er)等(deng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)、长六(liu)尺阔壮者,试(shi)弓马(ma)四次上(shang)(shang)、翘关举五、负米五斛(hu)行三十步(bu)者。复择(ze)马(ma)射为百骑(qi)(qi),衣五色袍,乘六(liu)闲驳马(ma),虎皮鞯,为游幸翊卫。
高宗龙朔二(er)年(nian)(nian),始取(qu)府兵越骑、步(bu)射(she)置左(zuo)右(you)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)军(jun)(jun)(jun),大朝会则(ze)执仗以(yi)卫阶陛,行幸则(ze)夹驰道为(wei)内仗。武(wu)(wu)后改(gai)百(bai)骑曰(yue)(yue)“千骑”。中宗又改(gai)千骑曰(yue)(yue)“万(wan)骑”,分左(zuo)、右(you)营。及玄(xuan)宗以(yi)万(wan)骑平(ping)韦氏,改(gai)为(wei)左(zuo)右(you)龙武(wu)(wu)军(jun)(jun)(jun),皆用唐元(yuan)功臣子(zi)弟,制(zhi)若宿卫兵。是时,良家子(zi)避征戍(shu)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)皆纳(na)资(zi)隶军(jun)(jun)(jun),分日(ri)更上如羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。开元(yuan)十二(er)年(nian)(nian),诏左(zuo)右(you)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)、飞骑阙,取(qu)京旁州府士,以(yi)户部印(yin)印(yin)其臂,为(wei)二(er)籍,羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、兵部分掌之。末年(nian)(nian),禁(jin)兵浸耗,及禄山(shan)反(fan),天子(zi)西(xi)驾(jia),禁(jin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)从者(zhe)(zhe)裁千人,肃宗赴(fu)灵武(wu)(wu),士不(bu)满百(bai),及即位,稍(shao)复(fu)调(diao)补北军(jun)(jun)(jun)。至德二(er)载,置左(zuo)右(you)神武(wu)(wu)军(jun)(jun)(jun),补元(yuan)从、扈从官(guan)子(zi)弟,不(bu)足则(ze)取(qu)它色(se),带品者(zhe)(zhe)同四军(jun)(jun)(jun),亦(yi)曰(yue)(yue)“神武(wu)(wu)天骑”,制(zhi)如羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。总曰(yue)(yue)“北衙六军(jun)(jun)(jun)”。又择便骑射(she)者(zhe)(zhe)置衙前射(she)生(sheng)手千人,亦(yi)曰(yue)(yue)“供奉射(she)生(sheng)官(guan)”,又曰(yue)(yue)“殿前射(she)生(sheng)”,分左(zuo)、右(you)厢(xiang),总号曰(yue)(yue)“左(zuo)右(you)英(ying)武(wu)(wu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)”。乾元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),李辅(fu)国用事,请选羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)骑士五百(bai)人邀(yao)巡。李揆(kui)曰(yue)(yue):“汉以(yi)南、北军(jun)(jun)(jun)相制(zhi),故周(zhou)勃以(yi)北军(jun)(jun)(jun)安(an)刘氏。朝廷置南、北衙,文武(wu)(wu)区列,以(yi)相察(cha)伺。今用羽(yu)(yu)(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)代金(jin)吾(wu)警,忽有非常,何以(yi)制(zhi)之?”遂罢。
上元中,以(yi)北衙军(jun)使(shi)(shi)卫(wei)伯(bo)玉为(wei)神策(ce)军(jun)节(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi),镇(zhen)陕州,中使(shi)(shi)鱼朝恩为(wei)观军(jun)容使(shi)(shi),监其(qi)军(jun)。初,哥舒翰破吐(tu)蕃临洮西之磨环川,即(ji)其(qi)地(di)(di)置神策(ce)军(jun),以(yi)成(cheng)如璆为(wei)军(jun)使(shi)(shi)。及禄山反(fan),如璆以(yi)伯(bo)玉将兵(bing)千人赴难,伯(bo)玉与(yu)朝恩皆屯于陕。时边土陷蹙,神策(ce)故地(di)(di)沦没,即(ji)诏伯(bo)玉所(suo)部兵(bing),号“神策(ce)军(jun)”,以(yi)伯(bo)玉为(wei)节(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi),与(yu)陕州节(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)郭英乂(yi)(yi)皆镇(zhen)陕。其(qi)后伯(bo)玉罢(ba),以(yi)英乂(yi)(yi)兼神策(ce)军(jun)节(jie)度(du)。英乂(yi)(yi)入为(wei)仆射(she),军(jun)遂统(tong)于观军(jun)容使(shi)(shi)。
