柳子厚墓志铭
［唐］韩愈
【题(ti)解】此文(wen)是(shi)韩(han)(han)(han)愈于(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)十五年（820），在袁州任刺史(shi)时所作(zuo)。韩(han)(han)(han)愈和(he)柳宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)同是(shi)唐代(dai)古文(wen)运动中桴鼓相应(ying)的(de)(de)领袖。私交(jiao)甚深，友情笃厚(hou)。柳宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)卒(zu)于(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)十四年，韩(han)(han)(han)愈写(xie)过不少哀悼和(he)纪念文(wen)字，这是(shi)其(qi)中较有代(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)一篇。文(wen)章综括柳宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)家(jia)世(shi)、生平、交(jiao)友、文(wen)章，着重论述(shu)其(qi)治柳政绩(ji)和(he)文(wen)学风义。韩(han)(han)(han)愈赞扬(yang)宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)政治才(cai)能，称颂其(qi)勇于(yu)为(wei)人，急朋友之(zhi)难的(de)(de)美德和(he)刻苦自励的(de)(de)精神。对他长期迁谪的(de)(de)坎坷遭遇，满(man)掬(ju)同情之(zhi)泪。然而对于(yu)宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)早(zao)年参加王叔文(wen)集(ji)团，企图(tu)改革政治的(de)(de)行为(wei)，却极为(wei)之(zhi)讳，措词(ci)隐(yin)约，表现了(le)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)保守思想。文(wen)中，韩(han)(han)(han)愈肯定(ding)了(le)柳宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)学上(shang)的(de)(de)卓越成就，并揭示(shi)出柳文(wen)愤世(shi)嫉(ji)俗之(zhi)情及其(qi)现实意义。全文(wen)写(xie)得(de)酣姿淋漓(li)，顿挫盘(pan)郁，乃韩(han)(han)(han)愈至性(xing)至情之(zhi)所发。
墓(mu)志铭(ming)(ming)，是(shi)古代文(wen)(wen)体的(de)一种(zhong)(zhong)，刻石(shi)纳入墓(mu)内或墓(mu)旁(pang)，表示对死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)纪念，以便(bian)后(hou)(hou)人稽考(kao)。文(wen)(wen)章通常分(fen)(fen)两(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，前一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)序文(wen)(wen)，叙述死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)姓氏(shi)、爵里、世(shi)系和(he)(he)生(sheng)平事(shi)迹；后(hou)(hou)一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)铭(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)，缀以韵语，表示对死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)悼念和(he)(he)颂赞。这一篇(pian)墓(mu)志铭(ming)(ming)的(de)铭(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)极短，是(shi)一种(zhong)(zhong)变格。
子厚，讳宗(zong)元［1］。七世(shi)祖庆，为(wei)拓跋魏(wei)侍中，封(feng)济(ji)阴公［2］。曾伯祖奭［3］，为(wei)唐(tang)宰相(xiang)，与(yu)褚(chu)遂良、韩瑗俱得罪武后［4］，死(si)高宗(zong)朝。皇考(kao)讳镇［5］，以事母弃太常博(bo)士，求为(wei)县令江南［6］。其后以不能媚权贵［7］，失(shi)御史。权贵人(ren)死(si)［8］，乃复拜(bai)侍御史［9］。号为(wei)刚直［10］，所与(yu)游皆当世(shi)名人(ren)［11］。
子厚少(shao)精(jing)敏，无不通达。逮(dai)其父时［12］，虽(sui)少(shao)年，已自成人［13］，能(neng)取进士第［14］，崭然见头(tou)角［15］。众谓柳(liu)氏(shi)有子矣［16］。其后以博学宏词，授(shou)集(ji)贤殿正字［17］。俊(jun)杰廉悍［18］，议(yi)论证据今古［19］，出入经(jing)史百子［20］，踔(chuo)厉风发(fa)［21］，率常(chang)屈其座(zuo)人［22］。名声大振(zhen)，一时皆慕与之(zhi)交(jiao)。诸(zhu)公要人，争(zheng)欲令出我门下(xia)［23］，交(jiao)口荐誉(yu)之(zhi)［24］。
贞元十九年，由蓝田尉拜监察御史［25］。顺宗即位(wei)，拜礼部员(yuan)外郎［26］。遇用事者得罪［27］，例出为刺史［28］。未(wei)至，又例贬永(yong)州(zhou)司(si)马［29］。居闲［30］，益自(zi)刻苦(ku)，务记览(lan)［31］，为词(ci)章，泛滥(lan)停蓄［32］，为深博无涯涘(si)［33］。而自(zi)肆于山水间［34］。
元和中，尝例召至京师(shi)；又偕出为刺(ci)史［35］，而(er)(er)子(zi)厚(hou)(hou)得柳州(zhou)［36］。既至，叹曰(yue)：“是(shi)岂不(bu)足为政邪［37］？”因其(qi)(qi)(qi)土俗［38］，为设(she)教禁［39］，州(zhou)人顺(shun)赖［40］。其(qi)(qi)(qi)俗以男女质钱［41］，约不(bu)时赎(shu)［42］，子(zi)本(ben)相(xiang)侔［43］，则没为奴婢［44］。子(zi)厚(hou)(hou)与(yu)设(she)方计［45］，悉令(ling)赎(shu)归(gui)(gui)［46］。其(qi)(qi)(qi)尤贫力不(bu)能者，令(ling)书其(qi)(qi)(qi)佣(yong)［47］，足相(xiang)当，则使归(gui)(gui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)质［48］。观(guan)察使下其(qi)(qi)(qi)法于(yu)他州(zhou)［49］，比一岁［50］，免而(er)(er)归(gui)(gui)者且(qie)千(qian)人。衡湘(xiang)以南为进士者［51］，皆(jie)以子(zi)厚(hou)(hou)为师(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)经承子(zi)厚(hou)(hou)口讲指画(hua)为文词(ci)者，悉有法度可观(guan)。
