王学孟 译注
【说明与解析】
这(zhei)是管(guan)仲、晏婴两位大政治家的合传(chuan)。在这(zhei)篇列传(chuan)中,作(zuo)者对他(ta)们(men)采取了赞美和褒扬(yang)的态度(du)。管(guan)仲相(xiang)(xiang)齐,凭借海滨的有(you)利条件,发展经(jing)济(ji),聚集财(cai)物(wu),使(shi)国(guo)富兵(bing)强,与百(bai)姓(xing)同(tong)好恶(e)。他(ta)善(shan)于“因祸而为(wei)福,转败(bai)而为(wei)功(gong)。贵轻重(zhong)、慎权衡”,内(nei)政、外(wai)交功(gong)名垂著。他(ta)辅佐桓(huan)公(gong),一匡天下,使(shi)桓(huan)公(gong)成为(wei)春秋时期第一个(ge)霸主(zhu)。晏婴事齐三世,节俭力(li)行,严于律己(ji),三世显名于诸候。二(er)人虽(sui)隔百(bai)余(yu)年(nian),但他(ta)们(men)都(dou)是齐人,都(dou)是名相(xiang)(xiang),又都(dou)为(wei)齐国(guo)作(zuo)出了卓越的贡献,故合传(chuan)为(wei)一。
本文通过鲍(bao)叔(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)晏子(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)贤、荐贤和(he)(he)(he)(he)让贤的故事(shi),刻意(yi)探(tan)索和(he)(he)(he)(he)说明了如何对待(dai)贤才的问(wen)题。管仲其人,经商多(duo)分财利,谋事(shi)反(fan)而(er)更糟,作官被(bei)逐,打(da)仗逃跑(pao)。鲍(bao)叔(shu)却不认(ren)为他(ta)(ta)贪、愚、不肖、怯和(he)(he)(he)(he)无耻。反(fan)而(er)从囚禁中(zhong)把他(ta)(ta)解放(fang)出来,并推荐给桓公(gong),使(shi)之(zhi)有机会一展才能(neng)。晏子(zi)贵为国相,却以石父为知(zhi)(zhi)己,即使(shi)他(ta)(ta)在囚禁中(zhong),也(ye)要迫不及(ji)待(dai)地(di)解放(fang)他(ta)(ta),尊重他(ta)(ta)。一个地(di)位卑贱的车夫(fu),只要知(zhi)(zhi)过自改(gai),便予以提拔,荐为大夫(fu)。司马(ma)迁极力(li)赞(zan)美鲍(bao)叔(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)晏子(zi),正(zheng)是(shi)慨叹自己未(wei)遇解骖(can)赎罪的知(zhi)(zhi)己。所以,他(ta)(ta)在赞(zan)语中(zhong)说:“假令晏子(zi)而(er)在,余虽为之(zhi)执鞭,所忻慕焉。”此实乃本传之(zhi)真意(yi)。
作者善于(yu)(yu)用(yong)特定(ding)人(ren)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动作、个(ge)性化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语言刻画(hua)人(ren)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内心世界。石父(fu)虽贤(xian),不幸而(er)为囚(qiu)犯(fan)。晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)遇到他解(jie)(jie)左骖把他赎(shu)出,载回家去,只因(yin)“弗谢,入闺,久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi),”就被石父(fu)深责并要求(qiu)绝交。行文(wen)到此(ci),作者写(xie)道,“晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)戄然,摄衣(yi)冠谢曰:‘婴虽不仁(ren),免子(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)厄,何子(zi)(zi)求(qiu)绝之(zhi)(zhi)速也?’……晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)是延人(ren)为上客。”首(shou)句写(xie)出晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)心灵深处(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震(zhen)撼,以及由震(zhen)撼而(er)形(xing)于(yu)(yu)外在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惶惑之(zhi)(zhi)色(se);二句补写(xie)了由震(zhen)撼而(er)引发(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)严肃、敬畏、谦虚、惶惑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表情(qing);晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)问话(hua)又以谦虑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)吻写(xie)出他由解(jie)(jie)骖赎(shu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壮举(ju)而(er)引发(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自矜心理;末句晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)转变也正是心理转变的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结果(guo)。廖(liao)廖(liao)三十余字,把晏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)由求(qiu)贤(xian)到礼贤(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整个(ge)过程和心灵深处(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化层次、一个(ge)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心态,形(xing)神毕肖地表现(xian)出来。