代(dai)宗(zong)即位(wei),以射(she)(she)生(sheng)军(jun)(jun)入禁中清难,皆赐名“宝应(ying)功臣(chen)”,故(gu)射(she)(she)生(sheng)军(jun)(jun)又号“宝应(ying)军(jun)(jun)”。广德(de)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),代(dai)宗(zong)避吐(tu)蕃(fan)幸陕(shan)(shan),朝恩举在陕(shan)(shan)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)与神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)迎(ying)扈,悉号“神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)”。天子幸其营。及(ji)京师平,朝恩遂以军(jun)(jun)归禁中,自将(jiang)之(zhi),然尚(shang)未与北(bei)军(jun)(jun)齿(chi)也。永泰元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),吐(tu)蕃(fan)复入寇,朝恩又以神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)屯苑中,自是浸盛,分为左、右厢(xiang),势居北(bei)军(jun)(jun)右,遂为天子禁军(jun)(jun),非它军(jun)(jun)比。朝恩乃(nai)以观军(jun)(jun)容(rong)宣(xuan)慰(wei)处(chu)置(zhi)使(shi)知神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)马使(shi)。大历四年(nian)(nian),请以京兆(zhao)之(zhi)好畤,凤(feng)翔(xiang)之(zhi)麟游、普(pu)润(run),皆隶(li)神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)。明(ming)年(nian)(nian),复以兴平、武功、扶(fu)风、天兴隶(li)之(zhi),朝廷不能遏。又用爱(ai)将(jiang)刘希(xi)暹(xian)为神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)虞候,主不法(fa),遂置(zhi)北(bei)军(jun)(jun)狱,募坊市不逞(cheng),诬捕大姓,没产为赏,至有(you)选举旅寓而(er)挟厚赀(zi)多横死者。朝恩得(de)罪死,以希(xi)暹(xian)代(dai)为神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)使(shi)。是岁,希(xi)暹(xian)复得(de)罪,以朝恩旧校王驾鹤(he)代(dai)将(jiang)。十(shi)数(shu)岁,德(de)宗(zong)即位(wei),以白志贞代(dai)之(zhi)。是时(shi),神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)虽(sui)处(chu)内,而(er)多以裨将(jiang)将(jiang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)征(zheng)伐,往往有(you)功。
及李(li)希烈反,河北盗且起,数出禁(jin)军征伐,神(shen)策之(zhi)士多斗死者(zhe)。建中四年(nian)下诏募兵(bing)(bing)(bing),以(yi)志(zhi)贞为(wei)使,搜补峻切。郭子(zi)(zi)仪之(zhi)婿端(duan)王傅吴仲孺殖赀(zi)累巨万,以(yi)国家(jia)有(you)急不(bu)(bu)自安,请(qing)以(yi)子(zi)(zi)率(lv)奴马(ma)从军。德宗喜甚(shen),为(wei)官其(qi)子(zi)(zi)五品。志(zhi)贞乃请(qing)节度(du)、都团练、观(guan)察使与世(shi)尝任者(zhe)家(jia),皆出子(zi)(zi)弟马(ma)奴装(zhuang)铠助征,授官如仲孺子(zi)(zi)。于是豪富者(zhe)缘为(wei)幸,而贫(pin)者(zhe)苦(ku)之(zhi)。神(shen)策兵(bing)(bing)(bing)既发殆尽,志(zhi)贞阴(yin)以(yi)市(shi)人补之(zhi),名隶籍而身(shen)居市(shi)肆。及泾卒(zu)溃变,皆戢(ji)伏不(bu)(bu)出,帝遂出奔。初,段秀实见禁(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)寡弱,不(bu)(bu)足备非常(chang),上疏曰:“天子(zi)(zi)万乘(cheng),诸侯千,大夫百(bai),盖(gai)以(yi)大制(zhi)小,十制(zhi)一也(ye),尊君卑臣(chen)强干(gan)弱支之(zhi)道。今外有(you)不(bu)(bu)廷(ting)之(zhi)虏(lu),内有(you)梗命之(zhi)臣(chen),而禁(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)精,其(qi)数削少,后(hou)有(you)猝故,何以(yi)待之(zhi)?猛虎所以(yi)百(bai)兽畏者(zhe),爪牙也(ye),爪牙废,则孤豚特犬(quan)悉能(neng)为(wei)敌。愿少留意。”至(zhi)是方以(yi)秀实言为(wei)然。
