志第十六 刑罚七
二仪既判,汇(hui)品生(sheng)焉(yan),五(wu)(wu)才兼(jian)用,废一不可。金木水(shui)火土,咸相爱(ai)恶。阴阳所育,禀气(qi)呈形,鼓之(zhi)以(yi)雷霆(ting),润之(zhi)以(yi)云(yun)雨,春夏(xia)(xia)以(yi)生(sheng)长之(zhi),秋(qiu)冬以(yi)杀藏之(zhi)。斯则德刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)设,著自神(shen)道(dao)。圣人处天(tian)地之(zhi)间,率神(shen)祗之(zhi)意。生(sheng)民(min)(min)有(you)喜怒之(zhi)性,哀乐之(zhi)心,应感而动(dong),动(dong)而逾(yu)变。淳化所陶,以(yi)下(xia)淳朴。故(gu)异章服(fu),画衣冠,示耻(chi)申(shen)禁,而不敢犯。其(qi)流既锐,奸(jian)黠(xia)萌生(sheng)。是以(yi)明法(fa)令,立刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)赏。故(gu)《书》曰:“象(xiang)以(yi)典刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),流宥(you)五(wu)(wu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),鞭作官刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),扑作教刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),金作赎刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),怙终(zhong)贼刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),眚灾肆(si)赦。”舜命(ming)咎繇(zhou)曰:“五(wu)(wu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)服(fu),五(wu)(wu)服(fu)三(san)(san)(san)就(jiu),五(wu)(wu)流有(you)宅(zhai)(zhai),五(wu)(wu)宅(zhai)(zhai)三(san)(san)(san)居。”夏(xia)(xia)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)则大辟二百(bai)(bai),膑辟三(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai),宫辟五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai),劓(yi)墨各千。殷(yin)因于夏(xia)(xia),盖有(you)损益。《周礼》:建(jian)三(san)(san)(san)典,刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)邦国(guo),以(yi)五(wu)(wu)听求民(min)(min)情,八议以(yi)申(shen)之(zhi),三(san)(san)(san)刺以(yi)审之(zhi)。左嘉石,平(ping)罢民(min)(min);右肺石,达穷(qiong)民(min)(min)。宥(you)不识,宥(you)过失,宥(you)遗忘(wang);赦幼弱,赦耄耋(die),赦蠢愚。周道(dao)既衰(shuai),穆王(wang)荒耄,命(ming)吕侯度作祥刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)诘四方,五(wu)(wu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)属增(zeng)矣(yi)。夫(fu)疑狱泛问(wen),与众共之(zhi),众疑赦之(zhi),必察小大之(zhi)比以(yi)成(cheng)之(zhi)。先王(wang)之(zhi)爱(ai)民(min)(min)如(ru)此,刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)而不可变,故(gu)君子尽(jin)心焉(yan)。
逮于战国,竞(jing)任威刑,以相(xiang)吞噬(shi)。商君以《法(fa)经》六(liu)篇,入说于秦,议参夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛,连相(xiang)坐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。风俗凋薄,号为虎狼。及于始皇,遂兼天下(xia)(xia),毁先王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典,制(zhi)挟书(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禁(jin),法(fa)繁于秋荼(tu),纲(gang)密(mi)于凝脂,奸(jian)伪并生(sheng),赭(zhe)衣塞路,狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)犴淹积,囹圄成(cheng)市。于是天下(xia)(xia)怨(yuan)叛,十(shi)室而(er)(er)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。汉(han)(han)祖入关,蠲(juan)削烦苛,致(zhi)三章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)约。文帝(di)以仁(ren)厚,断(duan)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)百(bai)(bai),几致(zhi)刑措。孝武(wu)(wu)世(shi)以奸(jian)宄滋甚,增(zeng)律(lv)(lv)五十(shi)余(yu)篇。宣(xuan)帝(di)时,路温舒上(shang)(shang)书(shu)曰(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe)天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming),《书(shu)》曰(yue)(yue):与其(qi)杀不(bu)(bu)辜,宁失有罪(zui)(zui)。今(jin)(jin)治(zhi)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吏(li),非不(bu)(bu)慈仁(ren)也。上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)相(xiang)殴,以刻为明,深者(zhe)获公名(ming),平者(zhe)多后(hou)患。故(gu)(gu)治(zhi)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吏(li)皆(jie)欲人死(si)(si),非憎人也,自安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,在(zai)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)。夫(fu)人情(qing)安则(ze)乐生(sheng),痛(tong)(tong)则(ze)思死(si)(si),捶楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),何(he)求(qiu)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)得。故(gu)(gu)囚人不(bu)(bu)胜痛(tong)(tong),则(ze)饰(shi)辞以示人。吏(li)治(zhi)者(zhe)利其(qi)然,则(ze)指导以明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);上(shang)(shang)奏畏却,则(ze)锻炼而(er)(er)周内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。虽咎(jiu)繇听之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),犹以为死(si)(si)有余(yu)罪(zui)(zui)。何(he)则(ze)?文致(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)故(gu)(gu)也。故(gu)(gu)天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患,莫深于狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。”宣(xuan)帝(di)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。痛(tong)(tong)乎!狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吏(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害也久矣。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue),古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)(li)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),所以求(qiu)生(sheng);今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)(li)狱(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),所以求(qiu)杀人。不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)慎也。于定(ding)国为廷尉,集(ji)诸(zhu)法(fa)律(lv)(lv),凡九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)六(liu)十(shi)卷(juan),大辟四(si)百(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)条(tiao)(tiao),千八(ba)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)事,死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)决比,凡三千四(si)百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)条(tiao)(tiao),诸(zhu)断(duan)罪(zui)(zui)当用者(zhe),合二(er)(er)(er)万六(liu)千二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)条(tiao)(tiao)。后(hou)汉(han)(han)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)年间,律(lv)(lv)章无大增(zeng)减。魏(wei)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)造甲子科条(tiao)(tiao),犯釱(di)左右(you)趾者(zhe),易以斗械(xie)。明帝(di)改士民罚金之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坐,除妇(fu)人加笞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)。晋武(wu)(wu)帝(di)以魏(wei)制(zhi)峻密(mi),又(you)诏车骑贾充集(ji)诸(zhu)儒(ru)学(xue),删定(ding)名(ming)例,为二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)卷(juan),并合二(er)(er)(er)千九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)余(yu)条(tiao)(tiao)。