通过典型细节,以借宾形(xing)(xing)主(zhu)的(de)(de)手法(fa)刻画人物。作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)抓住车(che)夫妻(qi)子(zi)从门间(jian)窥视的(de)(de)细节,来揭示一个女子(zi)的(de)(de)内(nei)心(xin)隐秘。从瞬间(jian)的(de)(de)窥视到提出(chu)离婚,御(yu)妻(qi)的(de)(de)神(shen)色、姿态、心(xin)理已然活现,不仅闪跃(yue)着个性的(de)(de)光芒,也表现了(le)她的(de)(de)心(xin)计(ji)、意念和独特的(de)(de)看人标准。然而写(xie)石父、写(xie)御(yu)妻(qi)、写(xie)御(yu)者(zhe)(zhe),又是为了(le)写(xie)晏子(zi)。这种借宾形(xing)(xing)主(zhu)的(de)(de)手法(fa),使晏子(zi)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象更加丰满了(le)。
由于管、晏的事迹(ji)已见于卷三十二《齐太(tai)公(gong)世家(jia)》,故本传只“论其轶事”。此《史记(ji)》一书(shu)之互见法又一显(xian)例也。
管(guan)(guan)仲,名夷吾,是颍上(shang)人。他年轻的(de)时(shi)候,常(chang)和鲍叔牙交往(wang),鲍叔牙知道他贤明(ming)、有才干。管(guan)(guan)仲家贫,经常(chang)占鲍叔的(de)便宜(yi),但鲍叔始终很好地(di)对待他,不因为这些(xie)事而(er)有什么怨(yuan)言。不久,鲍叔侍奉齐国(guo)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白,管(guan)(guan)促待奉公(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)。等到小白即位(wei),立(li)为齐桓公(gong)以(yi)后,桓公(gong)让鲁国(guo)杀(sha)了公(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu),管(guan)(guan)仲被囚禁。于是鲍叔向(xiang)齐桓公(gong)推荐(jian)管(guan)(guan)仲。管(guan)(guan)仲被任用以(yi)后,在齐国(guo)执政(zheng),桓公(gong)凭借着管(guan)(guan)仲而(er)称霸,并(bing)以(yi)霸主的(de)身份,多次(ci)会合诸(zhu)候,使天下归正(zheng)于一,这都是管(guan)(guan)仲的(de)智谋。
管仲说:“我(wo)当(dang)初贫(pin)(pin)困(kun)时(shi),曾经和鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)一起做生意(yi),分财(cai)(cai)利(li)(li)时(shi)自己总是多(duo)要(yao)一些,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)认(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)贪财(cai)(cai),而是知(zhi)道我(wo)家(jia)(jia)里(li)贫(pin)(pin)穷。我(wo)曾经替(ti)鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)谋(mou)划事情,反而使他更加困(kun)顿(dun)不(bu)(bu)堪,陷(xian)于窘境,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)认(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)愚笨,他知(zhi)道时(shi)运有时(shi)顺利(li)(li),有时(shi)不(bu)(bu)顺利(li)(li)。我(wo)曾经多(duo)次作官(guan)多(duo)次都被国君驱逐,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)认(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)不(bu)(bu)成器,他知(zhi)道我(wo)没遇上好时(shi)机。我(wo)曾经多(duo)次打(da)仗(zhang)多(duo)次逃跑。鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)认(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)胆小,他知(zhi)道我(wo)家(jia)(jia)里(li)有老母需要(yao)赡养。公子纠(jiu)失败(bai),召忽为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)殉难,我(wo)被囚禁遭(zao)受(shou)屈辱,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)认(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)没有廉耻,知(zhi)道我(wo)不(bu)(bu)因小的(de)过失而感(gan)到(dao)羞愧,却(que)以功名不(bu)(bu)显扬于天(tian)下(xia)而感(gan)到(dao)耻辱。生养我(wo)的(de)是父母,真正(zheng)了解我(wo)的(de)是鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)啊。”
鲍(bao)叔(shu)推荐了管仲(zhong)以后,情愿(yuan)把自(zi)身置于管仲(zhong)之下。他的子孙世世代(dai)代(dai)在齐(qi)国享有俸禄,得(de)到封地的有十几代(dai),多数是(shi)著名的大夫。因(yin)此,天(tian)下的人不称赞管仲(zhong)的才干(gan),反而赞美鲍(bao)叔(shu)能(neng)够识(shi)别人才。