及志贞等流贬,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)都虞候(hou)李晟与其军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之它将(jiang)(jiang),皆(jie)自飞狐道(dao)西兵赴难,遂为神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)行营(ying)节度,屯渭(wei)北,军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遂振。贞元二(er)年,改神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)厢为左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),特置监句当(dang)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),以(yi)(yi)(yi)宠中(zhong)官,而益置大将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下。又改殿(dian)前射(she)(she)生左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)厢曰殿(dian)前左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)射(she)(she)生军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),亦置大将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下。三年,诏射(she)(she)生、神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)、六军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)将(jiang)(jiang)士,府县以(yi)(yi)(yi)事办治,先奏(zou)乃(nai)(nai)移军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),勿(wu)辄逮捕(bu)。京兆尹郑叔则建(jian)言(yan):“京剧(ju)轻猾(hua)所聚(ju),慝作不常,俟奏(zou)报,将(jiang)(jiang)失罪人(ren),请非昏田,皆(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)时捕(bu)。”乃(nai)(nai)可(ke)之。俄改殿(dian)前左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)射(she)(she)生军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),置监左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)使。左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)皆(jie)加将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)二(er)员,左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)龙(long)武(wu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)加将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一员,以(yi)(yi)(yi)待诸道(dao)大将(jiang)(jiang)有功者。
自(zi)肃宗以(yi)后,北军(jun)(jun)增(zeng)置(zhi)威武、长兴等军(jun)(jun),名(ming)类颇(po)多,而废(fei)置(zhi)不(bu)(bu)一。惟羽林、龙武、神(shen)(shen)武、神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)、神(shen)(shen)威最盛(sheng),总曰(yue)左右十军(jun)(jun)矣。其(qi)后京(jing)畿之西,多以(yi)神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)军(jun)(jun)镇之,皆(jie)有(you)屯营。军(jun)(jun)司之人(ren)(ren),散(san)处甸内,皆(jie)恃势凌(ling)暴,民间(jian)苦(ku)之。