［52］ 其召至京师而(er)复(fu)为刺史也，中(zhong)山刘梦(meng)(meng)(meng)得(de)禹锡亦在遣中(zhong)［53］，当诣播州［54］。子厚泣曰：“播州非人(ren)所居，而(er)梦(meng)(meng)(meng)得(de)亲在堂［55］，吾不(bu)忍(ren)(ren)梦(meng)(meng)(meng)得(de)之穷［56］，无(wu)辞以(yi)(yi)白(bai)其大人(ren)［57］；且(qie)万无(wu)母子俱往理。”请于(yu)朝，将拜疏(shu)［58］，愿以(yi)(yi)柳(liu)易(yi)播［59］，虽(sui)重(zhong)得(de)罪［60］，死不(bu)恨。遇有以(yi)(yi)梦(meng)(meng)(meng)得(de)事白(bai)上者［61］，梦(meng)(meng)(meng)得(de)于(yu)是(shi)改刺连州［62］。呜呼！士穷乃见(jian)节义。今夫平居里巷相(xiang)慕(mu)悦(yue)，酒(jiu)食游戏相(xiang)徵(zhi)逐［63］，诩(xu)诩(xu)强笑语以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)取下［64］，握(wo)手(shou)出肺肝相(xiang)示［65］，指天日(ri)涕泣，誓(shi)生死不(bu)相(xiang)背(bei)负［66］，真若不(bu)信；一旦临小(xiao)利害，仅如毛发(fa)比［67］，反(fan)眼若不(bu)相(xiang)识(shi)。落陷穽［68］，不(bu)一引手(shou)救，反(fan)挤之，又下石焉者，皆是(shi)也。此宜禽兽夷(yi)狄所不(bu)忍(ren)(ren)为，而(er)其人(ren)自视以(yi)(yi)为得(de)计(ji)。闻子厚之风(feng)，亦可以(yi)(yi)少愧(kui)矣［69］。
子(zi)厚(hou)前时(shi)(shi)少(shao)年，勇于(yu)为人［70］，不(bu)自贵重顾籍［71］，谓功业可立就(jiu)［72］，故(gu)坐废(fei)退［73］。既退，又(you)无(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)有(you)气力得(de)位者(zhe)推(tui)挽(wan)［74］，故(gu)卒死于(yu)穷(qiong)裔［75］，材(cai)不(bu)为世用，道不(bu)行于(yu)时(shi)(shi)也(ye)。使(shi)子(zi)厚(hou)在台省时(shi)(shi)［76］，自持其(qi)身，已能(neng)如司马刺史(shi)时(shi)(shi)，亦自不(bu)斥(chi)；斥(chi)时(shi)(shi)，有(you)人力能(neng)举之，且必复用不(bu)穷(qiong)。然子(zi)厚(hou)斥(chi)不(bu)久，穷(qiong)不(bu)极，虽(sui)有(you)出于(yu)人，其(qi)文学(xue)辞(ci)章(zhang)，必不(bu)能(neng)自力［77］，以致必传于(yu)后如今，无(wu)疑也(ye)。虽(sui)使(shi)子(zi)厚(hou)得(de)所愿，为将相(xiang)(xiang)于(yu)一时(shi)(shi)［78］，以彼易此，孰(shu)得(de)孰(shu)失，必有(you)能(neng)辨之者(zhe)。
子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)以元和十(shi)四(si)年十(shi)一月八日卒(zu)［79］，年四(si)十(shi)七(qi)。以十(shi)五年七(qi)月十(shi)日，归葬(zang)(zang)万(wan)年先人(ren)墓侧［280］。子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)有(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)男(nan)二人(ren)：长曰周六，始四(si)岁(sui)；季曰周七(qi)［81］，子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)卒(zu)乃生(sheng)。女(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)二人(ren)，皆幼。其(qi)得归葬(zang)(zang)也，费皆出观(guan)察使河东裴君(jun)行立［82］。行立有(you)节(jie)概［83］，重然诺［84］，与(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)结交，子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)亦(yi)为之尽［85］，竟赖其(qi)力。葬(zang)(zang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)于(yu)万(wan)年之墓者，舅弟卢(lu)遵［86］。遵，涿人(ren)［87］，性谨慎，学(xue)问不厌。自子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)之斥，遵从而家焉［88］，逮其(qi)死(si)不去。既往葬(zang)(zang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)，又将(jiang)经纪其(qi)家，庶几有(you)始终者［89］。铭(ming)曰：
是惟子厚(hou)之室［90］，既固既安，以利(li)其嗣人［91］。
子厚，名(ming)叫宗(zong)元。七世祖柳庆，做过北(bei)魏(wei)的(de)侍(shi)中，被封为(wei)济阴公。高伯祖柳奭，做过唐朝的(de)宰(zai)相，同褚(chu)遂良(liang)、韩瑗一起得(de)罪了(le)(le)(le)武则天皇后，在高宗(zong)时被处死(si)。父亲叫柳镇，为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)侍(shi)奉母亲，放弃了(le)(le)(le)太常博士的(de)官位，请求(qiu)到江南做县令。后来因为(wei)他不肯(ken)向(xiang)权(quan)贵献媚，丢掉(diao)了(le)(le)(le)御(yu)史(shi)官。直到那位权(quan)贵死(si)了(le)(le)(le)，才又被任命为(wei)侍(shi)御(yu)史(shi)。人们都(dou)说(shuo)他刚毅正直，与他交往(wang)的(de)都(dou)是(shi)当时名(ming)人。
子(zi)厚少年时(shi)就(jiu)很精明能(neng)(neng)干(gan)，没(mei)有(you)不(bu)明白(bai)通晓的(de)事。当(dang)他(ta)的(de)父(fu)亲还在世的(de)时(shi)候，他(ta)虽然很年轻，但已经(jing)成才(cai)，能(neng)(neng)够考(kao)取进士科第，显露出出众(zhong)的(de)才(cai)华，大家都说柳(liu)家有(you)个好儿子(zi)。后来(lai)又通过博学宏词科的(de)考(kao)试，被授为集贤殿正字。他(ta)才(cai)智突(tu)出，清廉刚毅，发表议论时(shi)能(neng)(neng)引证今古事例为依据，精通经(jing)史典籍和诸(zhu)子(zi)百家，言谈纵横上(shang)下(xia)，意气风发，常常使满座的(de)人(ren)为之叹服。因(yin)此(ci)名声(sheng)哄动，一(yi)(yi)时(shi)之间人(ren)们都敬慕而希望与他(ta)交往。那(nei)些公(gong)卿贵人(ren)争着要收(shou)他(ta)做自己的(de)门(men)生，众(zhong)口一(yi)(yi)辞(ci)地推荐称(cheng)赞他(ta)。