晋室丧(sang)乱,中原荡然。魏氏承百王之末,属崩散之后,典刑泯弃,礼俗浇(jiao)薄。自太祖拨乱,荡涤(di)华夏(xia),至于太和,然后吏清政平,断狱(yu)省(sheng)简(jian),所谓百年而后胜残去杀。故榷举行事,以(yi)著于篇(pian)。
魏(wei)初,礼(li)俗(su)纯朴,刑禁疏简。宣帝南迁,复(fu)置四部大人,坐(zuo)王庭决(jue)辞讼,以言语约束,刻契记事,无囹圄考(kao)讯之法(fa),诸(zhu)犯罪者,皆临时决(jue)遣。神元因循,亡所革易。
穆帝(di)(di)时(shi),刘聪、石(shi)勒(le)倾(qing)复晋室。帝(di)(di)将平其乱,乃峻刑法(fa),每(mei)以军令从(cong)事。民(min)乘宽(kuan)政,多(duo)以违命得罪(zui),死者以万计。于是国落骚骇。平文承业(ye),绥集离散。
昭成(cheng)建国二年(nian):当死者(zhe),听其家(jia)献金马以赎;犯大逆(ni)者(zhe),亲(qin)族(zu)男女无少(shao)长皆斩;男女不以礼(li)交皆死;民相杀者(zhe),听与死家(jia)马牛四十九头,及送葬器物以平之;无系讯连逮(dai)之坐;盗官物,一备(bei)(bei)五(wu),私则备(bei)(bei)十。法令明(ming)白,百姓晏然。
太(tai)祖(zu)幼遭艰难,备尝险阻(zu),具(ju)知民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)情伪。及在位,躬行仁(ren)厚,协和民(min)(min)(min)庶。既定中原,患前(qian)代刑(xing)纲(gang)峻密,乃命(ming)三公(gong)郎(lang)王德除其(qi)法之(zhi)酷切于民(min)(min)(min)者,约定科令,大崇简易。是时,天下民(min)(min)(min)久苦兵乱,畏法乐安(an)。帝知其(qi)若此,乃镇之(zhi)以玄(xuan)默,罚必从轻,兆(zhao)庶欣戴焉。然于大臣持(chi)法不(bu)舍。季年(nian)灾异屡见,太(tai)祖(zu)不(bu)豫,纲(gang)纪(ji)褫顿,刑(xing)罚颇为滥(lan)酷。
太(tai)宗即位,修废官,恤民隐,命(ming)南(nan)平公长孙嵩、北新侯安同对理(li)民讼,庶(shu)政复(fu)有(you)叙焉。帝既(ji)练精(jing)庶(shu)事,为(wei)吏者浸以深文避罪。
世祖即位,以刑(xing)禁重,神中,诏(zhao)(zhao)司徒浩定(ding)律令。除五(wu)岁(sui)四岁(sui)刑(xing),增一年刑(xing)。分大(da)(da)辟为二(er)科(ke)死,斩死,入绞。大(da)(da)逆不(bu)(bu)(bu)道腰斩,诛其(qi)(qi)同籍,年十四已下(xia)腐刑(xing),女(nv)(nv)子没(mei)县官(guan)。害其(qi)(qi)亲者(zhe)轘(huan)之(zhi)。为蛊毒者(zhe),男女(nv)(nv)皆斩,而焚其(qi)(qi)家。巫蛊者(zhe),负(fu)羖羊抱(bao)犬沉诸渊。当刑(xing)者(zhe)赎,贫(pin)则加鞭(bian)二(er)百(bai)。畿内民富(fu)者(zhe)烧(shao)炭(tan)于(yu)山,贫(pin)者(zhe)役于(yu)圊溷,女(nv)(nv)子入舂槁;其(qi)(qi)固疾不(bu)(bu)(bu)逮于(yu)人,守(shou)苑囿。王官(guan)阶九品,得(de)以官(guan)爵除刑(xing)。妇人当刑(xing)而孕,产(chan)后(hou)百(bai)日乃(nai)决。年十四已下(xia),降刑(xing)之(zhi)半,八十及九岁(sui),非杀人不(bu)(bu)(bu)坐。拷讯不(bu)(bu)(bu)逾四十九。谕刑(xing)者(zhe),部主具状,公车鞫辞,而三都(dou)决之(zhi)。当死者(zhe),部案奏闻(wen)。以死不(bu)(bu)(bu)可复生,惧监官(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能平,狱(yu)成皆呈,帝(di)亲临问,无(wu)异辞怨言乃(nai)绝(jue)之(zhi)。诸州国之(zhi)大(da)(da)辟,皆先谳报(bao)乃(nai)施行(xing)。阙左悬(xuan)登(deng)闻(wen)鼓(gu),人有穷(qiong)冤则挝鼓(gu),公车上奏其(qi)(qi)表。是后(hou)民官(guan)渎(du)货,帝(di)思有以肃之(zhi)。太延三年,诏(zhao)(zhao)天下(xia)吏民,得(de)举告(gao)牧守(shou)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)法。于(yu)是凡庶之(zhi)凶悖者(zhe),专(zhuan)求牧宰之(zhi)失,迫(po)肋在位,取(qu)豪于(yu)闾阎。而长吏咸降心以待之(zhi),苟免而不(bu)(bu)(bu)耻(chi),贪暴犹自若也。
时舆驾数亲(qin)(qin)征讨及行(xing)幸四方,真君五年(nian)(nian),命恭宗(zong)总百揆监国(guo)。少傅(fu)游雅(ya)上疏曰:“殿下亲(qin)(qin)览(lan)百揆,经(jing)营(ying)内外,昧旦(dan)而(er)(er)兴,谘(zi)询国(guo)老。臣(chen)职忝疑承,司是献替。汉(han)武(wu)时,始启河右四郡,议诸疑罪(zui)而(er)(er)谪徙之(zhi)。十数年(nian)(nian)后,边(bian)郡充实,并修农戍,孝宣(xuan)因之(zhi),以服北(bei)方。此近世之(zhi)事也。帝王之(zhi)于(yu)罪(zui)人,非怒而(er)(er)诛之(zhi),欲其徙善而(er)(er)惩(cheng)恶。谪徙之(zhi)苦,其惩(cheng)亦深(shen)。自非大逆(ni)正(zheng)刑,皆可从徙,虽举家投(tou)远,忻喜赴路,力役终身,不(bu)敢言(yan)苦。且远流(liu)分离,心或思(si)善。如此,奸(jian)邪可息(xi),边(bian)垂足备。”恭宗(zong)善其言(yan),然未(wei)之(zhi)行(xing)。
六(liu)年春,以有(you)(you)(you)司断法不平(ping),诏(zhao)诸疑狱皆(jie)付中书,依古经义论决之(zhi)。初盗律(lv),赃四十(shi)匹致大(da)辟,民多慢政,峻其(qi)法,赃三匹皆(jie)死。正(zheng)平(ping)元年,诏(zhao)曰:“刑纲大(da)密,犯者更众,朕甚愍之(zhi)。其(qi)详案律(lv)令,务(wu)求厥(jue)中,有(you)(you)(you)不便(bian)于民者增损(sun)之(zhi)。”于是游雅与中书侍郎胡方回等改定律(lv)制。盗律(lv)复旧,加故纵、通情、止(zhi)舍之(zhi)法及他(ta)罪,凡三百九(jiu)十(shi)一条。门(men)诛四,大(da)辟一百四十(shi)五,刑二(er)百二(er)十(shi)一条。有(you)(you)(you)司虽增损(sun)条章,犹未能阐明刑典(dian)。
高宗初,仍遵旧式。太宗四年,始设酒禁。是时年谷屡登(deng),士民多(duo)因酒致酗讼,或(huo)议主政(zheng)。帝恶其若此,故一(yi)切禁之(zhi),酿、沽(gu)饮皆斩之(zhi),吉凶宾(bin)亲(qin),则开禁,有(you)(you)日程(cheng)。增(zeng)置内外侯官,伺察诸曹外部州(zhou)镇,至有(you)(you)微服(fu)杂乱(luan)于府寺(si)间,以求百官疵(ci)失(shi)。其所穷治,有(you)(you)司(si)苦加(jia)讯恻,而多(duo)相诬逮,辄劾以不敬。诸司(si)官赃二丈皆斩。又增(zeng)律七十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)章,门房之(zhi)诛十(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)三,大辟三十(shi)(shi)五(wu),刑(xing)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)二。和平末,冀州(zhou)刺史源(yuan)贺上言:“自非大逆手杀人者(zhe),请原其命,谪守(shou)边戍。”诏从之(zhi)。
显祖即位(wei),除口误,开酒禁(jin)。帝勤于治功,百僚内外(wai),莫不震肃(su)。及传位(wei)高祖,犹躬览万机,刑政(zheng)严明(ming),显拔清节,沙汰贪鄙(bi)。牧守之廉洁者,往往有闻焉(yan)。
延兴四年,诏(zhao)自非大(da)逆干(gan)纪(ji)者,皆(jie)止其身,罢门房之诛。自狱付(fu)中书复(fu)案,后颇(po)上(shang)下法(fa),遂(sui)罢之,狱有大(da)疑,乃平议焉。先(xian)是诸曹奏事,多(duo)有疑请,又口传诏(zhao)敕,或致矫擅(shan)。于是事无大(da)小(xiao),皆(jie)令据律正名(ming),不得疑奏。合则制可,失衷则弹诘之,尽从中墨(mo)诏(zhao)。自是事咸精详(xiang),下莫敢相(xiang)罔。
