志第十五 食货六
夫(fu)为(wei)(wei)国为(wei)(wei)家(jia)者,莫不以(yi)(yi)谷货为(wei)(wei)本。故《洪范》八政(zheng),以(yi)(yi)食(shi)为(wei)(wei)首,其(qi)在《易(yi)》曰“聚人曰财(cai)(cai)”,《周(zhou)礼》以(yi)(yi)九职任万民(min),以(yi)(yi)九赋(fu)敛财(cai)(cai)贿。是以(yi)(yi)古先(xian)哲王莫不敬(jing)授民(min)时,务农重谷,躬亲千亩(mu)(mu),贡赋(fu)九州。且一夫(fu)不耕,一女(nv)不织,或受其(qi)饥(ji)(ji)寒者。饥(ji)(ji)寒迫身(shen)(shen),不能(neng)保其(qi)赤子,攘窃(qie)而(er)犯(fan)法,以(yi)(yi)至于杀身(shen)(shen)。迹其(qi)所由,王政(zheng)所陷(xian)也(ye)。夫(fu)百亩(mu)(mu)之(zhi)内,勿夺其(qi)时,易(yi)其(qi)田畴(chou),薄其(qi)税(shui)敛,民(min)可使(shi)富也(ye)。既饱且富,而(er)仁义礼节生焉,亦(yi)所谓衣食(shi)足,识荣辱也(ye)。晋末,天下(xia)大乱,生民(min)道尽,或死于干戈,或毙于饥(ji)(ji)馑,其(qi)幸而(er)自存者盖(gai)十五焉。
太祖定(ding)中原,接丧(sang)乱之(zhi)弊,兵革并起,民废农业。方(fang)事虽殷(yin),然(ran)经略之(zhi)先(xian),以(yi)食为(wei)本,使东(dong)平公仪垦辟(pi)河北(bei),自五原至(zhi)于棝阳塞外为(wei)屯田。初,登国六年(nian)破卫辰(chen),收(shou)其珍(zhen)宝、畜产,名马(ma)三十(shi)余(yu)万(wan)、牛羊(yang)四百余(yu)万(wan),渐增国用(yong)。既定(ding)中山,分徙吏民及徒何种人、工伎巧十(shi)万(wan)余(yu)家以(yi)充京都,各给耕牛,计口授田。天兴初,制定(ding)京邑,东(dong)至(zhi)代郡,西及善无,南极阴馆,北(bei)尽参合,为(wei)畿内之(zhi)田;其外四方(fang)四维置八(ba)部帅(shuai)以(yi)监(jian)之(zhi),劝课农耕,量校(xiao)收(shou)入,以(yi)为(wei)殿最。又(you)躬耕籍田,率先(xian)百姓。自后(hou)比岁大(da)熟,匹中八(ba)十(shi)余(yu)斛。是时(shi)戎车不息,虽频有年(nian),犹未(wei)足以(yi)久(jiu)赡矣。
太宗永(yong)兴中,频有(you)(you)水(shui)旱,诏(zhao)简(jian)宫人非所当御(yu)及(ji)非执作伎巧,自余出赐鳏民。神瑞(rui)二年,又不(bu)(bu)熟,京(jing)畿之(zhi)内(nei),路有(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)馑。帝以(yi)饥将迁都于(yu)鄴,用博士崔(cui)浩(hao)计乃止。于(yu)是分简(jian)尤贫者(zhe)就(jiu)食山东。敕有(you)(you)司劝(quan)课留农者(zhe)曰:“前(qian)志有(you)(you)之(zhi),人生在(zai)勤,勤则不(bu)(bu)匮。凡庶民之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)畜(chu)者(zhe)祭无(wu)牲,不(bu)(bu)耕者(zhe)祭无(wu)盛,不(bu)(bu)树者(zhe)死无(wu)郭(guo),不(bu)(bu)蚕(can)者(zhe)衣无(wu)帛(bo),不(bu)(bu)绩者(zhe)丧无(wu)衰。教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)三农,生殖九谷;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)园囿,毓长草(cao)木;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)虞衡(heng),山泽(ze)作材;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)薮牧(mu),养蕃鸟兽;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)百工,饬成器用;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)商(shang)贾,阜通货贿;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)嫔妇,化治(zhi)丝枲;教(jiao)行(xing)(xing)臣妾,事勤力役。”自是民皆(jie)力勤,故岁数丰穰,畜(chu)牧(mu)滋(zi)息。
泰常(chang)六(liu)(liu)年(nian),诏(zhao)六(liu)(liu)部民(min)羊满百口(kou),调戎(rong)马一匹。
世祖即位,开拓四(si)海(hai),以(yi)五方之民各有其(qi)性,故修其(qi)教不改其(qi)俗,齐其(qi)政不易其(qi)宜,纳其(qi)方贡以(yi)充仓廪,收其(qi)货(huo)物(wu)以(yi)实库藏,又(you)于岁时取(qu)鸟兽之登于俎用者(zhe)以(yi)韧(ren)膳府。
先(xian)是(shi),禁纲疏阔,民多逃隐。天(tian)兴(xing)中(zhong),诏采(cai)诸(zhu)漏户(hu),令(ling)输(shu)纶绵。自后诸(zhu)逃户(hu)占(zhan)为细(xi)茧罗谷者甚众(zhong)。于是(shi)杂(za)营户(hu)帅遍于天(tian)下,不隶(li)守宰,赋役(yi)不周(zhou),户(hu)口(kou)错乱。始光三年诏一切(qie)罢之,以属郡县(xian)。
神(shen)二年(nian),帝(di)(di)亲御六军,略地广漠。分命诸将,穷追蠕(ru)蠕(ru),东至瀚海,西接张掖,北(bei)度(du)燕然山,大(da)破之(zhi),虏其(qi)种落及(ji)马(ma)牛杂(za)畜方物万计。其(qi)后复遣成周(zhou)公万度(du)归(gui)西伐焉耆,其(qi)王鸠(jiu)尸卑那单骑(qi)奔龟(gui)兹,举国臣民负钱(qian)怀货,一时降款,获其(qi)奇宝异玩以(yi)巨万,驼马(ma)杂(za)畜不可(ke)胜数。度(du)归(gui)遂入龟(gui)兹,复获其(qi)殊方瑰诡之(zhi)物亿万已上。是时方隅未克,帝(di)(di)屡亲戎驾,而委政于恭(gong)宗。真君(jun)中,恭(gong)宗下令(ling)修农职之(zhi)教(jiao),事在《帝(di)(di)纪》。此(ci)后数年(nian)之(zhi)中,军国用(yong)足矣。