自(zi)德宗幸梁还(hai),以(yi)神(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)兵有(you)劳,皆(jie)号“兴元元从(cong)奉天定(ding)难功臣”,恕死(si)罪。中书、御(yu)史府(fu)、兵部乃不(bu)(bu)能岁(sui)比其(qi)籍,京(jing)兆又不(bu)(bu)敢总举名(ming)实。三辅人(ren)(ren)假比于(yu)(yu)军(jun)(jun),一牒至十数(shu)。长安(an)奸人(ren)(ren)多寓占两(liang)军(jun)(jun),身不(bu)(bu)宿(su)卫,以(yi)钱代行,谓之纳课户。益肆为暴,吏稍禁之,辄先得罪,故当时京(jing)尹(yin)、赤令皆(jie)为之敛(lian)屈。十年(nian),京(jing)兆尹(yin)杨于(yu)(yu)陵(ling)请(qing)置(zhi)挟名(ming)敕,五丁许二丁居军(jun)(jun),余差(cha)以(yi)条限,繇是豪强少畏。
十(shi)二年(nian),以监(jian)(jian)句(ju)当左(zuo)(zuo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)、左(zuo)(zuo)监(jian)(jian)门卫(wei)大将(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)、知内侍省事窦文场为左(zuo)(zuo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)尉(wei),监(jian)(jian)句(ju)当右(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)、右(you)(you)监(jian)(jian)门卫(wei)将(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)、知内侍省事霍仙鸣为右(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun)护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)尉(wei),监(jian)(jian)右(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)使、内侍兼(jian)内谒(ye)者(zhe)临张(zhang)尚进为右(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun),监(jian)(jian)左(zuo)(zuo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)使、内侍兼(jian)内谒(ye)者(zhe)监(jian)(jian)焦希望为左(zuo)(zuo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)威(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)。护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)尉(wei)、中(zhong)护(hu)(hu)(hu)军(jun)(jun)(jun)皆(jie)古官,帝既以禁卫(wei)假(jia)宦官,又(you)以此(ci)宠之。十(shi)四年(nian),又(you)诏左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)置统军(jun)(jun)(jun),以崇亲卫(wei),如六军(jun)(jun)(jun)。时边(bian)兵衣饟(xiang)多不赡,而(er)戍卒(zu)屯(tun)防,药茗蔬(shu)酱之给(ji)最厚。诸将(jiang)务为诡辞,请遥隶神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)(jun)(jun),禀赐遂赢旧(jiu)三倍,繇(zhou)是塞上往(wang)往(wang)称神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)行(xing)营,皆(jie)内统于(yu)中(zhong)人矣,其军(jun)(jun)(jun)乃(nai)至十(shi)五(wu)万(wan)。
故(gu)事(shi)(shi),京(jing)城诸司、诸使、府、县,皆季以(yi)御史巡囚(qiu)。后以(yi)北军地(di)密,未尝至。十九年(nian),监察御史崔薳(wei)不知近事(shi)(shi),遂入右神策,中尉奏之,帝怒,杖薳(wei)四十,流崖州(zhou)。
