一(yi)个孩子(zi)“自(zi)作主张”地把父亲送给她的“贵重(zhong)东西(xi)”(羚羊木(mu)雕)转送给了朋友,父母逼着她向朋友要(yao)回(hui)了那东西(xi)这就是《羚羊木(mu)雕》(选(xuan)入义务教育初中语文(wen)第一(yi)册)简单的故事(shi)梗概。确实,就故事(shi)情节而言,并不怎么曲(qu)折(zhe)动人,但(dan)其(qi)蕴含的文(wen)化现象,却值(zhi)得(de)深思。
按常理(li),东西一旦送(song)(song)人,哪怕是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贵重的(de)(de)东西,所有(you)权不(bu)(bu)再属于送(song)(song)者。然(ran)(ran)而(er)在我们上面(mian)介绍的(de)(de)故事中(zhong),“您已(yi)经送(song)(song)给(ji)我了。”“是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)爸爸送(song)(song)给(ji)你的(de)(de),可(ke)并没有(you)允许你拿(na)去送(song)(song)人啊!”这(zhei)一常理(li)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)复(fu)存在。原因何在?仅在被送(song)(song)者是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)孩(hai)子,而(er)孩(hai)子在那(nei)位爸爸心目中(zhong),只能处于被支配、被主宰的(de)(de)地位。这(zhei)样说,丝(si)毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)意味着父母没有(you)管教(jiao)(jiao)支配孩(hai)子的(de)(de)权利;恰(qia)恰(qia)相反,设(she)若孩(hai)子将木雕丢(diu)失(shi),或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)卖,父母加(jia)以管教(jiao)(jiao)当然(ran)(ran)应(ying)该。然(ran)(ran)而(er)孩(hai)子是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)送(song)(song)给(ji)了朋友(you),而(er)且是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)送(song)(song)给(ji)了最知心的(de)(de)朋友(you)(这(zhei)一点课文里有(you)详(xiang)细(xi)的(de)(de)叙述(shu))。这(zhei)一行动,本身就浸透了重然(ran)(ran)诺、讲义气等传统(tong)文化(hua)的(de)(de)液质(zhi)。对孩(hai)子举(ju)动的(de)(de)否(fou)(fou)定(ding)和(he)责(ze)难,也(ye)(ye)(ye)就有(you)悖于中(zhong)华民族的(de)(de)传统(tong)道义(奶(nai)奶(nai)的(de)(de)那(nei)句话,“算(suan)了吧,这(zhei)样多不(bu)(bu)好”,就隐含了这(zhei)方面(mian)的(de)(de)信(xin)息)。可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)仅仅因为对象是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)孩(hai)子,否(fou)(fou)定(ding)和(he)责(ze)难也(ye)(ye)(ye)就堂皇正大,振振有(you)词。
设若父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu)的(de)(de)教育点是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放在(zai)“一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)把别人(ren)送(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)礼(li)物再转送(song)(song)(song)人(ren)”上(shang)面,那么(me)(me)否定和(he)责(ze)难(nan)尚可占得三分理(li)去。事实(shi)却(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“小(xiao)朋友(you)之间(jian)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可以送(song)(song)(song)东西(xi),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)看(kan)什(shen)么(me)(me)样(yang)的(de)(de)东西(xi)。这样(yang)贵重(zhong)的(de)(de)东西(xi)不(bu)(bu)像一(yi)(yi)块点心一(yi)(yi)盒(he)糖(tang),怎能自作主(zhu)张呢?”从此(ci)我(wo)们(men)可以看(kan)出,如果转送(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)木(mu)雕而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)盒(he)糖(tang),大概不(bu)(bu)会招(zhao)来什(shen)么(me)(me)非议和(he)责(ze)难(nan),关(guan)键是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)木(mu)雕太贵重(zhong)了(le)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就涉及到另一(yi)(yi)条(tiao)原则:父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu)给孩子(zi)礼(li)物,要(yao)(yao)考虑孩子(zi)的(de)(de)承(cheng)受力(li)(生理(li)、心理(li)、知识(shi)等方(fang)面),如果承(cheng)受不(bu)(bu)了(le),那礼(li)物显然不(bu)(bu)宜送(song)(song)(song)。对于(yu)父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu),这里就存在(zai)着(zhe)两(liang)难(nan):木(mu)雕的(de)(de)价(jia)(jia)值贵重(zhong)到不(bu)(bu)能送(song)(song)(song)人(ren),而这一(yi)(yi)点孩子(zi)一(yi)(yi)时又认识(shi)不(bu)(bu)到,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说,礼(li)物的(de)(de)价(jia)(jia)值超过(guo)了(le)孩子(zi)的(de)(de)承(cheng)受力(li),事情发(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)后果,责(ze)任(ren)在(zai)父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu);相反,木(mu)雕的(de)(de)价(jia)(jia)值并没(mei)有贵重(zhong)到不(bu)(bu)能送(song)(song)(song)他人(ren)的(de)(de)地步而父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu)强逼着(zhe)孩子(zi)向朋友(you)索回,行为也违(wei)常理(li)。课(ke)文昭示给我(wo)们(men)的(de)(de)却(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),父(fu)(fu)(fu)母(mu)无(wu)理(li)而理(li)直气壮(zhuang),孩子(zi)有理(li)而理(li)屈辞穷。