高宗时,牧守之官(guan),颇为(wei)货利(li)。太安(an)初,遣(qian)使者(zhe)二十余辈循行天下,观(guan)风俗,视民所疾苦。诏使者(zhe)察诸州郡垦(ken)殖(zhi)田(tian)亩、饮(yin)食(shi)衣服、闾(lv)里虚实、盗贼劫掠、贫富强劣而(er)罚之,自此牧守颇改(gai)前(qian)弊,民以(yi)安(an)业。
自太祖定中原,世祖平方难(nan),收获珍宝,府藏盈积。和平二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)秋(qiu),诏(zhao)中尚方作(zuo)黄金(jin)合盘十二(er)(er)具,径二(er)(er)尺(chi)二(er)(er)寸,镂以白(bai)(bai)银(yin)(yin),钿(dian)以玫(mei)瑰,其铭曰:“九州致(zhi)贡,殊(shu)域来宾,乃作(zuo)兹器,错用具珍。假以紫金(jin),镂以白(bai)(bai)银(yin)(yin),范围(wei)拟载,吐耀含真(zhen)。纤文丽(li)质(zhi),若化若神,皇王御之(zhi),百福(fu)惟新。”其年(nian)(nian)冬,诏(zhao)出内库绫锦布帛二(er)(er)十万匹,令内外百官分曹赌射。四年(nian)(nian)春,诏(zhao)赐京师之(zhi)民年(nian)(nian)七十已(yi)上太官厨食以终其身。
显祖即位,亲行俭(jian)素,率先公卿,思所以(yi)赈(zhen)益黎庶。至天安、皇兴(xing)间,岁频大(da)旱,绢(juan)匹千钱(qian)。言(yan)刘彧(yu)淮北青、冀(ji)、徐、兗、司(si)五州(zhou)告乱请降,命将率众以(yi)援之(zhi)。既(ji)临其境(jing),青冀(ji)怀贰(er),进军(jun)围之(zhi),数年乃拔。山东(dong)之(zhi)民咸勤于(yu)征戍转运,帝深以(yi)为(wei)念。遂因民贫(pin)富,为(wei)租输三等九(jiu)品(pin)之(zhi)制。千里内(nei)纳粟,千里外纳米;上三器(qi)户入京师,中(zhong)三品(pin)入他州(zhou)要(yao)仓,下三品(pin)入本州(zhou)。
先是(shi)(shi)太安(an)中,高宗以常赋(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)外杂调(diao)十(shi)五(wu),颇为烦重(zhong),将与除(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)。尚书毛法仁曰(yue):“此是(shi)(shi)军(jun)国资用,今顿(dun)罢之(zhi)(zhi),臣愚以为不可。”帝曰(yue):“使地利无穷,民力(li)不竭,百(bai)姓有(you)余,吾孰与不足。”遂(sui)免之(zhi)(zhi)。未几,复(fu)调(diao)如前,至是(shi)(shi)乃终罢焉(yan)。于是(shi)(shi)赋(fu)敛(lian)稍轻,民复(fu)赡(shan)矣(yi)。
旧制,民间所(suo)织绢(juan)、布,皆幅广二(er)尺二(er)寸,长四十尺为(wei)一匹,六十尺为(wei)一端,令任服用。后(hou)乃渐至滥恶,不依尺度。高祖延兴三年秋七月,更立严制,令一准前式,违者(zhe)罪(zui)各有差(cha),有司不检察(cha)与同罪(zui)。
太和八年,始准古班百官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)禄(lu),以品(pin)第(di)各有差。先是(shi),天下户以九(jiu)(jiu)品(pin)混通,户调(diao)帛二(er)匹(pi)、絮二(er)斤(jin)、丝一(yi)斤(jin)、粟二(er)十石;又入帛一(yi)匹(pi)二(er)丈,委之(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)库,以供调(diao)外之(zhi)(zhi)费。至是(shi),户增(zeng)帛三匹(pi),粟二(er)石九(jiu)(jiu)斗,以为官(guan)司(si)之(zhi)(zhi)禄(lu)。后增(zeng)调(diao)外帛满二(er)匹(pi)。所谓各随其(qi)土所出。其(qi)司(si)、冀、雍(yong)、华(hua)、定、相、秦(qin)、洛(luo)、豫(yu)、怀、兗、陕、徐、青、齐、济(ji)、南(nan)豫(yu)、东(dong)兗、东(dong)徐十九(jiu)(jiu)州(zhou)(zhou),贡绵(mian)绢及丝;幽、平(ping)、并、肆、岐、泾、荆(jing)、凉、梁、汾、秦(qin)、安、营、豳、夏(xia)、光、郢、东(dong)秦(qin),司(si)州(zhou)(zhou)万年、雁门、上谷、灵丘、广宁、平(ping)凉郡(jun)(jun)(jun),怀州(zhou)(zhou)邵郡(jun)(jun)(jun)上郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)长平(ping)、白水县(xian)(xian),青州(zhou)(zhou)北海(hai)(hai)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)胶东(dong)县(xian)(xian)、平(ping)昌(chang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)武平(ping)昌(chang)县(xian)(xian)、高(gao)密(mi)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)昌(chang)安高(gao)密(mi)夷安黔陬县(xian)(xian),泰州(zhou)(zhou)河(he)东(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)蒲坂(ban)、汾阴县(xian)(xian),东(dong)徐州(zhou)(zhou)东(dong)莞郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)莒、诸、东(dong)莞县(xian)(xian),雍(yong)州(zhou)(zhou)冯翊郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)莲芍县(xian)(xian)、咸阳(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)宁夷县(xian)(xian)、北地郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)三原(yuan)云阳(yang)铜(tong)官(guan)宜(yi)君县(xian)(xian),华(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)华(hua)山郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)夏(xia)阳(yang)县(xian)(xian),徐州(zhou)(zhou)北济(ji)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)离狐丰县(xian)(xian)、东(dong)海(hai)(hai)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)赣(gan)榆襄(xiang)贲县(xian)(xian),皆以麻布(bu)充税。