管(guan)仲(zhong)出任(ren)齐相执政(zheng)以(yi)后(hou),凭借着(zhe)小小的(de)(de)(de)齐国(guo)在海滨的(de)(de)(de)条件(jian),流(liu)通(tong)货物,积聚(ju)财富(fu),使得(de)国(guo)富(fu)兵强,与(yu)百姓(xing)(xing)同好恶。所以(yi),他在《管(guan)子》一书中称述(shu)说:“仓库储备充实了(le),百姓(xing)(xing)才懂(dong)得(de)礼节;衣食丰足了(le),百姓(xing)(xing)才能分辨荣辱(ru);国(guo)君的(de)(de)(de)作为合乎法(fa)度,“六亲”才会得(de)以(yi)稳固”“不提倡礼义廉耻,国(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会灭亡(wang)。”“国(guo)家下(xia)达政(zheng)令就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)像流(liu)水的(de)(de)(de)源头,顺(shun)着(zhe)百姓(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)心意流(liu)下(xia)。”所以(yi)政(zheng)令符(fu)合下(xia)情就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)容(rong)易推行。百姓(xing)(xing)想要得(de)到的(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)给他们;百姓(xing)(xing)所反对的(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)替他们废除。
管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)执政的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候,善于把祸患化(hua)为(wei)吉祥(xiang),使失败转化(hua)为(wei)成功。他重视(shi)分别事(shi)(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)轻重缓急,慎重地权衡事(shi)(shi)情的(de)(de)(de)利弊得(de)失。齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)实际上(shang)是怨恨少姬改嫁(jia)而(er)(er)向(xiang)南袭击(ji)蔡国(guo)(guo),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)就(jiu)寻找借口攻打楚国(guo)(guo),责(ze)备它没有向(xiang)周(zhou)王室进(jin)贡菁(jing)茅。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)实际上(shang)是向(xiang)北出兵攻打山戎,而(er)(er)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)就(jiu)趁机让燕国(guo)(guo)整(zheng)顿召公(gong)(gong)时(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)政教。在柯地会(hui)盟,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)想背弃(qi)曹沫(mo)逼迫他订(ding)立的(de)(de)(de)盟约,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)就(jiu)顺应形势(shi)劝他信(xin)守盟约,诸(zhu)候们(men)因此归顺齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)。所以说:“懂(dong)得(de)给予正是为(wei)了取得(de)的(de)(de)(de)道理,这是治(zhi)理国(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)法宝。”
管仲(zhong)富贵得可以跟国(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)相比拟,拥(yong)有(you)设(she)置化(hua)丽的(de)三(san)归(gui)台和国(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)的(de)宴饮设(she)备,齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)人却不认为他(ta)奢(she)侈僭(jian)越。管仲(zhong)逝世后,齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)仍遵循他(ta)的(de)政(zheng)策,常常比其它诸候国(guo)(guo)强大。此(ci)后过了百余年,齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)又出了个(ge)晏婴。
晏平(ping)仲,名婴,是齐国(guo)莱(lai)地(di)夷维人(ren)。他辅佐了(le)齐灵公(gong)、庄公(gong)、景公(gong)三代国(guo)君,由于节(jie)约俭仆又努力工(gong)作,在(zai)(zai)(zai)齐国(guo)受到人(ren)们的尊重。他做了(le)齐国(guo)宰相,食不兼味,妻妾不穿丝(si)绸衣(yi)服。在(zai)(zai)(zai)朝廷(ting)上,国(guo)君说话(hua)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)到他,就正(zheng)直地(di)陈述自己的意见(jian);国(guo)君的话(hua)不涉(she)及(ji)(ji)他,就正(zheng)直地(di)去(qu)办(ban)事。国(guo)君能行正(zheng)道,就顺着他的命(ming)令(ling)去(qu)做,不能行正(zheng)道时,就对命(ming)令(ling)斟(zhen)酌(zhuo)着去(qu)办(ban)。因此,他在(zai)(zai)(zai)齐灵公(gong)、庄公(gong)、景公(gong)三代,名声显扬于各(ge)国(guo)诸候。