贞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)，子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)厚由蓝(lan)田(tian)县(xian)(xian)尉调任(ren)监察(cha)(cha)御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)。顺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即(ji)位，又(you)升为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)部员外(wai)郎(lang)。逢遇当权(quan)(quan)人(ren)获罪，他(ta)(ta)也(ye)(ye)被(bei)(bei)援(yuan)例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)出(chu)(chu)京(jing)城(cheng)当刺(ci)史(shi)(shi)(shi)，还未(wei)到任(ren)，又(you)被(bei)(bei)依(yi)例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)永州(zhou)(zhou)司(si)马(ma)(ma)。身(shen)处(chu)清(qing)闲(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，自己(ji)更加(jia)刻苦(ku)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)学(xue)，专心诵(song)读(du)，写作(zuo)(zuo)刘禹(yu)(yu)锡(xi)(xi)作(zuo)(zuo)集序云(yun)：“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)厚始以(yi)(yi)童子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，有(you)(you)奇名于贞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)初。”［14］取(qu)(qu)进(jin)(jin)士(shi)(shi)第：贞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)九年(nian)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)进(jin)(jin)士(shi)(shi)及(ji)第，年(nian)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)。［15］崭然：高(gao)峻突出(chu)(chu)貌(mao)。见(jian)（ｘｉàｎ现(xian)）：同“现(xian)”。［16］有(you)(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：意(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)光耀楣门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。［17］博学(xue)宏(hong)词(ci)(ci)：柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)贞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)（796）中(zhong)博学(xue)宏(hong)词(ci)(ci)科，年(nian)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四。唐(tang)制，进(jin)(jin)士(shi)(shi)及(ji)第者可(ke)应博学(xue)宏(hong)词(ci)(ci)考选(xuan)，取(qu)(qu)中(zhong)后(hou)即(ji)授(shou)予官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)职(zhi)(zhi)。集贤殿：集贤殿书院，掌(zhang)刊(kan)辑经籍，搜求佚书。正字(zi)：集贤殿置(zhi)学(xue)士(shi)(shi)、正字(zi)等(deng)(deng)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，正字(zi)掌(zhang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)编校(xiao)典(dian)籍、刊(kan)正文(wen)(wen)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)。宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六岁授(shou)集贤殿正字(zi)。［18］廉(lian)悍(han)：方(fang)正、廉(lian)洁和(he)(he)(he)(he)坚毅有(you)(you)骨气。［19］证据今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)古：引(yin)据今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)古事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)例(li)作(zuo)(zuo)证。［20］出(chu)(chu)入(ru)：融会贯(guan)通，深入(ru)浅出(chu)(chu)。［21］踔（ｚｈｕó酌）厉风发：议论纵横(heng)，言辞奋发，见(jian)识高(gao)远(yuan)(yuan)。踔，远(yuan)(yuan)。厉，高(gao)。［22］率：每每。屈：使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屈服。［23］令(ling)(ling)出(chu)(chu)我(wo)门(men)下(xia)：意(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)都想(xiang)叫(jiao)他(ta)(ta)做(zuo)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)门(men)生以(yi)(yi)沾光彩。［24］交口(kou)：异口(kou)同声。［25］蓝(lan)田(tian)：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)属陕西(xi)。尉：县(xian)(xian)府(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)治(zhi)安(an)，缉捕盗贼的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)吏(li)。监察(cha)(cha)御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)：御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)台的(de)(de)(de)属官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，掌(zhang)分察(cha)(cha)百僚，巡按郡县(xian)(xian)，纠视刑狱，整肃朝仪诸事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。［26］礼(li)(li)部员外(wai)郎(lang)：官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)名，掌(zhang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)辨别和(he)(he)(he)(he)拟定(ding)礼(li)(li)制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)学(xue)校(xiao)贡举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)得(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)此(ci)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)、韦执谊(yi)等(deng)(deng)所(suo)荐引(yin)。