顺宗即位(wei),王叔文用(yong)事,欲取(qu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)兵柄,乃用(yong)故(gu)将范希朝为左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)、京西诸(zhu)城镇行营兵马(ma)节度使,以(yi)夺宦者权,而(er)不克。元(yuan)和二年,省神(shen)(shen)(shen)武军(jun)。明年,又废左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)威(wei)军(jun),合为一,曰“天(tian)威(wei)军(jun)”。八年,废天(tian)威(wei)军(jun),以(yi)其兵骑分隶左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)军(jun)。及僖(xi)宗幸(xing)蜀,田令(ling)(ling)孜募神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)新军(jun)为五十四都(dou),离(li)为十军(jun),令(ling)(ling)孜自(zi)为左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)十军(jun)兼十二卫(wei)观(guan)军(jun)容使,以(yi)左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)大将军(jun)为左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)诸(zhu)都(dou)指(zhi)挥使,诸(zhu)都(dou)又领以(yi)都(dou)将,亦曰“都(dou)头(tou)”。
景(jing)福(fu)二年,昭(zhao)宗(zong)以(yi)籓臣(chen)跋扈、天子(zi)孤弱,议以(yi)宗(zong)室典禁兵(bing)(bing)。及(ji)伐李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)茂贞(zhen),乃用嗣(si)覃(tan)(tan)王允(yun)为(wei)京西招讨使(shi),神(shen)(shen)策(ce)诸都指挥使(shi)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)钅岁(sui)副之(zhi)(zhi),悉发五十(shi)四军(jun)(jun)(jun)屯兴平,已而(er)兵(bing)(bing)自溃。茂贞(zhen)逼京师,昭(zhao)宗(zong)为(wei)斩神(shen)(shen)策(ce)中(zhong)尉(wei)西门(men)重遂(sui)(sui)、李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)周讠童,乃引(yin)去(qu)。乾宁元年,王行瑜(yu)、韩建(jian)及(ji)茂贞(zhen)连兵(bing)(bing)犯阙,天子(zi)又杀宰相韦昭(zhao)度、李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)磎,乃去(qu)。太原李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)克用以(yi)其(qi)兵(bing)(bing)伐行瑜(yu)等,同州节度使(shi)王行实(shi)入迫(po)神(shen)(shen)策(ce)中(zhong)尉(wei)骆全瓘、刘(liu)景(jing)宣请(qing)(qing)天子(zi)幸邠州,全瓘、景(jing)宣及(ji)子(zi)继晟与(yu)行实(shi)纵火东市(shi),帝(di)御承天门(men),敕诸王率禁军(jun)(jun)(jun)扞之(zhi)(zhi)。捧日都头(tou)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)筠以(yi)其(qi)军(jun)(jun)(jun)卫楼下,茂贞(zhen)将阎圭攻筠,矢及(ji)楼扉,帝(di)乃与(yu)亲王、公主(zhu)幸筠军(jun)(jun)(jun),扈跸都头(tou)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)君(jun)实(shi)亦以(yi)兵(bing)(bing)至,侍(shi)帝(di)出幸莎城、石门(men)。诏(zhao)嗣(si)薛王知(zhi)柔入长安收禁军(jun)(jun)(jun)、清宫室,月余乃还。又诏(zhao)诸王阅亲军(jun)(jun)(jun),收拾神(shen)(shen)策(ce)亡散,得(de)数万(wan)。益置安圣、捧宸、保宁、安化军(jun)(jun)(jun),曰“殿后四军(jun)(jun)(jun)”,嗣(si)覃(tan)(tan)王允(yun)与(yu)嗣(si)延王戒丕将之(zhi)(zhi)。三年,茂贞(zhen)再犯阙,嗣(si)覃(tan)(tan)王战(zhan)败,昭(zhao)宗(zong)幸华州。明年,韩建(jian)畏诸王有(you)兵(bing)(bing),请(qing)(qing)皆归十(shi)六(liu)宅(zhai),留殿后兵(bing)(bing)三十(shi)人,为(wei)控(kong)鹤排(pai)马官,隶飞龙坊,馀悉散之(zhi)(zhi),且列甲(jia)围行宫,于是四军(jun)(jun)(jun)二万(wan)馀人皆罢。又请(qing)(qing)诛都头(tou)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)筠,帝(di)恐,为(wei)斩于大云桥。俄遂(sui)(sui)杀十(shi)一王。