越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)是(shi)个贤才,正在(zai)(zai)囚(qiu)禁之中。晏(yan)(yan)子外出,在(zai)(zai)路上(shang)遇到(dao)他(ta),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)解(jie)(jie)开(kai)乘(cheng)车左边的(de)(de)(de)马,把他(ta)赎出来,用车拉回家。晏(yan)(yan)子没(mei)(mei)有(you)向越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)告(gao)辞,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)走进内室,过(guo)了(le)(le)(le)好久没(mei)(mei)出来,越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)请求与晏(yan)(yan)子绝交。晏(yan)(yan)子大(da)吃(chi)一惊(jing),匆忙整理好衣帽道歉说:“我(wo)即(ji)使说不上(shang)善良宽厚,也总算(suan)帮助您(nin)从(cong)困境(jing)中解(jie)(jie)脱出来,您(nin)为什么这(zhei)么快就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要求绝交呢(ni)?”越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)说:“不是(shi)这(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de),我(wo)听(ting)说君子在(zai)(zai)不了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)那里受到(dao)委(wei)屈而在(zai)(zai)了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)面前意志就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会得到(dao)伸张。当我(wo)在(zai)(zai)囚(qiu)禁之中,那些人(ren)不了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)我(wo)。你(ni)既(ji)然已经受到(dao)感(gan)动而醒(xing)悟,把我(wo)赎买出来,这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)我(wo);了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)我(wo)却(que)不能(neng)以礼相(xiang)待(dai),还不如在(zai)(zai)囚(qiu)禁之中”于是(shi)晏(yan)(yan)子就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)请他(ta)进屋待(dai)为贵宾(bin)。
晏子(zi)做(zuo)齐国(guo)宰(zai)相时(shi),一次(ci)坐(zuo)车(che)外(wai)出,车(che)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)(qi)子(zi)从(cong)门缝(feng)里(li)偷(tou)偷(tou)地看(kan)她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)丈夫(fu)。他(ta)(ta)丈夫(fu)替宰(zai)相驾车(che),头上遮着大(da)伞,挥动着鞭子(zi)赶(gan)着四(si)匹马,神(shen)气十足(zu),洋洋得意。不(bu)久(jiu)回到家(jia)里(li),妻(qi)(qi)子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)要求离婚(hun),车(che)夫(fu)问她(ta)离婚(hun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,妻(qi)(qi)子(zi)说:“晏子(zi)身(shen)(shen)高不(bu)过(guo)六尺,却做(zuo)了车(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)宰(zai)相,名(ming)声在(zai)各国(guo)显扬,我看(kan)他(ta)(ta)外(wai)出,志向思(si)想(xiang)都非常(chang)深沉,常(chang)有那种甘居人下的(de)(de)(de)(de)态度(du)。现在(zai)你身(shen)(shen)高八尺,才不(bu)过(guo)做(zuo)人家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)夫(fu),看(kan)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)态,却自以(yi)为(wei)挺满足(zu),因此(ci)我要求和(he)你离婚(hun)。”从(cong)此(ci)以(yi)后,车(che)夫(fu)就(jiu)(jiu)谦虚恭谨起来。晏子(zi)发现了他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变化,感到很奇怪,就(jiu)(jiu)问他(ta)(ta),车(che)夫(fu)也如实相告。晏子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)推荐(jian)他(ta)(ta)做(zuo)了大(da)夫(fu)。
太史(shi)公说:我读(du)(du)了管(guan)仲的《牧民》、《山高》、《乘马(ma)》、《轻重》、《九府》和《晏(yan)子春(chun)秋》,这些(xie)书上说的太详细了!读(du)(du)了他(ta)们的著作,还想让人(ren)们了解(jie)他(ta)们的事(shi)迹,所以就依次(ci)编(bian)写了他(ta)们的合传。至(zhi)于(yu)他(ta)们的著作,社会(hui)上已有很多,因此不再论述,只记载他(ta)们的佚事(shi)。
管仲是世人(ren)所说的贤臣,然而(er)孔子小看他,难道是因为周(zhou)朝统治(zhi)衰微,桓公既然贤明,管仲不勉励(li)他实行王道却辅佐他只称(cheng)霸主(zhu)吗?古语说:“要顺势助(zhu)成君了的美德,纠正挽救他的过错(cuo),所以(yi)君臣百姓之(zhi)间能亲(qin)密无间。”这大概就是说的管仲吧?
当初晏子(zi)枕(zhen)伏(fu)在庄(zhuang)公尸体上(shang)痛哭(ku),完成了礼节然后(hou)离去,难道是(shi)人(ren)们所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)“遇到(dao)正义的(de)事情不去做就(jiu)是(shi)没有勇气”的(de)表(biao)现吗?至于晏子(zi)直言进谏,敢于冒犯国君(jun)的(de)威严,这就(jiu)是(shi)人(ren)们所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)“进就(jiu)想到(dao)竭尽忠心(xin),退就(jiu)想到(dao)弥补过失”的(de)人(ren)啊!假使晏子(zi)还活着,我(wo)即使替他挥动着鞭子(zi)赶车(che),也(ye)是(shi)我(wo)非常高(gao)兴和十分向往的(de)啊!