九年(nian),下诏均给天下民田:
诸(zhu)男夫十五以(yi)上(shang),受露田四十亩(mu)(mu),妇(fu)人二(er)十亩(mu)(mu),奴(nu)婢依良。丁牛一头受田三十亩(mu)(mu),限(xian)四牛。所授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田率倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),三易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田再(zai)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)供耕作及还受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盈缩。
诸民年及(ji)课则(ze)受田,老免及(ji)身没则(ze)还田。奴(nu)婢(bi)、牛随有无以还受。
诸桑田(tian)不(bu)(bu)在还受之(zhi)限,但(dan)通入倍(bei)田(tian)分。于分虽盈,没则(ze)还田(tian),不(bu)(bu)得(de)以(yi)充露(lu)田(tian)之(zhi)数。不(bu)(bu)足者(zhe)以(yi)露(lu)田(tian)充倍(bei)。
诸初受田(tian)者,男夫一(yi)人给(ji)(ji)田(tian)二十(shi)亩,课(ke)莳余(yu)(yu),种桑(sang)五十(shi)树,枣五株,榆(yu)三根。非桑(sang)之(zhi)土,夫给(ji)(ji)一(yi)亩,依(yi)法课(ke)莳榆(yu)、枣。奴各依(yi)良(liang)。限三年种毕,不毕,夺其不毕之(zhi)地。于桑(sang)榆(yu)地分杂莳余(yu)(yu)果(guo)及多种桑(sang)榆(yu)者不禁。
诸应还之田,不得种桑榆枣果(guo),种者以违(wei)令论,地入(ru)还分。
诸桑(sang)田皆为世(shi)业,身(shen)终不(bu)还,恆从(cong)见口。有盈(ying)(ying)者(zhe)(zhe)无(wu)受(shou)无(wu)还,不(bu)足者(zhe)(zhe)受(shou)种(zhong)如法(fa)。盈(ying)(ying)者(zhe)(zhe)得卖其(qi)盈(ying)(ying),不(bu)足者(zhe)(zhe)得买所(suo)(suo)不(bu)足。不(bu)得卖其(qi)分,亦(yi)不(bu)得买过所(suo)(suo)足。
诸麻(ma)布之土(tu),男夫(fu)及课,别给麻(ma)田十亩,妇人五亩,奴(nu)婢依良。皆从还受之法。
诸(zhu)有举户(hu)老小癃残(can)无(wu)授(shou)田者(zhe),年十(shi)一已(yi)上及癃者(zhe)各授(shou)以(yi)半夫田,年逾(yu)七十(shi)者(zhe)不还所受,寡(gua)妇守志(zhi)者(zhe)虽免课亦授(shou)妇田。
诸还受(shou)(shou)民(min)田,恆(heng)以(yi)正月。若始受(shou)(shou)田而身亡,及(ji)卖买奴婢牛者,皆至(zhi)明年正月乃得(de)还受(shou)(shou)。
诸(zhu)土广民(min)稀之处,随力所及,官借(jie)民(min)种莳。役有土居(ju)者,依法封(feng)授。
诸地(di)(di)狭之(zhi)处,有进丁受田而(er)不(bu)乐迁(qian)者,则以其(qi)家桑田为(wei)正田分,又不(bu)足(zu)不(bu)给(ji)倍田,又不(bu)足(zu)家内人别减分。无桑之(zhi)乡(xiang)准此为(wei)法。乐迁(qian)者听逐(zhu)空荒,不(bu)限异州他郡,唯不(bu)听避劳就逸。其(qi)地(di)(di)足(zu)之(zhi)处,不(bu)得无故而(er)移。
诸民(min)有(you)新居者(zhe),三口(kou)(kou)给(ji)地(di)一亩,以为居室,奴婢五口(kou)(kou)给(ji)一亩。男女十(shi)五以上,因(yin)其地(di)分(fen),口(kou)(kou)课种菜五分(fen)亩之(zhi)一。
诸一人之(zhi)分(fen),正(zheng)从(cong)(cong)正(zheng),倍(bei)(bei)从(cong)(cong)倍(bei)(bei),不得隔越他畔。进(jin)丁受田者恆从(cong)(cong)所近。若同时(shi)俱受,先(xian)贫(pin)后富。再倍(bei)(bei)之(zhi)田,放此为法(fa)。
诸(zhu)远流配谪(zhe)、无子孙、及户绝者,墟宅(zhai)、桑榆尽为公田,以供授(shou)受(shou)。授(shou)受(shou)之(zhi)次,给其(qi)所亲(qin);未给之(zhi)间,亦借其(qi)所亲(qin)。
诸宰民之官,各(ge)随地给公田,刺史十五顷(qing),太(tai)守(shou)十顷(qing),治中别驾各(ge)八顷(qing),县(xian)令、郡丞六顷(qing)。更代相付。卖者(zhe)坐(zuo)如律。