［27］用(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者：掌(zhang)权(quan)(quan)者，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)。顺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)做(zuo)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)任(ren)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)属官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，顺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)登位后(hou)，王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)任(ren)户部侍(shi)郎(lang)，深得(de)(de)(de)顺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)信(xin)任(ren)。于是(shi)(shi)引(yin)用(yong)(yong)新(xin)进(jin)(jin)，施(shi)行(xing)改革。旧(jiu)派世族和(he)(he)(he)(he)藩(fan)镇宦官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)拥立(li)其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)李(li)纯为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，将(jiang)(jiang)王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)黜，后(hou)来(lai)又(you)将(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)杀戮。和(he)(he)(he)(he)柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)同时(shi)(shi)(shi)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)作(zuo)(zuo)司(si)马(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)共八人(ren)，号(hao)“八司(si)马(ma)(ma)”。［28］例(li)出(chu)(chu)：按规定(ding)遣出(chu)(chu)。永贞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)（805），宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)被(bei)(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邵州(zhou)(zhou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)邵阳(yang)）刺(ci)史(shi)(shi)(shi)。［29］例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)：依(yi)照“条例(li)”贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。永州(zhou)(zhou)：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)零陵县(xian)(xian)。司(si)马(ma)(ma)：本是(shi)(shi)州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)(shi)(shi)属下(xia)掌(zhang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)军事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)副职(zhi)(zhi)，唐(tang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)已成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)职(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)权(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)冗员。［30］居闲(xian)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)闲(xian)。［31］记览：记诵(song)阅览。此(ci)喻刻苦(ku)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)学(xue)。［32］泛滥：文(wen)(wen)笔(bi)汪洋恣肆。停蓄：文(wen)(wen)笔(bi)雄厚凝炼。［33］无(wu)涯涘(si)（ｓì四）：无(wu)边际。涯、涘(si)，均(jun)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)边。［34］肆：放情。［35］偕(xie)出(chu)(chu)：元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)（815），宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)(deng)“八司(si)马(ma)(ma)”同时(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)(bei)召(zhao)回(hui)长安(an)，但(dan)又(you)同被(bei)(bei)迁往(wang)更远(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)。［36］柳(liu)(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)：唐(tang)置(zhi)，属岭(ling)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)，即(ji)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)广西(xi)柳(liu)(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)市。［37］是(shi)(shi)岂不(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政邪(xie)：意(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)柳(liu)(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)地虽僻远(yuan)(yuan)，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)政绩。是(shi)(shi)，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)。［38］因(yin)：顺着，按照。土俗(su)：当地的(de)(de)(de)风俗(su)。［39］教禁：教谕和(he)(he)(he)(he)禁令(ling)(ling)。［40］顺赖：顺从(cong)信(xin)赖。［41］质：典(dian)当，抵押。