管(guan)(guan)仲夷吾者(zhe),颍上(shang)人也。少时常与鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙游①,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)知其贤。管(guan)(guan)仲贫困,常欺鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)②,鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)终善遇(yu)之,不以为(wei)言。已而鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)事公子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白,管(guan)(guan)仲事公子(zi)(zi)纠③。及小(xiao)白立,为(wei)桓公,公子(zi)(zi)纠死,管(guan)(guan)仲囚焉④。鲍(bao)叔(shu)(shu)遂(sui)进管(guan)(guan)仲⑤。管(guan)(guan)仲既用,任政于齐,齐桓公以霸⑥,九合诸候⑦,一匡天下⑧,管(guan)(guan)仲之谋也。
①游:交游,来往(wang)。③欺:此意为占便(bian)宜。指下(xia)文“分财利多自与。”③“已而”二句:齐襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li),政令无常,数欺大臣,又淫于妇人(ren),诛杀屡(lv)不当,鲍(bao)叔(shu)担心齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)将大乱。为避难,管(guan)仲、召忽奉(feng)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠出(chu)奔鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo),鲍(bao)叔(shu)奉(feng)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)出(chu)奔莒(ju)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。见(jian)卷三十二《齐太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)》、《左传·庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)》。④“及小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)”三句:公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前686年(nian)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)被杀。前685年(nian),鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)派兵保护公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠赶(gan)回齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)争夺王位(wei),先由(you)管(guan)仲领(ling)兵扼守(shou)莒(ju)、齐要道(dao),以防(fang)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)先行(xing)入齐争位(wei)。两(liang)相遭遇,管(guan)仲射(she)中(zhong)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)带钩。小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)佯死(si),使(shi)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)延误了公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠的行(xing)程。小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)率先入齐,立(li)为桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)以军拒(ju)鲁(lu),大败鲁(lu)军。鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)被迫杀死(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠,召忽自杀,管(guan)仲请囚。详见(jian)卷三十二《齐太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)》。⑤进:保举,推(tui)荐。⑥霸:称(cheng)霸。⑦合:会盟。⑧匡(kuang):匡(kuang)正,纠正。
管仲曰:“吾(wu)始困(kun)(kun)时(shi),尝与鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)贾①,分财利(li)多自与,鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)以我(wo)为贪,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)贫也(ye)(ye)。吾(wu)尝为鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)谋(mou)事而更穷困(kun)(kun)②,鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)以我(wo)为愚(yu),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)有利(li)不(bu)利(li)也(ye)(ye)。吾(wu)尝三(san)仕(shi)三(san)见(jian)逐(zhu)于(yu)君(jun)③,鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)以我(wo)为不(bu)肖,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)不(bu)遭时(shi)也(ye)(ye)④。吾(wu)尝三(san)战三(san)走(zou)⑤,鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)以我(wo)为怯,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)有老母也(ye)(ye)。公子(zi)纠败,召忽死之⑥,吾(wu)幽(you)囚受(shou)辱,鲍(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)不(bu)以我(wo)为无耻,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)不(bu)羞小节而耻功名不(bu)显于(yu)天下也(ye)(ye)⑦。生(sheng)我(wo)者父母,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)者鲍(bao)(bao)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。
①尝(chang):曾(ceng)经。贾:作买卖。②穷困:困厄,窘(jiong)迫(po)。③三:泛指多次(ci)。见:被。④遭(zao):遇,逢。⑤走:逃跑。⑥死之(zhi):为公子纠而死。⑦羞(xiu):以……为羞(xiu)。耻:以……为耻。
鲍(bao)(bao)叔既(ji)进管仲,以身下之(zhi)。子(zi)孙世(shi)禄(lu)于齐①,有封邑者十余世(shi),常为名(ming)大(da)夫(fu)。天下不多管仲之(zhi)贤而多鲍(bao)(bao)叔能(neng)知人也②。
①世(shi)禄:世(shi)代享受俸禄。②多:推重,赞美。
管仲既任政相(xiang)齐①,以(yi)区区之(zhi)齐在海滨,通(tong)货(huo)积(ji)财,富国强兵,与(yu)俗同好(hao)恶②。故(gu)其称曰③:“仓廪实而(er)知礼节,衣食足而(er)知荣辱,上(shang)服度则六亲固④。四维不张⑤,国乃灭亡。下令(ling)如流水之(zhi)原⑥,令(ling)顺(shun)民心。”故(gu)论卑(bei)而(er)易行⑦。俗之(zhi)所欲,因而(er)予之(zhi);俗之(zhi)所否,因而(er)去(qu)之(zhi)⑧。