魏初(chu)不(bu)立(li)三(san)长(zhang),故民(min)(min)多廕(yin)附(fu)。廕(yin)附(fu)者皆无官役,豪(hao)强(qiang)征敛,倍(bei)于公赋(fu)。十(shi)年,给事(shi)中李冲(chong)上(shang)言:“宜(yi)准古,五(wu)家(jia)立(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邻长(zhang),五(wu)邻立(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)里长(zhang),五(wu)里立(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)党(dang)长(zhang),长(zhang)取乡(xiang)人强(qiang)谨者。邻长(zhang)复一(yi)(yi)(yi)夫,里长(zhang)二(er),党(dang)长(zhang)三(san)。所复复征戍,余(yu)若民(min)(min)。三(san)载亡愆则陟用(yong),陟之一(yi)(yi)(yi)等(deng)。其(qi)民(min)(min)调(diao)(diao)(diao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)夫一(yi)(yi)(yi)妇(fu)帛一(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi),粟(su)二(er)石。民(min)(min)年十(shi)五(wu)以上(shang)未(wei)娶者,四人出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)夫一(yi)(yi)(yi)妇(fu)之调(diao)(diao)(diao);奴任(ren)耕,婢任(ren)绩者,八(ba)(ba)口当未(wei)娶者四;耕牛二(er)十(shi)头当奴婢八(ba)(ba)。其(qi)麻布(bu)之乡(xiang),一(yi)(yi)(yi)夫一(yi)(yi)(yi)妇(fu)布(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi),下至牛,以此为(wei)(wei)降。大率十(shi)匹(pi)为(wei)(wei)工(gong)调(diao)(diao)(diao),二(er)匹(pi)为(wei)(wei)调(diao)(diao)(diao)外费,三(san)匹(pi)为(wei)(wei)内外百官俸,此外杂调(diao)(diao)(diao)。民(min)(min)年八(ba)(ba)十(shi)已上(shang),听一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)不(bu)从役。孤独癃老笃疾贫(pin)穷不(bu)能自存者,三(san)长(zhang)内迭养食(shi)之。”
书奏,诸官(guan)通议,称善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)众。高祖从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于是(shi)遣使者(zhe)(zhe)行(xing)其事(shi)(shi)。乃诏曰:“夫任(ren)土(tu)错贡,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)通有(you)无;井乘(cheng)定赋,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)均劳(lao)逸。有(you)无通则(ze)民(min)(min)财不匮,劳(lao)逸均则(ze)人乐其业(ye)。此自古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常道也(ye)。又邻里乡党(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,所(suo)(suo)由来久(jiu)。欲使风教易(yi)周,家至(zhi)日见,以(yi)大督(du)小,从(cong)(cong)近及远,如身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使手,干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)总条,然后口算(suan)平均,义兴讼(song)息。是(shi)以(yi)三典所(suo)(suo)同,随(sui)世洿隆;贰监之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing),从(cong)(cong)时损益。故郑侨复丘(qiu)赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术,邹人献盍彻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)规。虽轻重(zhong)不同,而当时俱适。自昔以(yi)来,诸州户口,籍贯不实,包(bao)藏隐漏,废(fei)公罔私。富强者(zhe)(zhe)并兼有(you)余,贫(pin)弱者(zhe)(zhe)糊口不足。赋税齐等,无轻重(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊;力(li)役同科,无众寡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别。虽建九品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)格(ge),而丰埆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)未融;虽立(li)均输之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楷(kai),而蚕绩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乡无异。致使淳化未树,民(min)(min)情偷薄。朕每(mei)思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),良怀(huai)深慨(kai)。今革旧从(cong)(cong)新,为里党(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,在(zai)所(suo)(suo)牧守,宜以(yi)喻(yu)民(min)(min),使知(zhi)去烦即简之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要。”初,百姓咸(xian)以(yi)为不若循常,豪富并兼者(zhe)(zhe)尤(you)弗愿也(ye)。事(shi)(shi)施行(xing)后,计(ji)省昔十有(you)余倍。于是(shi)海内安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