显(xian)(xian)祖末年(nian),尤重刑罚,言及常用恻怆(chuang)。每于(yu)狱案,必令(ling)复鞫(ju),诸有囚(qiu)系,或积年(nian)不(bu)斩。群臣颇以为言。帝曰(yue):“狱滞虽(sui)非治体,不(bu)犹(you)愈乎(hu)仓卒(zu)而滥也。夫(fu)人幽苦则思(si)善,故(gu)囹圄与福堂同居。朕(zhen)欲其(qi)(qi)改悔,而加以轻(qing)恕(shu)耳。”由是囚(qiu)系虽(sui)淹滞,而刑罚多(duo)得其(qi)(qi)所。又以敕令(ling)屡下(xia),则狂愚多(duo)侥幸,故(gu)自延兴,终于(yu)季(ji)年(nian),不(bu)复下(xia)赦(she)。理官鞫(ju)囚(qiu),杖限五十(shi),而有司欲免之则以细(xi)捶(chui),欲陷之则先大(da)杖。民(min)多(duo)不(bu)胜而诬引,或绝命于(yu)杖下(xia)。显(xian)(xian)祖知其(qi)(qi)若此,乃(nai)为之制。其(qi)(qi)捶(chui)用荆(jing),平其(qi)(qi)节(jie),讯(xun)囚(qiu)者其(qi)(qi)本大(da)三分,杖背(bei)者二分,挞(ta)胫者一分,拷悉依(yi)令(ling)。皆从于(yu)轻(qing)简也。
高祖驭宇,留心刑(xing)法(fa)(fa)。故事,斩者(zhe)皆裸(luo)形(xing)伏质,入死者(zhe)绞,虽有律,未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)也。太和(he)元年(nian),诏曰:“刑(xing)法(fa)(fa)所(suo)以(yi)禁暴(bao)息奸,绝其命不在裸(luo)形(xing)。其参详(xiang)旧典,务从宽仁(ren)。”司(si)徒元丕等奏言(yan):“圣心垂仁(ren)恕之(zhi)(zhi)惠,使受(shou)戮(lu)者(zhe)免裸(luo)骸之(zhi)(zhi)耻。普(pu)天感德(de),莫不幸甚。臣等谨议,大逆(ni)及(ji)贼各弃(qi)市袒斩,盗及(ji)吏受(shou)赇(qiu)各绞刑(xing),踣诸甸(dian)师。”又(you)诏曰:“民(min)由(you)化穆,非严刑(xing)所(suo)制。防(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)虽峻,陷者(zhe)弥甚。今犯法(fa)(fa)至(zhi)死,同入斩刑(xing),去衣裸(luo)体,男女亵见(jian)。岂齐之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)法(fa)(fa),示(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)礼(li)者(zhe)也。今具(ju)为之(zhi)(zhi)制。”
三年(nian),下(xia)诏(zhao)曰:“治因(yin)政宽(kuan),弊由纲(gang)密。今(jin)候职千数,奸巧(qiao)弄威,重罪受赇不列,细过吹毛(mao)而(er)举。其(qi)一切罢之(zhi)。”于(yu)是(shi)更置(zhi)谨(jin)直(zhi)者数百(bai)人,以防(fang)渲斗于(yu)街(jie)术。吏民安(an)其(qi)职业(ye)。
先是以律(lv)令不具,奸吏用法,致有(you)(you)轻重(zhong)。诏(zhao)中(zhong)书令高闾集中(zhong)秘官等修改旧文,随(sui)例增减(jian)。又敕(chi)群(qun)官,参议(yi)厥衷,经御刊定。五年冬讫,凡八(ba)百(bai)三十(shi)(shi)二章,门(men)房(fang)之诛十(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)六,大辟之罪二百(bai)三十(shi)(shi)五,刑三百(bai)七十(shi)(shi)七;除群(qun)行剽劫首谋(mou)门(men)诛,律(lv)重(zhong)者止枭首。
时(shi)法官及(ji)州郡县不(bu)能以情(qing)折狱。乃为(wei)重枷(jia),大(da)几(ji)围;复以缒石(shi)悬于囚颈,伤(shang)内至骨;更使壮卒(zu)迭搏(bo)之(zhi)。囚率不(bu)堪(kan),因以诬服。吏(li)持此以为(wei)能。帝闻而伤(shang)之(zhi),乃制非(fei)大(da)逆(ni)有明证而不(bu)款辟者,不(bu)得大(da)枷(jia)。
律:“枉(wang)法(fa)(fa)十(shi)匹,义(yi)赃(zang)二百(bai)匹大辟。”至(zhi)八(ba)年,始班禄制,更定义(yi)赃(zang)一匹,枉(wang)法(fa)(fa)无多少皆(jie)死。是秋遣使者(zhe)巡行天下,纠守(shou)宰之不法(fa)(fa),坐赃(zang)死者(zhe)四十(shi)余人。食禄者(zhe)跼蹐,赇(qiu)谒之路殆绝。帝(di)哀矜(jin)庶(shu)狱(yu),至(zhi)于奏谳,率从(cong)降恕,全命徙边,岁(sui)以千计(ji)。京师(shi)决(jue)死狱(yu),岁(sui)竟不过(guo)五六,州(zhou)镇(zhen)亦简。
十(shi)一(yi)年春(chun),诏曰(yue)(yue):“三千之罪,莫大于不孝,而(er)律不逊父(fu)母,罪止髡(kun)刑。于理未衷。可(ke)(ke)更详改(gai)。”又诏曰(yue)(yue):“前命公卿(qing)论(lun)定(ding)刑典,而(er)门房之诛犹在律策,违(wei)失(shi)《周书》父(fu)子(zi)异罪。推古求(qiu)情,意甚无取。可(ke)(ke)更议之,删(shan)除(chu)繁(fan)酷(ku)。”秋八月诏曰(yue)(yue):“律文刑限三年,便(bian)入极(ji)默(mo)。坐无太半之校,罪有(you)死生之殊。可(ke)(ke)详案律条,诸(zhu)有(you)此类,更一(yi)刊定(ding)。”冬十(shi)月,复诏公卿(qing)令参议之。
十二年诏:“犯死罪,若父母、祖(zu)父母年老,更无成(cheng)人子孙,又无期(qi)亲者(zhe),仰案后(hou)列奏以(yi)待(dai)报,著之令格。”
世宗(zong)即位,意在宽政。正始元年冬(dong),诏曰:“议狱(yu)定(ding)律,有国攸慎(shen),轻重损益,世或不同。先(xian)朝垂心典宪,刊革令轨(gui),但时属征役(yi),未之详(xiang)究,施于时用,犹致疑(yi)舛。尚书(shu)门下可于中书(shu)外省论律令。诸有疑(yi)事(shi),斟酌新旧(jiu),更加思理(li),增减(jian)上下,必令周备,随有所立(li),别以申闻。庶于循变(bian)协(xie)时,永(yong)作通(tong)制。”
永平(ping)元(yuan)年秋七(qi)月,诏尚(shang)(shang)书检枷(jia)杖(zhang)大(da)小违(wei)制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由,科其罪失。尚(shang)(shang)书令高肇(zhao),尚(shang)(shang)书仆(pu)射、清河(he)王(wang)怿,尚(shang)(shang)书邢峦,尚(shang)(shang)书李平(ping),尚(shang)(shang)书、江阳王(wang)继等奏曰:“臣(chen)等闻(wen)王(wang)者继天子物,为民父(fu)母,导之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以德化,齐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以刑法(fa),小大(da)必(bi)以情(qing),哀矜而(er)勿喜,务于三讯(xun)五(wu)听(ting)(ting),不(bu)(bu)以木石定(ding)(ding)狱。伏惟陛下子爱苍(cang)生,恩侔(mou)天地(di),疏纲改祝,仁过商后。以枷(jia)杖(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)(fei)度,愍民命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或伤,爰(yuan)降慈旨,广垂昭恤。虽有(you)虞(yu)慎狱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深,汉文(wen)恻(ce)隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi),亦未(wei)可(ke)共日而(er)言(yan)矣。谨案(an)《狱官(guan)令》:诸(zhu)察狱,先(xian)备五(wu)听(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,尽(jin)求情(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,又(you)验诸(zhu)证信,事多疑似,犹不(bu)(bu)首实(shi)者,然后加(jia)以拷(kao)(kao)掠(lve);诸(zhu)犯年刑已(yi)(yi)上枷(jia)锁,流徙(xi)已(yi)(yi)上,增(zeng)(zeng)以杻械。迭用不(bu)(bu)俱。非(fei)(fei)大(da)逆外叛(pan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,皆不(bu)(bu)大(da)枷(jia)、高丑、重(zhong)(zhong)械,又(you)无用石之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)。而(er)法(fa)官(guan)州郡,因(yin)缘增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia),遂为恆法(fa)。进乖五(wu)听(ting)(ting),退违(wei)令文(wen),诚宜案(an)劾,依旨科处,但踵行已(yi)(yi)久,计不(bu)(bu)推坐。检杖(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小大(da),鞭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长短,令有(you)定(ding)(ding)式(shi),但枷(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轻重(zhong)(zhong),先(xian)无成制。臣(chen)等参量,造大(da)枷(jia)长一丈三尺,喉(hou)下长一丈,通颊木各方五(wu)寸,以拟大(da)逆外叛(pan);杻械以掌流刑已(yi)(yi)上。诸(zhu)台、寺、州、郡大(da)枷(jia),请(qing)悉焚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。枷(jia)本掌囚,非(fei)(fei)拷(kao)(kao)讯(xun)所用。从今断(duan)狱,皆依令尽(jin)听(ting)(ting)讯(xun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,量人强弱,加(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拷(kao)(kao)掠(lve),不(bu)(bu)听(ting)(ting)非(fei)(fei)法(fa)拷(kao)(kao)人,兼以拷(kao)(kao)石。”自是枷(jia)杖(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,颇有(you)定(ding)(ding)准。未(wei)几,狱官(guan)肆(si)虐,稍(shao)复重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)。
