伤仲永问题探导
1.本文为什么详写方(fang)仲永才能初露时(shi)的情(qing)形?
本文(wen)详写方(fang)仲永才能(neng)初(chu)露(lu)时(shi)的情形,这样安排暗含了文(wen)章(zhang)的主旨,是符合(he)作者意(yi)图的。
王安石写(xie)这(zhei)篇(pian)文章,意(yi)在(zai)(zai)以(yi)方仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)为反面(mian)的(de)(de)例子,来说(shuo)明(ming)“受之人(ren)”即后天(tian)教育(yu)的(de)(de)重要性。题目中的(de)(de)“伤”字,就(jiu)已经(jing)透露(lu)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)点。“伤”是哀伤、哀怜(lian)的(de)(de)意(yi)思。作(zuo)者(zhe)为什么(me)“伤”仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)?因为方仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)天(tian)资非凡而“受于人(ren)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)”,最终“泯然(ran)众人(ren)”。但这(zhei)不(bu)(bu)是仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)自身造成的(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)怪仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong),因为他(ta)毕竟是个(ge)(ge)孩子,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)掌握自己的(de)(de)命运;这(zhei)是他(ta)贪财(cai)短视(shi)的(de)(de)父亲(qin)造成的(de)(de)。文章在(zai)(zai)首段叙事中详写(xie)仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)初(chu)露(lu)时的(de)(de)情形(xing),有(you)两条(tiao)(tiao)线索:一(yi)(yi)条(tiao)(tiao)从叙述(shu)(shu)方仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)的(de)(de)突(tu)然(ran)显露(lu)到(dao)声誉(yu)日(ri)(ri)隆;另一(yi)(yi)条(tiao)(tiao)叙述(shu)(shu)仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)父亲(qin)从发现儿子才(cai)(cai)能(neng)到(dao)以(yi)儿子才(cai)(cai)能(neng)为谋利(li)手段。这(zhei)样(yang)写(xie)的(de)(de)用意(yi):一(yi)(yi)是说(shuo)明(ming)“仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)之通悟”确实是“受之天(tian)”,有(you)先天(tian)的(de)(de)因素;另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian),正(zheng)是在(zai)(zai)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)时期(qi),就(jiu)已经(jing)埋(mai)下才(cai)(cai)能(neng)衰(shuai)退的(de)(de)种子,即“父利(li)其然(ran)也,日(ri)(ri)扳(ban)仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)环谒于邑(yi)人(ren),不(bu)(bu)使(shi)(shi)学(xue)”,说(shuo)明(ming)仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)未能(neng)受到(dao)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)后天(tian)教育(yu)。至(zhi)(zhi)于仲(zhong)永(yong)(yong)长大后才(cai)(cai)能(neng)衰(shuai)退以(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)丧失殆(dai)尽,则(ze)是“不(bu)(bu)使(shi)(shi)学(xue)”的(de)(de)必(bi)然(ran)结(jie)果,当然(ran)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)多说(shuo)。叙事部分已经(jing)蕴含(han)了所要说(shuo)明(ming)的(de)(de)道理,因此议(yi)论部分也不(bu)(bu)必(bi)多说(shuo)了。
2.“余闻之也久(jiu)”这(zhei)句话在本文叙事中(zhong)有什么作用?
本(ben)文(wen)叙事(shi)采(cai)用(yong)了见(jian)(jian)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)录的方(fang)(fang)式,第一段(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“闻(wen)(wen)(wen)”,第二(er)段(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)先“见(jian)(jian)”后“闻(wen)(wen)(wen)”,依次(ci)写方(fang)(fang)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)永(yong)五岁时(shi)(shi)才能(neng)(neng)初露时(shi)(shi)的情形(xing)、十二(er)三(san)岁时(shi)(shi)才能(neng)(neng)衰退时(shi)(shi)的状(zhuang)况和又(you)(you)过(guo)七年后“泯然(ran)众人”的结(jie)局,表明(ming)方(fang)(fang)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)永(yong)才能(neng)(neng)变化的三(san)个阶段(duan)。叙事(shi)一气(qi)贯通而(er)又(you)(you)层次(ci)分明(ming),详略有致而(er)又(you)(you)结(jie)构紧(jin)凑(cou),内容集中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)又(you)(you)意旨鲜明(ming)。这(zhei)(zhei)种见(jian)(jian)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)录的方(fang)(fang)式还使(shi)方(fang)(fang)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)永(yong)与“我”发生(sheng)了联系,富有生(sheng)活气(qi)息(xi),给(ji)人以真切之感(gan)。文(wen)章叙事(shi)部(bu)分按时(shi)(shi)间顺序把(ba)“闻(wen)(wen)(wen)”“见(jian)(jian)”“闻(wen)(wen)(wen)”三(san)个片(pian)断(duan)结(jie)为一个整体,其中(zhong)(zhong)的过(guo)渡句(ju)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“余(yu)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)之也(ye)久(jiu)”这(zhei)(zhei)句(ju)话。此(ci)句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)的“之”字承前,指仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)永(yong)才能(neng)(neng)初露时(shi)(shi)期(qi)的情形(xing);“闻(wen)(wen)(wen)”“久(jiu)”二(er)字则表明(ming)作者长期(qi)不在家(jia)乡,仅从传闻(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)得知,尚未见(jian)(jian)到仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)永(yong)──这(zhei)(zhei)最后一点(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)暗含在全(quan)句(ju)话中(zhong)(zhong)的。如果把(ba)这(zhei)(zhei)一点(dian)意思明(ming)说出来(lai),则全(quan)句(ju)应是(shi)(shi)(shi)“余(yu)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)之也(ye)久(jiu)而(er)未见(jian)(jian)其人”。这(zhei)(zhei)样,下(xia)文(wen)再说“见(jian)(jian)”就(jiu)十分自(zi)然(ran)了。由此(ci)可见(jian)(jian),“余(yu)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)之也(ye)久(jiu)”这(zhei)(zhei)句(ju)话,是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)一明(ming)一暗的两(liang)层意思来(lai)实现上下(xia)文(wen)的过(guo)渡的。
3.怎(zen)样认识“受(shou)之天(tian)”与“受(shou)之人”的关(guan)系?
结尾的(de)议(yi)论部(bu)分(fen)就(jiu)事(shi)说理。作者认为“仲永之(zhi)通悟”是“受之(zhi)