十(shi)(shi)一年(nian),大旱,京都(dou)民饥。加以牛疫,公(gong)私阙乏,时有以马驴及橐驼供驾免耕(geng)载。诏听民就丰。行(xing)者(zhe)十(shi)(shi)五六,道路(lu)给粮禀,至所在,三长赡养之。遣使者(zhe)时省察焉。留业者(zhe),皆令主司审核,开仓(cang)赈贷。其有特不自存者(zhe),悉检集,为粥于(yu)术衢(qu),以救其困。然(ran)主者(zhe)不明牧察,郊(jiao)甸(dian)间甚多喂死者(zhe)。时承平日久,府藏(zang)盈积,诏尽出御府衣(yi)服珍宝、太官杂器、太仆乘(cheng)具、内(nei)库弓矢(shi)刀鉾十(shi)(shi)分之八、外府衣(yi)物缯布(bu)丝纩诸所供国用者(zhe),以其大半班赍百司,下至工商皁隶(li),逮于(yu)六镇边戍(shu),畿内(nei)鳏寡孤独(du)贫癃(long)者(zhe),皆有差。
十(shi)二(er)年(nian),诏群臣求安民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)。有(you)司上言:“请析州(zhou)郡(jun)常调九分之(zhi)(zhi)二(er),京都度支(zhi)岁(sui)(sui)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)余,各(ge)立官司,丰(feng)年(nian)籴(di)贮于(yu)仓,时俭则加(jia)私之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),籴(di)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)民(min)。如此,民(min)必力田以(yi)买(mai)绢(juan),积财以(yi)取(qu)粟。官,年(nian)登则常积,岁(sui)(sui)凶则直给。又别立农官,取(qu)州(zhou)郡(jun)户十(shi)分之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),以(yi)为(wei)屯民(min)。相(xiang)水陆之(zhi)(zhi)宜,断顷亩之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu),以(yi)赃赎杂物市牛科给,令其(qi)肆力。一(yi)(yi)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)田,岁(sui)(sui)责六(liu)十(shi)斛(hu),甄其(qi)正课并征戍杂役(yi)。行此二(er)事,数(shu)(shu)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)中则谷积而(er)民(min)足矣。”帝览而(er)善之(zhi)(zhi),寻施(shi)行焉。自(zi)此公私丰(feng)赡,虽(sui)时有(you)水旱(han),不为(wei)灾(zai)也(ye)。
世(shi)祖之平统万(wan),定秦陇(long),以(yi)(yi)河西(xi)(xi)(xi)水草善(shan),乃以(yi)(yi)为(wei)牧地。畜产滋(zi)息,马至二(er)百余(yu)万(wan)匹,橐驼将半之,牛羊则无(wu)数。高祖即(ji)位之后,复以(yi)(yi)河阳(yang)为(wei)牧场,恆(heng)置戎马十万(wan)匹,以(yi)(yi)拟京师军警之备(bei)。每岁自河西(xi)(xi)(xi)徙牧于并州,以(yi)(yi)渐南转,欲其习水土而(er)无(wu)死伤(shang)也,而(er)河西(xi)(xi)(xi)之牧弥滋(zi)矣。正(zheng)光以(yi)(yi)后,天下丧乱,遂(sui)为(wei)群寇(kou)所盗掠焉。
世宗(zong)延昌三年(nian)春,有(you)(you)司奏长安骊(li)山有(you)(you)银(yin)矿,二石得银(yin)七两,其(qi)(qi)年(nian)秋(qiu),恆州(zhou)又上言(yan),白(bai)登山有(you)(you)银(yin)矿,八石得银(yin)七两,锡三百余(yu)斤,其(qi)(qi)色洁白(bai),有(you)(you)逾上品。诏并置银(yin)官,常令(ling)采铸。又汉(han)中旧有(you)(you)金(jin)户千(qian)余(yu)家,常于(yu)(yu)汉(han)水沙淘金(jin),年(nian)终总输。后临淮(huai)王彧为(wei)梁州(zhou)刺史,奏罢(ba)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)铸铁为(wei)农(nong)器(qi)、兵刃,在所有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然(ran)以(yi)相州(zhou)牵口(kou)冶为(wei)工(gong),故(gu)常炼锻为(wei)刀,送(song)于(yu)(yu)武库。自魏德(de)既广,西域、东夷(yi)贡其(qi)(qi)珍物,充于(yu)(yu)王府。又于(yu)(yu)南垂立(li)互市,以(yi)致南货,羽毛齿革之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属无远不至(zhi)。神龟、正光(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,府藏(zang)盈溢(yi)。灵太后曾令(ling)公卿已下任(ren)力负(fu)物而取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),又数赉禁(jin)内左右,所费(fei)无赀,而不能一丐百姓也(ye)。
自徐杨内(nei)(nei)附之(zhi)后,仍世经(jing)略江淮,于是转运中州(zhou),以实边(bian)镇,百(bai)姓疲于道路。乃令番戍(shu)之(zhi)兵,营(ying)起(qi)屯田,又收内(nei)(nei)郡兵资与民和籴,积为边(bian)备。有(you)司(si)又请(qing)于水运之(zhi)次,随便置仓,乃于小(xiao)平、右(you)门、白马(ma)津、漳涯(ya)、黑水、济州(zhou)、陈郡、大梁凡八所(suo),各立邸阁,每军国有(you)须,应机漕(cao)引。自此费役(yi)微省。
