飞向太(tai)空(kong)的(de)航(hang)程(cheng)参考资料(liao):航(hang)天员吃什(shen)么、穿什(shen)么、怎样(yang)训练
航天员吃什么
吴 政
我国航天员航天食(shi)品(pin)(pin)的(de)种类分(fen)为食(shi)谱食(shi)品(pin)(pin)、储备(bei)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)、压力(li)应急食(shi)品(pin)(pin)和救生食(shi)品(pin)(pin)四类。
食(shi)谱食(shi)品是按照为航(hang)(hang)天(tian)员(yuan)(yuan)特别制定的航(hang)(hang)天(tian)食(shi)谱和航(hang)(hang)天(tian)饮食(shi)搭配成(cheng)的,供航(hang)(hang)天(tian)员(yuan)(yuan)在飞船正常的轨道飞行期间食(shi)用。它(ta)存放(fang)在乘员(yuan)(yuan)用品柜内(nei),分餐(can)包装,就餐(can)时放(fang)入(ru)加热(re)装置(zhi)内(nei)加热(re)后(hou)即可食(shi)用。
储(chu)备(bei)食(shi)品(pin)是当飞船发生故障(zhang)需(xu)要延长飞行时(shi)间时(shi)所食(shi)用的食(shi)品(pin)。压(ya)力(li)应(ying)急食(shi)品(pin)是在航(hang)(hang)天员(yuan)座舱出现(xian)压(ya)力(li)降低(di)到(dao)失去压(ya)力(li)等严重(zhong)故障(zhang)时(shi),航(hang)(hang)天员(yuan)穿着航(hang)(hang)天服进(jin)行应(ying)急飞行期间所食(shi)用的食(shi)品(pin)。
救生(sheng)(sheng)食(shi)品是航天(tian)员(yuan)返(fan)回着(zhe)陆后等待救援期间所食(shi)用的食(shi)品,它分别存放在每个航天(tian)员(yuan)的救生(sheng)(sheng)包内。
“神舟”五号(hao)航天(tian)(tian)员在太空中的(de)食品丰富(fu)多彩。副(fu)食上(shang)除了种类(lei)繁多的(de)鱼类(lei)外,还(hai)有(you)大虾等(deng)(deng)海鲜(xian)及肉类(lei)罐头、面包(bao)等(deng)(deng)食品,还(hai)有(you)中式(shi)菜(cai)品,如(ru)鱼香肉丝、宫爆鸡丁等(deng)(deng),比西(xi)餐更加(jia)(jia)色(se)香味美,更加(jia)(jia)适合中国人的(de)口(kou)(kou)味。航天(tian)(tian)员吃(chi)的(de)主食是(shi)脱(tuo)水(shui)(shui)米饭和(he)(he)咖喱米饭等(deng)(deng),装在一(yi)个个饭盒大的(de)银灰色(se)小袋(dai)子里。航天(tian)(tian)员口(kou)(kou)渴(ke)了,可以喝到各种茶和(he)(he)橙汁等(deng)(deng)饮料。座舱内还(hai)有(you)草莓、苹果、香蕉(jiao)、水(shui)(shui)蜜桃等(deng)(deng)各类(lei)水(shui)(shui)果,为(wei)便于保存,科技人员将这些水(shui)(shui)果在低温下(xia)去(qu)掉水(shui)(shui)分,加(jia)(jia)工成冻干水(shui)(shui)果,虽然不如(ru)新鲜(xian)水(shui)(shui)果那样爽(shuang)口(kou)(kou),味道(dao)仍然不错。
航天员穿什么
吴 政
航天(tian)服(fu)是世界(jie)上最(zui)为(wei)(wei)昂贵(gui)的(de)衣服(fu),它是保障(zhang)航天(tian)员(yuan)生(sheng)命安(an)全的(de)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)个人救生(sheng)设备。航天(tian)服(fu)一(yi)般(ban)由压力服(fu)、头(tou)盔、手套和靴子组(zu)成。其结构可分为(wei)(wei)软(ruan)(ruan)式、硬(ying)式和软(ruan)(ruan)硬(ying)混合式的(de),按用途航天(tian)服(fu)可分为(wei)(wei)舱内航天(tian)服(fu)和舱外航天(tian)服(fu)两大(da)类。
由于“神(shen)舟”五号(hao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)员没(mei)有(you)太(tai)空行(xing)走任务(wu),因此,“神(shen)舟”五号(hao)此次(ci)飞行(xing)没(mei)有(you)穿(chuan)舱(cang)外航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu),而只穿(chuan)防护救生(sheng)服(fu)(fu)(fu)即舱(cang)内(nei)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)。我国的(de)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)是(shi)白色的(de),局部(bu)镶有(you)蓝(lan)边,航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)心(xin)脏部(bu)位安装了一(yi)(yi)个可(ke)以调节(jie)衣(yi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)内(nei)的(de)压力、温度和(he)湿度的(de)圆形(xing)按钮。上衣(yi)的(de)左下(xia)部(bu)位有(you)两根(gen)导(dao)管,与(yu)氧气和(he)二(er)氧化碳气瓶(ping)相连接(jie),右下(xia)部(bu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)根(gen)导(dao)管,与(yu)通信(xin)系统相连接(jie)。除了头盔和(he)手套,整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)个航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)材(cai)料均是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)种特殊的(de)高强度涤纶(lun),其性能完(wan)全(quan)能够(gou)满足执(zhi)行(xing)任务(wu)期间的(de)要求(qiu)。航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)在胸前开了一(yi)(yi)个“V”字形(xing)状(zhuang)的(de)拉链,是(shi)供穿(chuan)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)时使用(yong)的(de),航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)员在穿(chuan)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)时候,先要拉开拉链,将腿(tui)伸进去,再(zai)穿(chuan)上身,整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)个过程10分钟即可(ke)完(wan)成,非常方便。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)个航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)重(zhong)10千克,比其他国家的(de)要轻。
从结(jie)构上来讲(jiang),“神舟”五(wu)号(hao)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)员穿着的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)服(fu),由(you)里外(wai)三(san)层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)组成(cheng)。第(di)一层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),它由(you)耐高(gao)温、抗(kang)磨(mo)损材(cai)料制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),用(yong)来保(bao)护航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)服(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),同(tong)时,限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)密层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)低压下膨胀。