《法(fa)例(li)律(lv)》:“五(wu)等列爵及在官(guan)(guan)(guan)品令从(cong)第五(wu),以(yi)阶当(dang)刑(xing)二岁;免官(guan)(guan)(guan)者,三(san)载之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)听仕,降(jiang)先(xian)阶一(yi)等。”延昌二年春,尚书(shu)刑(xing)峦(luan)奏:“窃详王(wang)公已下(xia),或析(xi)体宸(chen)极,或著勋当(dang)时(shi),咸胙土授(shou)民,维城王(wang)室。至(zhi)于五(wu)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爵,亦以(yi)功(gong)锡,虽爵秩有(you)异,而(er)号拟河山,得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)难(nan),失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)永(yong)(yong)坠。刑(xing)典既同,名(ming)(ming)复殊绝,请(qing)议(yi)所宜,附为(wei)(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)制。”诏(zhao)议(yi)律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,与八座(zuo)门下(xia)参论(lun)。皆以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei):“官(guan)(guan)(guan)人若罪本(ben)除(chu)(chu)名(ming)(ming),以(yi)职(zhi)当(dang)刑(xing),犹有(you)余资,复降(jiang)阶而(er)叙。至(zhi)于五(wu)等封(feng)(feng)爵,除(chu)(chu)刑(xing)若尽,永(yong)(yong)即甄(zhen)削,便同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除(chu)(chu)名(ming)(ming),于例(li)实爽。愚谓自王(wang)公以(yi)下(xia),有(you)封(feng)(feng)邑,罪除(chu)(chu)名(ming)(ming),三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),宜各降(jiang)本(ben)爵一(yi)等,王(wang)及郡公降(jiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)县(xian)(xian)公,公为(wei)(wei)(wei)侯,侯为(wei)(wei)(wei)伯,伯为(wei)(wei)(wei)子,子为(wei)(wei)(wei)男(nan),至(zhi)于县(xian)(xian)男(nan),则降(jiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乡男(nan)。五(wu)等爵者,亦依此而(er)降(jiang),至(zhi)于散男(nan)。其乡男(nan)无可降(jiang)授(shou)者,三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),听依其本(ben)品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)资出身。”诏(zhao)从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
其(qi)(qi)年秋,符玺郎中高贤(xian)、弟(di)员(yuan)外散骑侍(shi)(shi)郎仲(zhong)贤(xian)、叔(shu)司徒府主簿六珍等(deng),坐(zuo)弟(di)季贤(xian)同(tong)(tong)元愉逆(ni),除(chu)(chu)名(ming)为(wei)民,会赦(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)后,被(bei)旨勿(wu)论。尚书邢峦奏:“案季贤(xian)既(ji)受(shou)逆(ni)官(guan),为(wei)其(qi)(qi)传檄,规(gui)扇幽(you)瀛,遘兹(zi)祸乱,据(ju)律准犯,罪(zui)(zui)(zui)当孥戮(lu),兄叔(shu)坐(zuo)法,法有(you)(you)明典。赖蒙大(da)宥,身命获全,除(chu)(chu)名(ming)还民,于其(qi)(qi)为(wei)幸。然反逆(ni)坐(zuo)重,故(gu)支属相及(ji)。体(ti)既(ji)相及(ji),事同(tong)(tong)一科,岂有(you)(you)赦(she)(she)(she)前皆从流(liu)斩(zhan)之(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)(zui),赦(she)(she)(she)后独除(chu)(chu)反者(zhe)之(zhi)身。又缘坐(zuo)之(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)(zui),不(bu)得以职除(chu)(chu)流(liu)。且货赇小愆,寇盗微戾,赃(zang)状露验者(zhe),会赦(she)(she)(she)犹除(chu)(chu)其(qi)(qi)名(ming)。何有(you)(you)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)极裂冠,衅(xin)均毁(hui)冕,父子齐刑(xing),兄弟(di)共罚,赦(she)(she)(she)前同(tong)(tong)斩(zhan)从流(liu),赦(she)(she)(she)后有(you)(you)复官(guan)之(zhi)理。依律则罪(zui)(zui)(zui)合孥戮(lu),准赦(she)(she)(she)例皆除(chu)(chu)名(ming)。古人议(yi)无将之(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)者(zhe),毁(hui)其(qi)(qi)室,洿(wu)其(qi)(qi)宫,绝其(qi)(qi)踪,灭其(qi)(qi)类。其(qi)(qi)宅犹弃,而况(kuang)人乎?请依律处(chu),除(chu)(chu)名(ming)为(wei)民。”诏曰:“死者(zhe)既(ji)在赦(she)(she)(she)前,又员(yuan)外非在正侍(shi)(shi)之(zhi)限,便可悉听复仕(shi)。”
三年,尚(shang)书(shu)李平奏:“冀州阜城民(min)费羊(yang)皮母亡,家贫无以葬,卖(mai)(mai)七岁子与同城人(ren)(ren)张(zhang)回为(wei)婢(bi)。回转卖(mai)(mai)于(yu)鄃县民(min)梁定之(zhi),而不(bu)言良状。案(an)盗律‘掠人(ren)(ren)、掠卖(mai)(mai)人(ren)(ren)、和卖(mai)(mai)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)奴(nu)婢(bi)者,死’。回故买(mai)羊(yang)皮女(nv),谋(mou)以转卖(mai)(mai)。依律处绞刑。”诏曰:“律称和卖(mai)(mai)人(ren)(ren)者,谓两(liang)人(ren)(ren)诈取他财。今羊(yang)皮卖(mai)(mai)女(nv),告回称良,张(zhang)回利贱,知良公(gong)买(mai)。诚于(yu)律俱乖,而两(liang)各非诈。此女(nv)虽(sui)父卖(mai)(mai)为(wei)婢(bi),体(ti)本是良。回转卖(mai)(mai)之(zhi)日,应有迟疑,而“决从真卖(mai)(mai)。于(yu)情(qing)不(bu)可(ke)。更推例(li)以为(wei)永(yong)式。”
延尉少卿杨钧议曰:“谨(jin)详(xiang)盗(dao)(dao)律‘掠(lve)人、掠(lve)卖人为奴婢(bi)者,皆死(si)(si)’,别条(tiao)‘卖子(zi)孙(sun)者,一岁刑(xing)’。卖良是一,而(er)刑(xing)死(si)(si)悬殊(shu)者,由缘情制罚,则(ze)致罪(zui)有(you)(you)差。又详(xiang)‘君盗(dao)(dao)强(qiang)盗(dao)(dao),首从(cong)皆同’,和掠(lve)之(zhi)罪(zui),固应不(bu)异。及(ji)‘知人掠(lve)盗(dao)(dao)之(zhi)物,而(er)故买(mai)者,以随从(cong)论’。然五(wu)服相卖,皆有(you)(you)明(ming)条(tiao),买(mai)者之(zhi)罪(zui),律所不(bu)载。窃谓(wei)同凡从(cong)法,其(qi)缘服相减者,宜(yi)有(you)(you)差,买(mai)者之(zhi)罪(zui),不(bu)得过于卖者之(zhi)咎也。但羊(yang)皮(pi)卖女为婢(bi),不(bu)言追赎,张(zhang)回真(zhen)买(mai),谓(wei)同家财,至于转鬻(yu)之(zhi)日,不(bu)复疑(yi)虑。缘其(qi)买(mai)之(zhi)于女父,便(bian)卖之(zhi)于他人,准(zhun)其(qi)和掠(lve),此(ci)有(you)(you)因(yin)缘之(zhi)类也。又详(xiang)恐(kong)喝(he)条(tiao)注:‘尊长与之(zhi)已决,恐(kong)喝(he)幼贱求之(zhi)。’然恐(kong)喝(he)体同,而(er)不(bu)受恐(kong)喝(he)之(zhi)罪(zui)者,以尊长与之(zhi)已决故也。而(er)张(zhang)回本买(mai)婢(bi)于羊(yang)皮(pi),乃真(zhen)卖于定之(zhi)。准(zhun)此(ci)条(tiao)例,得先有(you)(you)由;推(tui)之(zhi)因(yin)缘,理颇相类。即状准(zhun)条(tiao),处流为允。”