［42］不(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)赎：不(bu)(bu)按时(shi)(shi)(shi)赎取(qu)(qu)。［43］子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)，即(ji)利息(xi)。本：本金(jin)(jin)。相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)侔（ｍóｕ谋）：相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)(deng)。［44］没：没收。［45］与设(she)方(fang)计：替债务人(ren)想(xiang)方(fang)设(she)法(fa)。［46］悉(xi)：全(quan)部。［47］书：写，记下(xia)。佣：当雇工。此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雇工劳动所(suo)值(zhi)，即(ji)工资。［48］足相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)当：意(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)佣工所(suo)值(zhi)足以(yi)(yi)抵消借款本息(xi)。质：人(ren)质。［49］观(guan)察(cha)(cha)使：又(you)称观(guan)察(cha)(cha)处(chu)置(zhi)使，是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)央派往(wang)地方(fang)掌(zhang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)监察(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。下(xia)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)：推(tui)行(xing)赎回(hui)人(ren)质的(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)。［50］比（ｂì避）：及(ji)，等(deng)(deng)到。［51］衡(heng)(heng)湘：衡(heng)(heng)山(shan)、湘水(shui)，泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)岭(ling)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)地区(qu)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：应试。［52］法(fa)度(du)：规范。［53］中(zhong)山(shan)：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北定(ding)县(xian)(xian)。刘梦得(de)(de)(de)：名禹(yu)(yu)锡(xi)(xi)，彭(peng)城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)江苏铜山(shan)县(xian)(xian)）人(ren)，中(zhong)山(shan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郡望。其(qi)(qi)祖先(xian)(xian)汉景(jing)帝子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)刘胜(sheng)曾封(feng)中(zhong)山(shan)王。王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)失败后(hou)，刘被(bei)(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郎(lang)州(zhou)(zhou)司(si)马(ma)(ma)，这(zhei)次(ci)召(zhao)还入(ru)京(jing)后(hou)又(you)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)播(bo)(bo)州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)(shi)(shi)。［54］诣：前往(wang)。播(bo)(bo)州(zhou)(zhou)：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)贵州(zhou)(zhou)绥阳(yang)县(xian)(xian)。［55］亲(qin)在堂：母(mu)亲(qin)健在。［56］穷(qiong)：困窘(jiong)。［57］大人(ren)：父(fu)母(mu)。此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刘母(mu)。句(ju)谓(wei)(wei)这(zhei)种不(bu)(bu)幸(xing)的(de)(de)(de)处(chu)境(jing)难(nan)以(yi)(yi)向老母(mu)讲。［58］拜疏（ｓｈù树）：向皇(huang)帝上(shang)疏。［59］以(yi)(yi)柳(liu)(liu)易播(bo)(bo)：意(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)自愿到播(bo)(bo)州(zhou)(zhou)去，让刘禹(yu)(yu)锡(xi)(xi)去柳(liu)(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)。［60］重（ｃｈóｎｇ虫(chong)）得(de)(de)(de)罪：再加(jia)一(yi)(yi)重罪。［61］“遇有(you)(you)”句(ju)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)当时(shi)(shi)(shi)御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)丞裴度(du)、崔群上(shang)疏为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刘禹(yu)(yu)锡(xi)(xi)陈情一(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。［62］刺(ci)：用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)。连(lian)州(zhou)(zhou)：唐(tang)属岭(ling)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)，州(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)在今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)广东连(lian)县(xian)(xian)。［63］徵：约之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)来(lai)，逐：随之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)去。徵逐，往(wang)来(lai)频繁(fan)。［64］诩诩（ｘǔ许）：夸大的(de)(de)(de)样(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。强（ｑｉǎｎｇ抢）：勉强，做(zuo)作(zuo)(zuo)，取(qu)(qu)下(xia)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)采取(qu)(qu)谦下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)态度(du)。