及还(hai)长(zhang)安,左右(you)神(shen)(shen)策军(jun)复稍置(zhi)之(zhi),以六(liu)千(qian)人为定。是岁(sui)(sui),左右(you)神(shen)(shen)策中尉刘季述、王仲先以其兵千(qian)人废帝,幽之(zhi)。季述等(deng)诛。已而昭宗召硃全(quan)忠(zhong)兵入诛宦官,宦官觉,劫(jie)天子幸凤翔。全(quan)忠(zhong)围之(zhi)岁(sui)(sui)馀,天子乃诛中尉韩全(quan)诲(hui)、张(zhang)弘彦等(deng)二十余人,以解梁兵,乃还(hai)长(zhang)安。于是悉(xi)诛宦官,而神(shen)(shen)策左右(you)军(jun)繇(zhou)此(ci)废矣。诸(zhu)司(si)悉(xi)归尚书(shu)省(sheng)郎官,两军(jun)兵皆(jie)隶六(liu)军(jun)者(zhe),而以崔(cui)胤判六(liu)军(jun)十二卫(wei)事(shi)。六(liu)军(jun)者(zhe),左右(you)龙武、神(shen)(shen)武、羽林,其名存而已。自是军(jun)司(si)以宰相领。
及全忠归,留步(bu)骑万人(ren)(ren)屯故(gu)两(liang)军(jun)(jun),以(yi)(yi)(yi)子友伦(lun)为左(zuo)右军(jun)(jun)宿卫(wei)(wei)都指挥使(shi),禁卫(wei)(wei)皆(jie)汴卒。崔胤(yin)乃奏:“六军(jun)(jun)名(ming)存而(er)兵(bing)亡(wang),非(fei)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)壮京(jing)(jing)师。军(jun)(jun)皆(jie)置步(bu)军(jun)(jun)四(si)将(jiang)(jiang),骑军(jun)(jun)一(yi)将(jiang)(jiang)。步(bu)将(jiang)(jiang)皆(jie)兵(bing)二(er)百(bai)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren),骑将(jiang)(jiang)皆(jie)百(bai)人(ren)(ren),总六千六百(bai)人(ren)(ren)。番上如(ru)故(gu)事。”乃令六军(jun)(jun)诸卫(wei)(wei)副使(shi)京(jing)(jing)兆(zhao)尹郑(zheng)元规(gui)立格募兵(bing)于(yu)(yu)市,而(er)全忠阴以(yi)(yi)(yi)汴人(ren)(ren)应之。胤(yin)死,以(yi)(yi)(yi)宰相(xiang)裴枢判左(zuo)三(san)(san)军(jun)(jun),独孤损判右三(san)(san)军(jun)(jun),向(xiang)所(suo)募士(shi)悉散去。全忠亦兼(jian)判左(zuo)右六军(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)二(er)卫(wei)(wei)。及东迁,唯小(xiao)黄(huang)门(men)打(da)球供(gong)奉十(shi)(shi)数人(ren)(ren)、内园(yuan)小(xiao)儿五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)(ren)从。至(zhi)谷水,又尽(jin)屠之,易以(yi)(yi)(yi)汴人(ren)(ren),于(yu)(yu)是天(tian)子无(wu)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)之卫(wei)(wei)。昭宗遇弑,唐(tang)乃亡(wang)。
马者,兵(bing)之用也(ye);监(jian)(jian)牧(mu),所以蕃马也(ye),其(qi)制起于(yu)近世(shi)。唐(tang)之初起,得(de)突厥马二(er)(er)千(qian)匹,又得(de)隋(sui)马三千(qian)于(yu)赤岸泽,徙(xi)之陇右,监(jian)(jian)牧(mu)之制始于(yu)此。其(qi)官领以太仆,其(qi)属有(you)牧(mu)监(jian)(jian)、副监(jian)(jian)。监(jian)(jian)有(you)丞(cheng),有(you)主簿(bu)、直(zhi)司、团(tuan)官、牧(mu)尉(wei)、排马、牧(mu)长、群头,有(you)正,有(you)副。凡群置(zhi)长一人,十(shi)五长置(zhi)尉(wei)一人,岁课功,进排马。又有(you)掌(zhang)闲,调马习上。又以尚乘掌(zhang)天子(zi)之御。左右六闲:一曰飞(fei)(fei)黄,二(er)(er)曰吉(ji)良,三曰龙媒(mei),四曰騊余(yu),五曰駃(kuai)騠,六曰天苑(yuan)。总十(shi)有(you)二(er)(er)闲为(wei)二(er)(er)厩(jiu),一曰祥驎,二(er)(er)曰凤苑(yuan),以系饲之。其(qi)后(hou)禁(jin)中又增置(zhi)飞(fei)(fei)龙厩(jiu)。
初,用太(tai)仆少卿张万(wan)岁领群牧。自贞观至麟德四(si)十年间,马(ma)七十万(wan)六(liu)(liu)千,置八(ba)坊(fang)(fang)岐(qi)、豳(bin)、泾、宁间,地(di)(di)广千里:一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)保(bao)乐,二(er)曰(yue)(yue)甘露(lu),三(san)曰(yue)(yue)南普闰,四(si)曰(yue)(yue)北普闰,五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)岐(qi)阳,六(liu)(liu)曰(yue)(yue)太(tai)平,七曰(yue)(yue)宜禄,八(ba)曰(yue)(yue)安定(ding)。八(ba)坊(fang)(fang)之田,千二(er)百三(san)十顷,募民耕(geng)之,以给刍秣。八(ba)坊(fang)(fang)之马(ma)为四(si)十八(ba)监,而(er)马(ma)多地(di)(di)狭不(bu)能容,又析八(ba)监列布河曲(qu)丰旷之野。凡马(ma)五(wu)千为上监,三(san)千为中监,余为下监。监皆有左、右,因地(di)(di)为之名。方其时,天(tian)下以一(yi)缣易一(yi)马(ma)。万(wan)岁掌马(ma)久(jiu),恩(en)信行于陇右。