三公郎中崔(cui)鸿议曰:“案(an)(an)律(lv)‘卖子有(you)一岁刑;卖五(wu)服内亲(qin)属(shu),在尊长者(zhe)(zhe)死,期亲(qin)及妾(qie)与子妇流(liu)(liu)’。唯买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)无(wu)罪文。然”卖者(zhe)(zhe)既以有(you)罪,买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)坐。但卖者(zhe)(zhe)以天性难夺,支属(shu)易遗(yi),尊卑不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),故(gu)罪有(you)异。买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)(liang)(liang)故(gu)买(mai)(mai)(mai),又(you)于(yu)彼无(wu)亲(qin)。若买(mai)(mai)(mai)同(tong)(tong)卖者(zhe)(zhe),即(ji)理不(bu)(bu)可。何者(zhe)(zhe)?‘卖五(wu)服内亲(qin)属(shu),在尊长者(zhe)(zhe)死’,此亦(yi)非掠(lve),从(cong)其真买(mai)(mai)(mai),暨于(yu)致罪,刑死大殊。明知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)之坐,自应一例,不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)全如钧议,云买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)之罪,不(bu)(bu)过卖者(zhe)(zhe)之咎也。且(qie)买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)于(yu)彼无(wu)天性支属(shu)之义,何故(gu)得(de)(de)有(you)差等之理?又(you)案(an)(an)别条:‘知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)掠(lve)盗之物而(er)故(gu)卖者(zhe)(zhe),以随(sui)从(cong)论。’依(yi)此律(lv)文,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)掠(lve)良(liang)(liang)(liang),从(cong)其宜(yi)买(mai)(mai)(mai),罪止于(yu)流(liu)(liu)。然其亲(qin)属(shu)相卖,坐殊凡掠(lve)。至于(yu)买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)宜(yi)不(bu)(bu)等。若处同(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)坐,于(yu)法为深。准律(lv)斟降,合刑五(wu)岁。至如买(mai)(mai)(mai)者(zhe)(zhe),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren),决便真卖,不(bu)(bu)语(yu)前(qian)人(ren)得(de)(de)之由绪。前(qian)人(ren)谓(wei)真奴婢,更或转卖,因此流(liu)(liu)洞,罔知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在,家人(ren)追赎,求访无(wu)处,永(yong)沉贱隶,无(wu)复(fu)(fu)良(liang)(liang)(liang)期。案(an)(an)其罪状,与掠(lve)无(wu)异。且(qie)法严而(er)奸易息,政(zheng)宽而(er)民(min)多犹,水(shui)火之喻(yu),先典明文。今谓(wei)买(mai)(mai)(mai)人(ren)亲(qin)属(shu)而(er)复(fu)(fu)决卖,不(bu)(bu)告前(qian)人(ren)良(liang)(liang)(liang)状由绪,处同(tong)(tong)掠(lve)罪。”
太保(bao)、高阳王雍议曰:“州(zhou)处(chu)(chu)张回(hui),专引(yin)盗(dao)(dao)律(lv)(lv),检(jian)回(hui)所(suo)犯,本非(fei)(fei)和(he)(he)掠(lve)(lve),保(bao)证(zheng)明然,去盗(dao)(dao)远矣(yi)。今引(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)盗(dao)(dao)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条,处(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)掠(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),原(yuan)情究(jiu)律(lv)(lv),实为(wei)乖当。如臣钧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)议,知买(mai)掠(lve)(lve)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)者,本无(wu)罪(zui)(zui)文(wen)。何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?‘群(qun)盗(dao)(dao)强(qiang)(qiang)盗(dao)(dao),无(wu)首(shou)(shou)(shou)从(cong)皆(jie)同’,和(he)(he)掠(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),故(gu)应(ying)不(bu)(bu)异。明此自无(wu)正条,引(yin)类以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)结罪(zui)(zui)。臣鸿以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)转卖(mai)(mai)(mai)流(liu)(liu)漂(piao),罪(zui)(zui)与(yu)(yu)掠(lve)(lve)等(deng),可(ke)(ke)谓‘罪(zui)(zui)人(ren)(ren)斯(si)得(de)’。案《贼律(lv)(lv)》云(yun):‘谋杀(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)发(fa)觉者流(liu)(liu),从(cong)者五岁刑(xing)(xing)(xing);已伤及杀(sha)(sha)而(er)(er)(er)(er)还苏(su)者死,从(cong)者流(liu)(liu);已杀(sha)(sha)者斩,从(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)加功者死,不(bu)(bu)加者流(liu)(liu)。’详(xiang)沉贱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)身死,流(liu)(liu)漂(piao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)腐骨,一(yi)(yi)(yi)存一(yi)(yi)(yi)亡(wang),为(wei)害孰(shu)甚?然贼律(lv)(lv)杀(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren),有(you)(you)(you)(you)首(shou)(shou)(shou)从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科,盗(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)卖(mai)(mai)(mai)买(mai),无(wu)唱(chang)和(he)(he)差等(deng)。谋杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)掠(lve)(lve),同是良(liang)人(ren)(ren),应(ying)为(wei)准例(li)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)引(yin)杀(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren)减之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),降(jiang)从(cong)强(qiang)(qiang)盗(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)科。纵令谋杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)强(qiang)(qiang)盗(dao)(dao),俱(ju)得(de)为(wei)例(li),而(er)(er)(er)(er)似从(cong)轻(qing)。其义(yi)安在?又云(yun):‘知人(ren)(ren)掠(lve)(lve)盗(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物而(er)(er)(er)(er)故(gu)买(mai)者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)随从(cong)论(lun)。’此明禁暴掠(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan),遏奸盗(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本,非(fei)(fei)谓市之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于亲尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手,而(er)(er)(er)(er)同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于盗(dao)(dao)掠(lve)(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)。窃谓五服相卖(mai)(mai)(mai),俱(ju)是良(liang)人(ren)(ren),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容有(you)(you)(you)(you)差等(deng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)者,明去掠(lve)(lve)盗(dao)(dao)理远,故(gu)从(cong)亲疏为(wei)差级,尊(zun)卑为(wei)轻(qing)重。依(yi)律(lv)(lv):‘诸(zhu)共犯罪(zui)(zui),皆(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)发(fa)意为(wei)首(shou)(shou)(shou)。’明卖(mai)(mai)(mai)买(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元有(you)(you)(you)(you)由,魁(kui)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坐(zuo)宜定。