二是气(qi)密层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),该层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是为航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)员构筑一个与体(ti)外(wai)完全隔绝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屏障,用(yong)涂有特(te)殊(shu)化学材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)锦纶(lun)材(cai)料制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),密封性能(neng)非常好,可(ke)以保(bao)持航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)服(fu)内(nei)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)压力。第(di)三(san)层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是散热(re)层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),该层(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)布满用(yong)来疏通气(qi)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各种管道(dao),通过气(qi)流(liu)在(zai)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)服(fu)内(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)动,带走人体(ti)代谢过程中所产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)热(re)量。
航天员的训练
宿双宁
从“神(shen)舟”二号开(kai)始,我(wo)们就(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)功进(jin)行了航天(tian)员(yuan)系统(tong)和(he)环控生保系统(tong)试(shi)(shi)验(yan),取得了很大成(cheng)果。后面的(de)(de)试(shi)(shi)验(yan),主(zhu)要(yao)是围绕航天(tian)员(yuan)能(neng)否上天(tian),增(zeng)(zeng)加了冲击测量设(she)备和(he)天(tian)地音话的(de)(de)模拟(ni)(ni)设(she)备等。我(wo)们主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)问题就(jiu)(jiu)是怎样在无人的(de)(de)情况下(xia)证明有人情况下(xia)有效,所以必须增(zeng)(zeng)加拟(ni)(ni)人载荷、拟(ni)(ni)人生理设(she)备、人体代(dai)谢模拟(ni)(ni)装置来(lai)对载人环境进(jin)行验(yan)证。从已(yi)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)无人飞行试(shi)(shi)验(yan)看,飞船(chuan)载人环境是满(man)足医学要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)。
随着我(wo)国(guo)(guo)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)发展,将(jiang)来(lai)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)员训练(lian)还(hai)面临着很大的(de)(de)(de)挑战(zhan)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)步,要(yao)突破(po)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)技术,飞船(chuan)顺(shun)利上天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),安全返回,解决天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地间(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)往返问题;第(di)(di)二步,实现(xian)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)员出(chu)(chu)舱行(xing)走,完(wan)成飞船(chuan)与轨(gui)道舱的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)会对接,并发射长期(qi)自主飞行(xing)、有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)照料的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)间(jian)(jian)(jian)实验(yan)室(shi),建成完(wan)整配套的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)间(jian)(jian)(jian)工程(cheng)系(xi)统;第(di)(di)三步,完(wan)成载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)终目标,建造大型空(kong)间(jian)(jian)(jian)实验(yan)室(shi)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)长期(qi)处于太空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)重(zhong)环境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)对人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身体素质(zhi)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,目前,我(wo)国(guo)(guo)已(yi)经开始这(zhei)方面的(de)(de)(de)训练(lian)。另外(wai),现(xian)在(zai)飞船(chuan)内供航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)员使用的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)气、饮用水都(dou)要(yao)带(dai)上去,将(jiang)来(lai)就需要(yao)在(zai)太空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)进(jin)行(xing)再(zai)生(sheng),把(ba)呼出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)二氧(yang)化碳变成氧(yang)气,小便能净化成饮用水,这(zhei)些都(dou)是(shi)环控生(sheng)保的(de)(de)(de)工作。我(wo)国(guo)(guo)搞(gao)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)这(zhei)项(xiang)工程(cheng),开发利用空(kong)间(jian)(jian)(jian)资(zi)源,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)很高,是(shi)关系(xi)国(guo)(guo)计民生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)大事。我(wo)们通(tong)过正(zheng)在(zai)进(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)工程(cheng),建立(li)起一(yi)支航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)科技队伍(wu),为将(jiang)来(lai)建造太空(kong)站(zhan)(zhan)打下坚实的(de)(de)(de)基础。将(jiang)来(lai)搞(gao)长期(qi)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)照料的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)间(jian)(jian)(jian)站(zhan)(zhan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)载(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)将(jiang)大有(you)希望。
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