三(san)门都将薛钦上言:“计(ji)京西水次汾(fen)华(hua)(hua)二州(zhou)(zhou)、恆农、河北(bei)、河东、正平(ping)(ping)、平(ping)(ping)阳(yang)五(wu)郡(jun)年常绵(mian)绢及赀麻皆折公物(wu),雇车(che)(che)牛送京。道险(xian)人弊,费(fei)公损私(si)。略计(ji)华(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)(che),官(guan)酬绢八匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)三(san)丈九尺,别(bie)有(you)私(si)民雇价(jia)布(bu)(bu)(bu)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi);河东一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)(che),官(guan)酬绢五(wu)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)二丈,别(bie)有(you)私(si)民雇价(jia)布(bu)(bu)(bu)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。自余州(zhou)(zhou)郡(jun),虽未练多(duo)少,推(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远(yuan)近,应不减此。今(jin)求车(che)(che)取(qu)雇绢三(san)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),市材造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),不劳采斫(zhuo)。计(ji)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)艘(sou)(sou),举十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)车(che)(che),车(che)(che)取(qu)三(san)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),合有(you)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),雇作手并匠及船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上杂具食(shi)直,足以成船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。计(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)剩绢七十(shi)(shi)(shi)八匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),布(bu)(bu)(bu)七百八十(shi)(shi)(shi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。又(you)租(zu)车(che)(che)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乘,官(guan)格四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)斛成载;私(si)民雇价(jia),远(yuan)者(zhe)五(wu)斗(dou)布(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),近者(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)石布(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。准其私(si)费(fei),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)(che)布(bu)(bu)(bu)远(yuan)者(zhe)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),近者(zhe)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)艘(sou)(sou),计(ji)举七百石,准其雇价(jia),应有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千四(si)(si)百匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。今(jin)取(qu)布(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)百匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)艘(sou)(sou)并船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上复治杂事,计(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)剩布(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。又(you)其造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),皆须锯材人功(gong),并削船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)茹,依功(gong)多(duo)少,即(ji)给当州(zhou)(zhou)郡(jun)门兵,不假更(geng)召。汾(fen)州(zhou)(zhou)有(you)租(zu)调之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),去(qu)汾(fen)不过百里,华(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)去(qu)河不满六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),并令计(ji)程依旧酬价(jia),车(che)(che)送船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)所。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所运,唯达雷(lei)陂。其陆路从雷(lei)陂至仓(cang)库,调一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)(che)雇绢一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),租(zu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)(che)布(bu)(bu)(bu)五(wu)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),则于公私(si)为便。”