若(ruo)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)皮不(bu)(bu)云(yun)卖(mai)(mai)(mai),则回(hui)无(wu)买(mai)心(xin),则羊(yang)(yang)(yang)皮为(wei)元首(shou)(shou)(shou),张回(hui)为(wei)从(cong)坐(zuo)。首(shou)(shou)(shou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)沾刑(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科,从(cong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)极默之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戾,推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宪律(lv)(lv),法刑(xing)(xing)(xing)无(wu)据。买(mai)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),宜各从(cong)卖(mai)(mai)(mai)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坐(zuo)。又详(xiang)臣鸿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)议,有(you)(you)(you)(you)从(cong)他亲属买(mai)得(de)良(liang)人(ren)(ren),而(er)(er)(er)(er)复真卖(mai)(mai)(mai),不(bu)(bu)语后人(ren)(ren)由状者,处(chu)(chu)同掠(lve)(lve)罪(zui)(zui)。既(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)婢,卖(mai)(mai)(mai)与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)卖(mai)(mai)(mai),俱(ju)非(fei)(fei)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)。何(he)必以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)卖(mai)(mai)(mai)为(wei)可(ke)(ke)原(yuan),转卖(mai)(mai)(mai)为(wei)难恕。张回(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愆(qian),宜鞭一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)。卖(mai)(mai)(mai)子葬(zang)亲,孝诚可(ke)(ke)美,而(er)(er)(er)(er)表赏(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)议未(wei)闻,刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科已降(jiang)。恐非(fei)(fei)敦风厉俗,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德导(dao)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓。请免羊(yang)(yang)(yang)皮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),公酬卖(mai)(mai)(mai)直。”诏曰:“羊(yang)(yang)(yang)皮卖(mai)(mai)(mai)女(nv)葬(zang)母,孝诚可(ke)(ke)嘉,便可(ke)(ke)特原(yuan)。张回(hui)虽(sui)买(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于父,不(bu)(bu)应(ying)转卖(mai)(mai)(mai),可(ke)(ke)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)五岁。”
先是,皇族有(you)谴,皆(jie)不持讯。时(shi)有(you)宗(zong)士(shi)元显富,犯(fan)罪(zui)须鞫,宗(zong)正约以(yi)旧制(zhi)。尚书李(li)平奏:“以(yi)帝宗(zong)磐(pan)固,周布(bu)于天下(xia),其(qi)属籍(ji)疏远,廕官(guan)卑末,无(wu)良犯(fan)宪,理须推究。请立限断,以(yi)为定式。”诏曰:“云来绵远,繁衍世(shi)滋,植籍(ji)宗(zong)氏(shi),而为不善(shan),量亦多矣。先朝既无(wu)不讯之(zhi)格(ge),而空相矫恃,以(yi)长违暴。诸(zhu)在议请之(zhi)外,可(ke)悉依常(chang)法。”
其(qi)年六月,兼廷(ting)尉(wei)(wei)卿元志、监王靖等(deng)上言(yan):“检除名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)例,依律(lv)文,‘狱(yu)(yu)成’谓(wei)处罪(zui)(zui)案(an)(an)成者(zhe)(zhe)。寺谓(wei)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)迳弹后,使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)复检鞫证定刑,罪(zui)(zui)状彰露,案(an)(an)署分(fen)两,狱(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)成。若(ruo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)案(an)(an)虽成,虽已(yi)(yi)申省,事下廷(ting)尉(wei)(wei),或寺以(yi)情状未(wei)尽(jin),或邀(yao)驾挝鼓,或门下立(li)疑,更付别(bie)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),可从(cong)未(wei)成之(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao)。其(qi)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)陈诉(su),信其(qi)专辞,而(er)阻成断,便是(shi)(shi)曲(qu)遂于私(si),有(you)乖公体。何者(zhe)(zhe)?五诈既穷(qiong),六备已(yi)(yi)立(li),侥(jiao)幸之(zhi)(zhi)辈,更起异端(duan),进求延(yan)罪(zui)(zui)于漏刻,退希不(bu)测(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)恩宥,辩以(yi)惑正(zheng),曲(qu)以(yi)乱直,长(zhang)民(min)奸(jian)(jian)于下,隳国法于上,窃所未(wei)安(an)。”大理(li)(li)正(zheng)崔纂(zuan)、评(ping)杨机、丞甲休、律(lv)博(bo)士刘(liu)安(an)元以(yi)为(wei)(wei):“律(lv)文,狱(yu)(yu)已(yi)(yi)成及(ji)(ji)(ji)决竟(jing),经(jing)所绾,而(er)疑有(you)奸(jian)(jian)欺,不(bu)直于法,及(ji)(ji)(ji)诉(su)冤(yuan)枉者(zhe)(zhe),得摄(she)讯复治之(zhi)(zhi)。检使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)处罪(zui)(zui)者(zhe)(zhe),虽已(yi)(yi)案(an)(an)成,御史风弹,以(yi)痛诬伏;或拷不(bu)承引,依证而(er)科;或有(you)私(si)嫌(xian),强(qiang)逼(bi)成罪(zui)(zui);家(jia)人(ren)(ren)诉(su)枉,辞案(an)(an)相背。刑宪不(bu)轻,理(li)(li)须讯鞫。既为(wei)(wei)公正(zheng),岂疑于私(si)。如谓(wei)规不(bu)测(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)泽,抑绝讼端(duan),则枉滞之(zhi)(zhi)徒,终无申理(li)(li)。若(ruo)从(cong)其(qi)案(an)(an)成,便乖复治之(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)。然(ran)未(wei)判(pan)经(jing)赦,及(ji)(ji)(ji)复治理(li)(li)状,真伪未(wei)分(fen)。承前以(yi)来(lai),如此例皆得复职。愚谓(wei)经(jing)奏(zou)(zou)遇赦,及(ji)(ji)(ji)已(yi)(yi)复治,得为(wei)(wei)狱(yu)(yu)成。”尚书(shu)李韶奏(zou)(zou):“使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虽结(jie)案(an)(an),处上廷(ting)尉(wei)(wei),解送(song)至省,及(ji)(ji)(ji)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)诉(su)枉,尚书(shu)纳辞,连解下鞫,未(wei)检遇宥者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)得为(wei)(wei)案(an)(an)成之(zhi)(zhi)狱(yu)(yu)。推之(zhi)(zhi)情理(li)(li),谓(wei)崔纂(zuan)等(deng)议为(wei)(wei)允。”诏从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)。