①相(xiang):出任国相(xiang)。②俗(su):指(zhi)(zhi)百姓。③其(qi)称曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“他(ta)自己(ji)称述(shu)说。以下引语是对(dui)《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)·牧民(min)》篇有关论述(shu)的(de)节(jie)录,其(qi)“仓廪实”三句和“四(si)(si)维(wei)不(bu)(bu)张”两句见于“国颂”一(yi)节(jie),“下令如(ru)流水之(zhi)原(yuan)”两句见于“士经”一(yi)节(jie)。④上(shang)(shang):国君。一(yi)说居上(shang)(shang)位者(zhe)。服:行(xing)(xing),施行(xing)(xing)。度(du):节(jie)度(du)。或特指(zhi)(zhi)礼度(du)、制(zhi)度(du)。六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin):《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)·牧民(min)》有“六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)五法”一(yi)节(jie),刘向注云(yun):“‘以家为(wei)(wei)家’,一(yi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以乡(xiang)为(wei)(wei)乡(xiang)’,二亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以国为(wei)(wei)国’,三亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以天(tian)(tian)下为(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)下’,四(si)(si)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)同生,远(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)听;毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)同乡(xiang),远(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing);毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)同国,远(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)从。’‘如(ru)地如(ru)天(tian)(tian),何私何亲(qin)(qin)(qin)’,五亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘如(ru)月如(ru)日,唯(wei)君之(zhi)节(jie)’,六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);天(tian)(tian)地日月,取其(qi)耀临,言人君亲(qin)(qin)(qin)下,当如(ru)天(tian)(tian)地日月之(zhi)无私也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”由此可(ke)知,这里所谓“六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)”,非指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)般意义(yi)的(de)六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),即非《正(zheng)义(yi)》所云(yun)外祖父母、姊妹、妻兄弟(di)(di)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)、从母之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)、女子(zi)(zi),亦非王弼(bi)所云(yun)父、母、兄、弟(di)(di)、妻、子(zi)(zi),或其(qi)他(ta)各种指(zhi)(zhi)谓。固(gu):安(an)固(gu),稳固(gu)。⑤四(si)(si)维(wei):《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)·牧民(min)·四(si)(si)维(wei)》云(yun):“国有四(si)(si)维(wei),一(yi)维(wei)绝则(ze)倾(qing),二维(wei)绝则(ze)危(wei),三维(wei)绝则(ze)覆,四(si)(si)维(wei)绝则(ze)灭。倾(qing)可(ke)正(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),危(wei)可(ke)安(an)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),覆可(ke)起也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),灭不(bu)(bu)可(ke)复(fu)错也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何谓四(si)(si)维(wei)?一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)礼,二曰(yue)(yue)(yue)义(yi),三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)廉,四(si)(si)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)耻。”维(wei),纲(gang),即网上(shang)(shang)的(de)总绳(sheng),此引申(shen)为(wei)(wei)纲(gang)要、原(yuan)则(ze)。⑥原(yuan):通“源(yuan)”,水的(de)源(yuan)头。⑦论卑:指(zhi)(zhi)政令平易符(fu)合(he)下边的(de)民(min)情。⑧去(qu):废除。
其为(wei)(wei)政也(ye),善因祸而(er)为(wei)(wei)福,转败(bai)而(er)为(wei)(wei)功。贵(gui)轻重①,慎(shen)权衡②。桓(huan)(huan)公实怒少姬,南袭蔡③,管仲因而(er)伐楚,责包茅(mao)不入贡于(yu)周室④。桓(huan)(huan)公实北征山(shan)戎,而(er)管仲因而(er)令(ling)修召公之(zhi)政⑤。于(yu)柯之(zhi)会,桓(huan)(huan)公欲背曹沫之(zhi)约,管仲因而(er)信之(zhi),诸候(hou)由(you)是归(gui)齐⑥。故(gu)曰:“知(zhi)与之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)取,政之(zhi)宝也(ye)⑦。”