尚书度支(zhi)郎中(zhong)朱(zhu)元旭计(ji)称:“效(xiao)立于(yu)(yu)公(gong),济(ji)(ji)民为(wei)本(ben);政列于(yu)(yu)朝,润(run)国是(shi)先。故大禹疏决,以(yi)通(tong)四(si)载(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi);有汉穿引,受(shou)纳百川之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)。厥绩显于(yu)(yu)当时,嘉声(sheng)播于(yu)(yu)图史。今(jin)校薛钦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说,虽迹验未彰,而指况(kuang)甚善。所云以(yi)船代车(che)(che),是(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)策(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长者。若(ruo)以(yi)门兵造舟,便为(wei)阙彼防御(yu),无(wu)容全依。宜(yi)令(ling)取雇车(che)(che)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,市材(cai)执作,及仓(cang)库所须(xu),悉以(yi)营(ying)办。七月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,十(shi)月初旬,令(ling)州郡纲(gang)典各(ge)受(shou)租调于(yu)(yu)将(jiang)所,然后付之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。十(shi)车(che)(che)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),留车(che)(che)士四(si)人(ren)佐(zuo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)守护。粟帛上(shang)船之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri),随运至京(jing),将(jiang)共监慎,如有耗损(sun),其(qi)(qi)(qi)倍征。河中(zhong)缺失,专归运司。输京(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,听其(qi)(qi)(qi)即纳,不(bu)得(de)杂合,违失常体。必使量上(shang)数下(xia),谨(jin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)受(shou)入,自余一如其(qi)(qi)(qi)列。计(ji)底柱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)难,号为(wei)天险,迅惊千里,未易其(qi)(qi)(qi)功。然既陈便利(li),无(wu)容辄(zhe)抑(yi)。若(ruo)效(xiao)充其(qi)(qi)(qi)说,则附例酬庸,如其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)验,征填所损(sun)。今(jin)始开(kai)创,不(bu)可悬生(sheng)减折,且(qie)(qie)依请(qing)营(ying)立。一年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,须(xu)知(zhi)赢费(fei)。岁遣御(yu)史校其(qi)(qi)(qi)虚实(shi),脱有乖越,别(bie)更裁量。”尚书崔休以(yi)为(wei)刳(ku)木(mu)为(wei)舟,用(yong)兴上(shang)代;凿渠通(tong)运,利(li)尽(jin)中(zhong)古(gu)。是(shi)以(yi)漕輓河渭,留侯以(yi)为(wei)伟谈;方舟蜀汉,郦(li)生(sheng)称为(wei)口实(shi)。岂直张纯(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏,见美东都;陈勰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,事高(gao)晋(jin)世。其(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)利(li)益,所从来(lai)久矣。案钦(qin)所列,实(shi)允(yun)事宜(yi);郎中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计(ji),备尽(jin)公(gong)理。但舟楫所通(tong),远(yuan)近必至,苟(gou)利(li)公(gong)私,不(bu)宜(yi)止在前件。昔人(ren)乃远(yuan)通(tong)褒斜以(yi)利(li)关中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漕,南达交广以(yi)增京(jing)洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饶。况(kuang)乃漳洹夷路,河济(ji)(ji)平流,而不(bu)均彼省烦,同兹(zi)巨益。且(qie)(qie)鸿沟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)引宋卫,史牒具(ju)存;讨虏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)幽冀,古(gu)迹备在。舟车(che)(che)省益,理实(shi)相悬;水陆难易,力用(yong)不(bu)等。昔忝东州,亲迳阙