熙(xi)平中,有(you)冀州妖(yao)贼延(yan)(yan)陵(ling)王买,负罪(zui)(zui)逃(tao)亡,赦书断(duan)限(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)后,不(bu)自(zi)归首。廷尉卿裴延(yan)(yan)俊(jun)上(shang)言:“《法(fa)例律(lv)(lv)(lv)》:‘诸逃(tao)亡,赦书断(duan)限(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)后,不(bu)自(zi)归首者,复罪(zui)(zui)如初。’依(yi)《贼律(lv)(lv)(lv)》,谋反大逆,处置(zhi)枭(xiao)首。其(qi)(qi)延(yan)(yan)陵(ling)法(fa)权等(deng)所谓月(yue)光(guang)童子刘景晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)者,妖(yao)言惑(huo)众,事在(zai)赦后阙(que) ,合死(si)坐正。”崔纂以(yi)为(wei):“景晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)云(yun)能(neng)变(bian)为(wei)蛇雉(zhi),此乃傍人之(zhi)(zhi)言。虽杀(sha)晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)为(wei)无(wu)理,恐赦晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)复惑(huo)众。是以(yi)依(yi)违,不(bu)敢专(zhuan)执(zhi)。当今(jin)不(bu)讳之(zhi)(zhi)朝,不(bu)应行无(wu)罪(zui)(zui)之(zhi)(zhi)戮。景晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)九岁小(xiao)兒,口(kou)尚(shang)乳臭(chou),举动(dong)云(yun)为(wei),并(bing)不(bu)关(guan)己,‘月(yue)光(guang)’之(zhi)(zhi)称,不(bu)出其(qi)(qi)口(kou)。皆奸吏无(wu)端,横(heng)生粉(fen)墨,所谓为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)者巧,杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)者能(neng)。若以(yi)妖(yao)言惑(huo)众,据律(lv)(lv)(lv)应死(si),然更不(bu)破阙(que) 惑(huo)众。赦令之(zhi)(zhi)后方显(xian)其(qi)(qi);律(lv)(lv)(lv)令之(zhi)(zhi)外,更求其(qi)(qi)罪(zui)(zui)。赦律(lv)(lv)(lv)何以(yi)取信于(yu)天(tian)下,天(tian)下焉得(de)不(bu)疑于(yu)赦律(lv)(lv)(lv)乎(hu)!《书》曰:与杀(sha)无(wu)辜,宁失有(you)罪(zui)(zui)。又案(an)《法(fa)例律(lv)(lv)(lv)》:‘八十已上(shang),八岁已下,杀(sha)伤论坐者上(shang)请。’议者谓悼耄之(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),不(bu)用此律(lv)(lv)(lv)。愚(yu)以(yi)老智如尚(shang)父,少惠如甘罗,此非常之(zhi)(zhi)士,可如其(qi)(qi)议,景晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)愚(yu)小(xiao),自(zi)依(yi)凡律(lv)(lv)(lv)。”灵太后令曰:“景晖(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)既经恩(en)宥(you),何得(de)议加横(heng)罪(zui)(zui),可谪略(lve)阳民。余如奏。”
时司州(zhou)表:“河东郡民李(li)(li)怜生行(xing)毒药(yao),案以死坐。其(qi)母(mu)诉称:‘一身年(nian)老,更(geng)无期亲,例(li)合上(shang)(shang)请(qing)(qing)。’检籍不(bu)(bu)(bu)谬,未(wei)及判申,怜母(mu)身丧(sang)。州(zhou)断(duan)三年(nian)服终后乃行(xing)决(jue)。”司徒法(fa)曹参军许琰(yan)谓州(zhou)判为允(yun)。主簿李(li)(li)瑒驳曰:“案《法(fa)例(li)律》:‘诸犯死罪,若祖父母(mu)、父母(mu)年(nian)七十已(yi)上(shang)(shang),无成人(ren)子孙,旁无期亲者(zhe),具状上(shang)(shang)请(qing)(qing)。流(liu)者(zhe)鞭笞,留养其(qi)亲,终则从流(liu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)在原赦之例(li)。’检上(shang)(shang)请(qing)(qing)之言(yan),非应府州(zhou)所(suo)决(jue)。毒杀人(ren)者(zhe)斩,妻(qi)(qi)子流(liu),计其(qi)所(suo)犯,实重余宪(xian)。准之情律,所(suo)亏(kui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)浅(qian)。且(qie)(qie)怜既怀鸩(zhen)毒之心(xin),谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)可参邻人(ren)任。计其(qi)母(mu)在,犹宜阖(he)门投畀,况今死也,引以三年(nian)之礼乎?且(qie)(qie)给假殡(bin)葬(zang),足示仁宽,今已(yi)卒哭,不(bu)(bu)(bu)合更(geng)延。可依(yi)法(fa)处斩,流(liu)其(qi)妻(qi)(qi)子。实足诫彼氓庶(shu),肃是刑章(zhang)。”尚书萧宝夤(yin)奏从瑒执(zhi),诏从之。
旧制,直阁(ge)、直后、直斋,武官队主(zhu)、队副等,以(yi)比视(shi)官,至于犯谴,不(bu)得(de)除罪。尚书令、任城王(wang)澄(cheng)奏:“案诸州中正,亦非品令所载,又无禄(lu)恤(xu),先朝已来,皆得(de)当刑(xing)。直阁(ge)等禁直上下,有宿卫之勤(qin),理不(bu)应异。”灵太后令准中正。
神(shen)龟中,兰陵(ling)公(gong)主(zhu)附马都尉刘辉(hui),坐(zuo)(zuo)与(yu)河(he)阴县民张智寿(shou)妹(mei)容(rong)妃、陈庆和妹(mei)慧(hui)猛,奸(jian)乱耽(dan)惑(huo),殴(ou)主(zhu)伤(shang)胎。辉(hui)惧罪(zui)(zui)逃亡。门(men)(men)下(xia)处(chu)(chu)奏(zou):“各(ge)入死刑(xing)(xing)(xing),智寿(shou)、庆和并(bing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知情不(bu)(bu)加防限,处(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)坐(zuo)(zuo)。”诏曰:“容(rong)妃、慧(hui)猛恕死,髡鞭(bian)付宫,余如奏(zou)。”尚书三公(gong)郎中崔纂执曰:“伏(fu)见旨募若(ruo)获(huo)刘辉(hui)者,职(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)赏二(er)阶(jie),白民听出身进一阶(jie),厮役免(mian)役,奴(nu)婢为(wei)良(liang)。案(an)(an)辉(hui)无(wu)叛逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),赏同反人(ren)(ren)刘宣明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)格。又寻门(men)(men)下(xia)处(chu)(chu)奏(zou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)‘容(rong)妃、慧(hui)猛与(yu)辉(hui)私(si)奸(jian),两情耽(dan)惑(huo),令辉(hui)挟忿,殴(ou)主(zhu)伤(shang)胎。虽律无(wu)正(zheng)条,罪(zui)(zui)合极法,并(bing)处(chu)(chu)入死。其智寿(shou)等二(er)家,配敦煌为(wei)兵’。天(tian)(tian)慈广被,不(bu)(bu)即(ji)施行,虽恕其命(ming),窃谓未(wei)可。夫(fu)律令,高皇(huang)帝(di)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)治天(tian)(tian)下(xia),不(bu)(bu)为(wei)喜(xi)怒增减(jian),不(bu)(bu)由亲(qin)疏改易。案(an)(an)《斗律》:‘祖(zu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)、父(fu)(fu)母(mu)忿怒,以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵刃杀子(zi)孙(sun)者五岁(sui)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),殴(ou)杀者四岁(sui)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),若(ruo)心有(you)爱(ai)憎(zeng)而故杀者,各(ge)加一等。’虽王姬下(xia)降,贵(gui)(gui)殊常(chang)妻,然人(ren)(ren)妇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孕,不(bu)(bu)得非(fei)一夕生(sheng)。永平(ping)四年先(xian)朝旧格:‘诸刑(xing)(xing)(xing)流(liu)及死,皆首罪(zui)(zui)判官(guan),后(hou)决从(cong)(cong)者。’事必(bi)因(yin)本以(yi)(yi)(yi)求(qiu)支,狱若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)辉(hui)逃避,便(bian)应悬处(chu)(chu),未(wei)有(you)舍其首罪(zui)(zui)而成其末愆。流(liu)死参(can)差,或时未(wei)允。门(men)(men)下(xia)中禁大臣,职(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)敷奏(zou)。昔丙阝吉为(wei)相,不(bu)(bu)存(cun)斗毙,而问牛喘,岂不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)司(si)别(bie)故也。案(an)(an)容(rong)妃等,罪(zui)(zui)止于(yu)(yu)奸(jian)私(si)。若(ruo)擒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秽(hui)席,众(zhong)证(zheng)分(fen)明(ming),即(ji)律科处(chu)(chu),不(bu)(bu)越(yue)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)坐(zuo)(zuo)。