①轻(qing)(qing)重(zhong):“轻(qing)(qing)重(zhong)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)语(yu)原是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《管(guan)子(zi)(zi)》中的一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个特殊经济(ji)概(gai)念(nian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)经济(ji)思想、经济(ji)理论中的一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个重(zhong)要(yao)组(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen),其(qi)核(he)心问(wen)题(ti),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用货币(bi)和谷物(wu)来(lai)调节、控(kong)制国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)经济(ji)。但从本段所举(ju)史(shi)(shi)实来(lai)看,太(tai)(tai)史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谈管(guan)子(zi)(zi)的经济(ji)思想。所以(yi)“轻(qing)(qing)重(zhong)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)语(yu)还(hai)应理解(jie)为(wei)(wei)通(tong)常意义的“轻(qing)(qing)重(zhong)”,即事(shi)物(wu)的轻(qing)(qing)重(zhong)缓急。②权衡:比(bi)较利弊得失。③“桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)实怒(nu)(nu)”二句:是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说少姬(ji)(即蔡(cai)姬(ji))曾荡舟戏弄(nong)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),制止不(bu)听,因怒(nu)(nu),遣送回国(guo)(guo)。蔡(cai)君(jun)将其(qi)改嫁,所以(yi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒(nu)(nu)而(er)攻蔡(cai)。见(jian)卷三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)二《齐太(tai)(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)(jia)》、《左传(chuan)·僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)年》(伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)蔡(cai)在“僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年”)。④“管(guan)仲”二句:《左传(chuan)·僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年》载:齐桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)楚,使管(guan)仲责(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“尔(er)贡(gong)包茅不(bu)入,王(wang)祭不(bu)共,无(wu)以(yi)缩酒(jiu),寡人是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)征。”古代祭祀,用裹束成(cheng)(cheng)捆的菁(jing)茅过滤去渣。包,裹束。茅,菁(jing)茅。按:责(ze)楚包茅不(bu)入贡(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)周室,这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)楚的借口(kou)。事(shi)又见(jian)卷三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)二《齐太(tai)(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)(jia)》。⑤“桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)实北(bei)征”两句:齐桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(前(qian)663),山戎(北(bei)狄)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)燕(yan)(yan),燕(yan)(yan)告急于(yu)(yu)(yu)齐,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)山戎,至于(yu)(yu)(yu)孤竹而(er)还(hai)。燕(yan)(yan)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)送桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)进入齐境(jing)。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说:“非天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi),诸(zhu)候(hou)相送不(bu)出境(jing),吾(wu)不(bu)可以(yi)无(wu)礼于(yu)(yu)(yu)燕(yan)(yan)。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)沟割燕(yan)(yan)君(jun)所至之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)与(yu)(yu)燕(yan)(yan),并让燕(yan)(yan)君(jun)重(zhong)修(xiu)召(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,纳贡(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)周。召(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)的始祖,周成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)时(shi)为(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),“治西方,甚得兆民和。”见(jian)卷三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)二《齐太(tai)(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)(jia)》、卷三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)《燕(yan)(yan)召(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)(jia)》。⑥“于(yu)(yu)(yu)柯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会”四(si)句:齐桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(前(qian)681),伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)将曹(cao)沫三(san)(san)(san)战三(san)(san)(san)败,鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)请献(xian)遂(sui)邑求和,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)许,与(yu)(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)会柯而(er)盟。将盟,曹(cao)沫以(yi)匕(bi)首劫持桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)坛上,威胁桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)归还(hai)“鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侵地(di)”,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)先是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被迫答(da)应,继(ji)而(er)“欲无(wu)与(yu)(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)地(di)而(er)杀曹(cao)沫。”