［65］出(chu)(chu)肺肝相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)示：譬喻做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)非常诚恳和(he)(he)(he)(he)坦白的(de)(de)(de)样(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。［66］背(bei)负：背(bei)叛，变心。［67］如毛发比：譬喻事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)细微(wei)。比，类似。［68］陷穽（ｊǐｎｇ井）圈套，祸(huo)难(nan)。［69］少：稍微(wei)。［70］为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)：助人(ren)。此(ci)处(chu)有(you)(you)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)参加(jia)王叔(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)集团是(shi)(shi)政治(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)失慎(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。故下(xia)云(yun)“不(bu)(bu)自贵重”。［71］顾(gu)籍：顾(gu)惜。［72］立(li)就(jiu)：即(ji)刻成功。［73］坐：因(yin)他(ta)(ta)人(ren)获罪而(er)受牵(qian)连(lian)。废退：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远(yuan)(yuan)谪边地，不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)于朝廷。［74］有(you)(you)气力(li)(li)：有(you)(you)权(quan)(quan)势和(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li)量的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。推(tui)挽：推(tui)举提携(xie)。［75］穷(qiong)裔：穷(qiong)困的(de)(de)(de)边远(yuan)(yuan)地方(fang)。［76］台省：御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)台和(he)(he)(he)(he)尚(shang)书省。［77］自力(li)(li)：自我(wo)努(nu)力(li)(li)。［78］为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)(jiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)于一(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)：被(bei)(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)“八司(si)马(ma)(ma)”中(zhong)，只有(you)(you)程异后(hou)来(lai)得(de)(de)(de)到李(li)巽(xun)推(tui)荐，位至宰相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)便死，也(ye)(ye)没有(you)(you)什么政绩。此(ci)处(chu)暗借程异作(zuo)(zuo)比。［79］元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)：唐(tang)宪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)年(nian)号(hao)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)，即(ji)819年(nian)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月八日(ri)：一(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月五日(ri)”。［80］万(wan)年(nian)：在今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)陕西(xi)临潼(tong)县(xian)(xian)东北。先(xian)(xian)人(ren)墓：在万(wan)年(nian)县(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)栖(qi)凤(feng)原。见(jian)柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)《先(xian)(xian)侍(shi)御(yu)(yu)(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)府(fu)君(jun)神道(dao)表》。［81］周(zhou)七(qi)：即(ji)柳(liu)(liu)告，字(zi)用(yong)(yong)益，宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)遗腹子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。［82］河(he)东：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)永济县(xian)(xian)。裴行(xing)立(li)：绛(jiang)州(zhou)(zhou)稷山(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)稷山(shan)县(xian)(xian)）人(ren)，时(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)桂管(guan)(guan)(guan)观(guan)察(cha)(cha)使，是(shi)(shi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)司(si)。［83］节(jie)概：节(jie)操度(du)量。［84］重然诺：看重许下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)诺言。［85］尽：尽心，尽力(li)(li)。［86］卢遵(zun)：宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)舅父(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。［87］涿(zhuo)（ｚｈｕó卓）：今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北涿(zhuo)县(xian)(xian)。［88］从(cong)而(er)家：跟从(cong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)己(ji)家。［89］庶几：近似，差不(bu)(bu)多。［90］惟：就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)。室：幽室，即(ji)墓穴。［91］嗣人(ren)：子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孙后(hou)代。
【】 上一篇：驳复仇议原文、注释、翻译与赏析
下一篇：祭鳄鱼文原文、注释、翻译与赏析