何得同官(guan)掖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)(zui),齐奚官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阙 。案(an)(an)智寿(shou)口(kou)诉,妹(mei)适司(si)士(shi)曹参(can)军(jun)罗显贵(gui)(gui),已(yi)生(sheng)二(er)女于(yu)(yu)其夫(fu),则(ze)他家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)。《礼》云(yun)妇人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)二(er)夫(fu),犹(you)曰不(bu)(bu)二(er)天(tian)(tian)。若(ruo)私(si)门(men)(men)失(shi)度,罪(zui)(zui)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)夫(fu),衅(xin)非(fei)兄弟。昔魏(wei)晋未(wei)除(chu)五族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),有(you)免(mian)子(zi)戮母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坐(zuo)(zuo)。何曾诤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓:‘在(zai)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女,从(cong)(cong)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing);已(yi)醮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇,从(cong)(cong)夫(fu)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)。’斯乃不(bu)(bu)刊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令轨,古今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通议。《律》,‘期亲(qin)相隐’之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓凡罪(zui)(zui)。况(kuang)奸(jian)私(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丑,岂得以(yi)(yi)(yi)同气相证(zheng)。论刑(xing)(xing)(xing)过(guo)其所犯,语(yu)情又乖律宪。案(an)(an)《律》,奸(jian)罪(zui)(zui)无(wu)相缘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坐(zuo)(zuo)。不(bu)(bu)可借辉(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忿,加兄弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)。夫(fu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)(yu)市(shi),与(yu)众(zhong)弃(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),爵人(ren)(ren)于(yu)(yu)朝,与(yu)众(zhong)共(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),明(ming)不(bu)(bu)私(si)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia),无(wu)欺于(yu)(yu)耳目(mu)。何得以(yi)(yi)(yi)非(fei)正(zheng)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)书,施行四海。刑(xing)(xing)(xing)名(ming)一失(shi),驷马不(bu)(bu)追。既有(you)诏旨,依即(ji)行下(xia),非(fei)律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)案(an)(an),理宜(yi)更(geng)请。”
尚(shang)书元修议以为:“昔哀姜悖(bei)礼(li)于(yu)鲁,齐(qi)侯取而杀之(zhi),《春秋》所讥。又(you)夏(xia)姬罪(zui)(zui)滥于(yu)陈国,但责(ze)征舒(shu),而不(bu)(bu)非(fei)父母(mu)。明妇人外成(cheng),犯礼(li)之(zhi)愆,无关本(ben)属。况出适之(zhi)妹,衅(xin)及(ji)兄弟乎?”右仆射游肇(zhao)奏言:“臣(chen)等谬参枢(shu)辖,献替是司(si),门下(xia)出纳(na),谟明常则。至(zhi)于(yu)无良犯法,职有司(si)存,劾罪(zui)(zui)结案,本(ben)非(fei)其事。容(rong)妃等奸状,罪(zui)(zui)止于(yu)刑(xing),并处极法,准律(lv)未当。出适之(zhi)女,坐(zuo)及(ji)其兄,推据典(dian)宪(xian),理(li)(li)(li)实为猛(meng)。又(you)辉(hui)(hui)虽逃刑(xing),罪(zui)(zui)非(fei)孥戮,募同(tong)大逆(ni),亦(yi)谓加重(zhong)。乖律(lv)之(zhi)案,理(li)(li)(li)宜陈请。乞付有司(si),重(zhong)更详议。”诏(zhao)曰:“辉(hui)(hui)悖(bei)法者之(zhi),罪(zui)(zui)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)纵。厚赏(shang)悬(xuan)募,必望(wang)擒获。容(rong)妃、慧猛(meng)与辉(hui)(hui)私(si)乱,因此(ci)(ci)耽惑,主致非(fei)常。此(ci)(ci)而不(bu)(bu)诛,将何(he)惩肃(su)!且已醮之(zhi)女,不(bu)(bu)应坐(zuo)及(ji)昆弟,但智寿、庆和知妹奸情,初不(bu)(bu)防御,招引刘辉(hui)(hui),共成(cheng)淫丑,败(bai)风(feng)秽化,理(li)(li)(li)深(shen)其罚,特敕门下(xia)结狱(yu),不(bu)(bu)拘恆司(si),岂得一(yi)同(tong)常例,以为通准。且古有诏(zhao)狱(yu),宁(ning)复一(yi)归大理(li)(li)(li)。而尚(shang)书治本(ben),纳(na)言所属。弗究悖(bei)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)浅深(shen),不(bu)(bu)详损化之(zhi)多少,违彼义途,苟存执(zhi)宪(xian),殊乖任寄,深(shen)合罪(zui)(zui)责(ze)。崔纂可(ke)免郎,都坐(zuo)尚(shang)书,悉夺(duo)禄一(yi)时。”
孝昌已后,天下淆乱,法(fa)令不(bu)恆(heng),或宽或猛。及(ji)(ji)尔朱擅权,轻重肆意,在官(guan)者(zhe),多以(yi)深(shen)酷为(wei)(wei)能。至迁鄴,京(jing)畿群盗(dao)(dao)颇起(qi)。有(you)司奏立严制:诸(zhu)强(qiang)盗(dao)(dao)杀(sha)人(ren)者(zhe),首(shou)从(cong)皆斩,妻子(zi)同籍,配为(wei)(wei)乐户;其不(bu)杀(sha)人(ren),及(ji)(ji)赃(zang)不(bu)满(man)五匹,魁(kui)首(shou)斩,从(cong)者(zhe)死(si),妻子(zi)亦为(wei)(wei)乐户;小(xiao)盗(dao)(dao)赃(zang)满(man)十匹已上,魁(kui)首(shou)死(si),妻子(zi)配驿,从(cong)者(zhe)流(liu)。侍中孙腾(teng)上言:“谨(jin)详,法(fa)若画一,理尚不(bu)二,不(bu)可喜(xi)怒(nu)由情,而致(zhi)轻重。案《律》,公私劫盗(dao)(dao),罪止(zhi)流(liu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)。而比执事苦违,好为(wei)(wei)穿凿,律令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,更立余(yu)条,通(tong)相纠(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,班捉获之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赏。斯乃刑(xing)(xing)(xing)书(shu)徒(tu)设,狱(yu)讼更烦,法(fa)令滋彰,盗(dao)(dao)贼多有(you)。非所谓不(bu)严而治,遵守典故者(zhe)矣。臣以(yi)为(wei)(wei)升平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,义(yi)在省刑(xing)(xing)(xing);陵(ling)迟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,必由峻法(fa)。是以(yi)汉约三(san)章,天下归德;秦酷五刑(xing)(xing)(xing),率土瓦解(jie)。礼训(xun)君子(zi),律禁小(xiao)人(ren),举(ju)罪定名(ming),国有(you)常辟。至如‘眚灾肆赦,怙终(zhong)贼刑(xing)(xing)(xing)’,经典垂言,国朝成范。随时所用,各有(you)司存。不(bu)宜巨细(xi)滋烦,令民(min)预备。恐防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弥(mi)坚(jian),攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弥(mi)甚(shen)。诸(zhu)犯(fan)盗(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),悉准律令,以(yi)明恆(heng)宪。庶使刑(xing)(xing)(xing)杀(sha)折衷,不(bu)得(de)弃(qi)本从(cong)末。”诏(zhao)从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
天平后,迁移草创,百司多不奉法,货贿公行。兴和初,齐文襄王入辅朝政,以公平肃物,大改其风。至武定中,法令严明,四海知治矣。
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