这时(shi),管(guan)仲劝(quan)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)要(yao)图一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)“小快”而(er)“弃(qi)信”于(yu)(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)候(hou),失天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)援”。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尽“与(yu)(yu)曹(cao)沫三(san)(san)(san)败所亡地(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)”。“诸(zhu)候(hou)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),皆信齐而(er)欲附焉”。见(jian)卷三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)二《齐太(tai)(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)(jia)》、卷八十(shi)六《刺客列传(chuan)》。⑦“知与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)取(qu)”二句:语(yu)出《管(guan)子(zi)(zi)·牧民》。与(yu)(yu),给予(yu)。
管仲富拟于(yu)公室(shi)①,有三归、反坫(dian)②,齐人不以(yi)为侈③。管仲卒,齐国(guo)遵其政(zheng),常强于(yu)诸侯。后百余年而有晏子焉。
①拟(ni):比拟(ni),类似。②三归:建筑华(hua)丽(li)的(de)台(tai)。另有(you)多种说法,如三姓(xing)女(nv)子;三处家庭、采邑、府(fu)库(ku)等。反坫(diàn,店(dian)):堂屋两柱间(jian)放(fang)置供祭祀、宴会(hui)所有(you)礼器和(he)酒的(de)土台(tai)。按(an)“礼”,只有(you)诸(zhu)侯才能设有(you)三归和(he)反坫。管仲是大(da)夫,本不该(gai)享有(you)。然而,齐(qi)以管仲而强,故下文(wen)说“齐(qi)人不以为(wei)侈(chi)。”③侈(chi):放(fang)纵,放(fang)肆。这里有(you)过分(fen)的(de)意(yi)思(si)。
晏平仲婴者,莱(lai)之夷维人(ren)也。事(shi)齐灵公(gong)(gong)、庄公(gong)(gong)、景(jing)公(gong)(gong),以节俭力行(xing)重(zhong)于齐①。即(ji)相齐,食(shi)不重(zhong)肉②,妾不衣帛③。其(qi)在(zai)朝,君语(yu)及之④,即(ji)危(wei)(wei)言⑤;语(yu)不及之,即(ji)危(wei)(wei)行(xing)。国有(you)道,即(ji)顺(shun)命⑥;无道,即(ji)衡(heng)命⑦。以此三世显名于诸侯。
①力(li)行:努力(li)工作。重(zhong):重(zhong)视。②重(zhong)肉:两味肉食。③衣:穿。④语及之(zhi):问到他。⑤危言(yan):正(zheng)直(zhi)地陈述己见。危,高耸貌。引申(shen)为正(zheng)真。⑥顺命(ming):服从命(ming)令去做(zuo)(zuo)。⑦衡命(ming):斟酌命(ming)令的情况去做(zuo)(zuo)。
越(yue)石(shi)父(fu)贤,在缧绁中(zhong)①。晏子(zi)(zi)出(chu),遭(zao)之涂②,解左骖赎之③,载归。弗谢(xie)(xie)④,入(ru)闺⑤。久之,越(yue)石(shi)父(fu)请(qing)绝。宴子(zi)(zi)戄然⑥,摄衣冠谢(xie)(xie)曰⑦:“婴(ying)虽不仁,免子(zi)(zi)于(yu)厄(e)⑧,何子(zi)(zi)求绝之速也?”石(shi)父(fu)曰:“不然。吾(wu)闻(wen)君子(zi)(zi)诎于(yu)不知(zhi)己(ji)(ji)而信于(yu)知(zhi)己(ji)(ji)者⑨。方吾(wu)在缧绁中(zhong),彼不知(zhi)我也。夫子(zi)(zi)既已感寤而赎我⑩,是(shi)知(zhi)己(ji)(ji);知(zhi)己(ji)(ji)而无礼,固不如在缧绁之中(zhong)。”晏子(zi)(zi)于(yu)是(shi)延入(ru)为上客,
①缧绁:拘(ju)系犯(fan)人(ren)的绳子(zi)。引申为囚禁。②涂:同“途”。③骖:古代(dai)一车三马(ma)或四马(ma),左右两旁的马(ma)叫骖。④谢:道歉。⑤闺:内室。⑥戄然(ran):惶(huang)遽的样子(zi)。⑦摄(she):整理(li)。⑧厄(é,饿(e)):灾难。⑨诎:通“屈(qu)”,委屈(qu)。信(xin):通“伸(shen)(shen)”,伸(shen)(shen)展,伸(shen)(shen)张。⑩感(gan)寤(wu):感(gan)动醒悟(wu)。寤(wu),通“悟(wu)”。
晏子(zi)为(wei)齐相,出,其(qi)(qi)御之妻(qi)(qi)从门间而(er)窥其(qi)(qi)夫(fu)①。其(qi)(qi)夫(fu)为(wei)相御②,拥大盖(gai)③,策驷马(ma),意气扬(yang)扬(yang),甚自(zi)(zi)得也(ye)。既而(er)归,其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)(qi)请去(qu)④。夫(fu)问(wen)其(qi)(qi)故。妻(qi)(qi)曰:“晏子(zi)长(zhang)不(bu)满六尺,身(shen)相齐国,名显诸候。今者妾观其(qi)(qi)出,志念(nian)深(shen)矣⑤,常有以(yi)自(zi)(zi)下者。今子(zi)长(zhang)八尺,乃为(wei)人(ren)仆御,然子(zi)之意自(zi)(zi)以(yi)为(wei)足,妾是以(yi)求去(qu)也(ye)。”其(qi)(qi)后(hou)夫(fu)自(zi)(zi)抑(yi)损(sun)⑥。晏子(zi)怪(guai)而(er)问(wen)之⑦,御以(yi)实对。晏子(zi)荐以(yi)为(wei)大夫(fu)。
①御(yu):车(che)夫(fu)。门间:门缝。窥:暗中(zhong)偷看。②御(yu):驾车(che)。③拥:遮、障。④去(qu):离开。此指离婚。⑤志(zhi)念(nian):志(zhi)向、抱(bao)负。⑥抑(yi)损(sun):谦恭、退(tui)让(rang)。抑(yi),谦下。损(sun),退(tui)损(sun)。⑦怪:感到(dao)奇(qi)怪。
太史公(gong)曰(yue):吾读管氏《牧民》、《山高》、《乘马》、《轻重》、《九府》①,及《晏子春秋》②,详(xiang)哉其(qi)(qi)言之也。既见其(qi)(qi)著书(shu),欲观其(qi)(qi)行事,故次其(qi)(qi)传③。至其(qi)(qi)书(shu),世多有(you)之,是(shi)以不论(lun),论(lun)其(qi)(qi)轶事。
①《牧民》、《山高》、《乘马》、《轻重》、《九府》:都是《管子(zi)》篇名。②《晏子(zi)春秋》:旧题春秋齐(qi)晏婴撰,实(shi)际(ji)上是后人依托并采(cai)缀晏子(zi)言行而作(zuo)。③次:编次、编列。
管(guan)仲,世所谓贤臣,然孔子小之(zhi)①。岂以(yi)为周道衰(shuai)微,桓公既贤,而不勉之(zhi)至(zhi)王(wang),乃(nai)称霸哉?语曰②:“将顺其美(mei)③,匡救其恶(e)④,故上下能相亲也⑤。”岂管(guan)仲之(zhi)谓乎?
①小之(zhi):认为他(ta)器(qi)量狭(xia)小。《论(lun)语·八佾》有(you)“管仲(zhong)之(zhi)器(qi)小哉”的话。②语引自《孝经(jing)·事君》。③将顺(shun):顺(shun)势(shi)助成。④匡救:纠正、挽救。⑤上(shang)下:指君臣百姓。
方晏子伏庄公尸(shi)哭之(zhi),成礼然后去①,岂所(suo)(suo)谓“见(jian)义不为无(wu)勇”者邪(xie)?至其谏说,犯君之(zhi)颜(yan)②,此所(suo)(suo)谓“进思尽忠,退思补过”者哉(zai)③!假令(ling)晏子而在,余虽为之(zhi)执鞭(bian),所(suo)(suo)忻慕焉④。
①“晏子伏庄公尸”二句:齐国大夫崔杼因齐庄公与他新娶棠公的寡妻私通,设谋杀死庄公。晏婴到崔家,枕庄公尸而哭之,完成君臣之礼而去。见卷三十二《齐太公世家》、《左传·襄公二十五年》。②犯:冒犯。颜:面容、脸色。③引语出自《孝经·事君》。④忻(xīn,新):同“欣”。慕:羡慕,向往。
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