后以太仆(pu)少卿鲜于(yu)匡俗检校陇右牧(mu)监。仪(yi)凤中(zhong),以太仆(pu)少卿李思文检校陇右诸(zhu)牧(mu)监使,监牧(mu)有(you)使自是(shi)始。后又(you)有(you)群牧(mu)都(dou)使,有(you)闲(xian)厩使,使皆(jie)置副(fu),有(you)判官。又(you)立四(si)使:南(nan)使十五(wu),西使十六(liu),北(bei)使七,东使九。诸(zhu)坊(fang)若(ruo)泾(jing)川(chuan)(chuan)、亭川(chuan)(chuan)、阙水、洛、赤城,南(nan)使统(tong)(tong)之(zhi);清(qing)泉、温泉,西使统(tong)(tong)之(zhi);乌氏,北(bei)使统(tong)(tong)之(zhi);木(mu)硖、万(wan)福,东使统(tong)(tong)之(zhi)。它皆(jie)失傅(fu)。其后益置八(ba)监于(yu)盐州(zhou)、三监于(yu)岚(lan)州(zhou)。盐州(zhou)使八(ba),统(tong)(tong)白马等坊(fang);岚(lan)州(zhou)使三,统(tong)(tong)楼烦、玄池(chi)、天池(chi)之(zhi)监。
凡征伐而发牧马,先(xian)尽强(qiang)壮,不(bu)足则取(qu)其次。录色、岁(sui)、肤第印记、主(zhu)名送军(jun),以帐(zhang)驮(tuo)之,数上于省。
自(zi)万岁失职(zhi),马(ma)政颇废,永隆中,夏州(zhou)牧(mu)马(ma)之(zhi)死失者(zhe)(zhe)十(shi)八(ba)万四(si)千九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)。景云(yun)二(er)年(nian)(nian),诏群牧(mu)岁出(chu)高品,御史(shi)按察之(zhi)。开元(yuan)初,国马(ma)益耗,太常少卿姜晦乃(nai)请以(yi)空名告身市马(ma)于六胡州(zhou),率三十(shi)匹仇一游击将军(jun)。命王毛仲领内外闲厩(jiu)。九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)又诏:“天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)有马(ma)者(zhe)(zhe),州(zhou)县皆先以(yi)邮递军(jun)旅之(zhi)役,定户(hu)复(fu)(fu)缘以(yi)升之(zhi)。百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)畏(wei)苦(ku),乃(nai)多(duo)不畜马(ma),故(gu)骑射之(zhi)士减曩时。自(zi)今诸州(zhou)民勿(wu)限有无廕(yin),能家畜十(shi)马(ma)以(yi)上,免帖驿邮递征行,定户(hu)无以(yi)马(ma)为赀。”毛仲既领闲厩(jiu),马(ma)稍稍复(fu)(fu),始二(er)十(shi)四(si)万,至(zhi)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)乃(nai)四(si)十(shi)三万。其后(hou)突厥(jue)款塞(sai),玄宗厚抚之(zhi),岁许(xu)朔方(fang)军(jun)西受降(jiang)城为互市,以(yi)金(jin)帛市马(ma),于河东、朔方(fang)、陇右牧(mu)之(zhi)。既杂(za)胡种(zhong),马(ma)乃(nai)益壮(zhuang)。
天宝后,诸(zhu)军战马(ma)(ma)动(dong)以(yi)万(wan)计(ji)。王侯、将(jiang)相、外戚(qi)牛驼(tuo)羊马(ma)(ma)之牧(mu)(mu)(mu)布诸(zhu)道(dao),百(bai)倍于县官,皆以(yi)封邑(yi)号名为(wei)印自别;将(jiang)校亦备私马(ma)(ma)。议谓秦、汉以(yi)来,唐马(ma)(ma)最盛,天子(zi)又锐志武事(shi),遂弱西北(bei)蕃。十(shi)一载,诏二京旁五百(bai)里(li)勿置(zhi)私牧(mu)(mu)(mu)。十(shi)三载,陇右群牧(mu)(mu)(mu)都使奏:马(ma)(ma)牛驼(tuo)羊总六(liu)十(shi)万(wan)五千六(liu)百(bai),而(er)马(ma)(ma)三十(shi)二万(wan)五千七(qi)百(bai)。
安禄山以(yi)内外(wai)闲厩都(dou)使(shi)兼知楼烦监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),阴选胜甲马(ma)(ma)归(gui)范阳,故其兵(bing)力倾天下而(er)卒反(fan)。肃宗(zong)收兵(bing)至(zhi)彭原,率(lv)官吏马(ma)(ma)抵平(ping)凉(liang)(liang),搜监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)及私群,得(de)马(ma)(ma)数万(wan)(wan),军(jun)遂振(zhen)。至(zhi)凤(feng)翔,又诏(zhao)公卿百(bai)寮以(yi)后(hou)(hou)乘(cheng)助军(jun)。其后(hou)(hou)边无(wu)重(zhong)兵(bing),吐蕃乘(cheng)隙陷陇(long)右,苑牧(mu)(mu)(mu)畜(chu)马(ma)(ma)皆(jie)没矣。乾元(yuan)后(hou)(hou),回(hui)纥恃功,岁(sui)入马(ma)(ma)取缯(zeng),马(ma)(ma)皆(jie)病弱(ruo)不可用。永泰元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),代宗(zong)欲亲(qin)击虏(lu),鱼朝恩乃(nai)请(qing)大(da)搜城(cheng)中(zhong)百(bai)官、士庶马(ma)(ma)输官,曰(yue)“团练(lian)马(ma)(ma)”。下制禁马(ma)(ma)出城(cheng)者,已而(er)复罢。德宗(zong)建中(zhong)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),市(shi)(shi)关辅(fu)马(ma)(ma)三(san)万(wan)(wan)实内厩。贞元(yuan)三(san)年(nian)(nian),吐蕃、羌、浑犯(fan)塞,诏(zhao)禁大(da)马(ma)(ma)出潼(tong)、蒲(pu)、武关者。元(yuan)和十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)伐蔡(cai),命中(zhong)使(shi)以(yi)绢二(er)万(wan)(wan)市(shi)(shi)马(ma)(ma)河曲。其始(shi)置(zhi)四(si)十(shi)八(ba)监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也,据陇(long)西(xi)、金城(cheng)、平(ping)凉(liang)(liang)、天水(shui),员广千(qian)里,繇京度陇(long),置(zhi)八(ba)坊(fang)为会计都(dou)领(ling),其间(jian)善水(shui)草(cao)、腴田皆(jie)隶(li)之。后(hou)(hou)监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)使(shi)与(yu)坊(fang)皆(jie)废,故地(di)存(cun)者一归(gui)闲厩,旋以(yi)给贫民(min)及军(jun)吏,间(jian)又赐佛寺、道馆(guan)几千(qian)顷(qing)。十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian),闲厩使(shi)张茂宗(zong)举故事(shi),尽收岐阳坊(fang)地(di),民(min)失业者甚(shen)众。十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian),以(yi)蔡(cai)州牧(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)为龙陂监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian),置(zhi)临(lin)汉(han)监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)襄州,牧(mu)(mu)(mu)马(ma)(ma)三(san)千(qian)二(er)百(bai),费田四(si)百(bai)顷(qing)。穆宗(zong)即位,岐人(ren)叩阙讼(song)茂宗(zong)所夺田,事(shi)下御史按(an)治,悉予民(min)。大(da)和七年(nian)(nian),度支盐铁使(shi)言(yan):“银(yin)州水(shui)甘草(cao)丰,请(qing)诏(zhao)刺史刘源市(shi)(shi)马(ma)(ma)三(san)千(qian),河西(xi)置(zhi)银(yin)川监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),以(yi)源为使(shi)。”襄阳节度使(shi)裴度奏停临(lin)汉(han)监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。开(kai)成二(er)年(nian)(nian),刘源奏:“银(yin)川马(ma)(ma)已七千(qian),若水(shui)草(cao)乏(fa),则徙牧(mu)(mu)(mu)绥州境。今绥南二(er)百(bai)里,四(si)隅险(xian)绝,寇(kou)路不能通,以(yi)数十(shi)人(ren)守要,畜(chu)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)无(wu)它患。”乃(nai)以(yi)隶(li)银(yin)川监(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
其后阙,不复可纪。
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