验,斯损益(yi)不可(ke)同(tong)年而(er)(er)语。请(qing)(qing)诸通(tong)水运(yun)之(zhi)处,皆宜(yi)率同(tong)此(ci)(ci)式。纵复五百、三(san)百里,车运(yun)水次(ci),校(xiao)计利(li)饶,犹为不少。其(qi)钦(qin)所(suo)列州郡,如(ru)请(qing)(qing)兴(xing)造。东路诸州皆先通(tong)水运(yun),今年租调(diao),悉用(yong)舟(zhou)楫。若(ruo)船数有阙,且赁假充事,比之(zhi)僦车,交(jiao)成息耗。其(qi)先未通(tong)流,宜(yi)遣检行,闲月(yue)修治,使理有可(ke)通(tong),必(bi)无壅(yong)滞(zhi)。如(ru)此(ci)(ci),则(ze)发召(zhao)匪多(duo),为益(yi)实广,一尔(er)暂劳,久安永逸。”录尚书(shu)、高阳王雍,尚书(shu)仆(pu)射李崇等奏曰:“运(yun)漕之(zhi)利(li),今古(gu)攸同(tong),舟(zhou)车息耗,实相殊绝。钦(qin)之(zhi)所(suo)列,关西而(er)(er)已,若(ruo)域内(nei)同(tong)行,足为公私巨益(yi)。谨(jin)辄参量(liang),备如(ru)前计,庶征召(zhao)有减,劳止(zhi)小康。若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)请(qing)(qing)蒙遂,必(bi)须(xu)沟洫(xu)通(tong)流,即求开(kai)(kai)兴(xing)修筑。或(huo)先以开(kai)(kai)治,或(huo)古(gu)迹仍(reng)在,旧事可(ke)因,用(yong)功差易。此(ci)(ci)冬闲月(yue),令疏通(tong)咸讫,比春水之(zhi)时,使运(yun)漕无滞(zhi)。”诏从之(zhi),而(er)(er)未能尽行也(ye)。
正光后,四方多事,加以水旱(han),国用不(bu)足,预折天下六年租调(diao)而征之。百(bai)(bai)姓怨苦,民(min)不(bu)堪命。有(you)司奏断(duan)百(bai)(bai)官(guan)常给之酒,计一岁(sui)所省合米(mi)五万(wan)(wan)三(san)千(qian)(qian)五十(shi)四斛(hu)九(jiu)升,孽谷六千(qian)(qian)九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)六十(shi)斛(hu),面三(san)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)五百(bai)(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)九(jiu)斤(jin)。其四时(shi)郊庙(miao)、百(bai)(bai)神(shen)群祀依式供营,远(yuan)蕃(fan)使客不(bu)在断(duan)限(xian)。尔(er)后寇(kou)贼转众,诸(zhu)将出征,相继奔败(bai),所亡(wang)器械资(zi)粮不(bu)可胜数,而关西丧失尤(you)甚,帑(tang)藏益以空(kong)竭(jie)。有(you)司又奏内外(wai)百(bai)(bai)官(guan)及(ji)诸(zhu)蕃(fan)客禀食及(ji)肉悉二分减一,计终岁(sui)省肉百(bai)(bai)五十(shi)九(jiu)万(wan)(wan)九(jiu)千(qian)(qian)八百(bai)(bai)五十(shi)六斤(jin),米(mi)五万(wan)(wan)三(san)千(qian)(qian)九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)二石。
孝(xiao)昌二年(nian)冬,税京(jing)师(shi)田租亩五升,借赁公田者亩一斗(dou)。又税市,入者人一钱(qian),其店(dian)舍又为五等,收(shou)税有差(cha)。
庄帝初,承丧乱(luan)之后,仓(cang)廪虚(xu)罄,遂班入(ru)(ru)粟(su)之制。输(shu)(shu)粟(su)八(ba)千(qian)石(shi),赏(shang)(shang)散(san)侯;六千(qian)石(shi),散(san)伯;四千(qian)石(shi),散(san)子;三(san)(san)千(qian)石(shi),散(san)男(nan)。职人输(shu)(shu)七百(bai)(bai)石(shi),赏(shang)(shang)一(yi)大阶,授(shou)以实官。白民输(shu)(shu)五百(bai)(bai)石(shi),听依第出身(shen),一(yi)千(qian)石(shi),加一(yi)大阶;无第者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)输(shu)(shu)五百(bai)(bai)石(shi),听正九品出身(shen),一(yi)千(qian)石(shi),加一(yi)大阶。诸沙门有输(shu)(shu)粟(su)四千(qian)石(shi)入(ru)(ru)京(jing)仓(cang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),授(shou)本州统,若无本州者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),授(shou)大州都(dou);若不入(ru)(ru)京(jing)仓(cang),入(ru)(ru)外州郡(jun)仓(cang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),三(san)(san)千(qian)石(shi),畿郡(jun)都(dou)统,依州格;若输(shu)(shu)五百(bai)(bai)石(shi)入(ru)(ru)京(jing)仓(cang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),授(shou)本郡(jun)维那,其(qi)无本郡(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),授(shou)以外郡(jun);粟(su)入(ru)(ru)外州郡(jun)仓(cang)七百(bai)(bai)石(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),京(jing)仓(cang)三(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)石(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),授(shou)县维那。
孝静天平初,以迁(qian)民草创,资(zi)产未产,诏出粟一百三(san)十(shi)(shi)万石(shi)以赈之。三(san)年夏,又(you)赈迁(qian)民禀(bing)各四(si)十(shi)(shi)日。其年秋,并、肆、汾(fen)、建、晋、泰、陕、东(dong)雍、南汾(fen)九州霜旱,民饥流散。四(si)年春,诏所(suo)在(zai)开仓(cang)赈恤之,而死者(zhe)甚众(zhong)。时(shi)诸州调绢不依旧式(shi),齐献武(wu)王以其害(hai)民,兴和三(san)年冬,请班(ban)海内,悉以四(si)十(shi)(shi)尺(chi)为(wei)度。天下利焉。
河东郡有(you)盐池,旧立(li)官司以收税利(li),是(shi)时罢(ba)之(zhi),而民(min)有(you)富强(qiang)者专(zhuan)擅(shan)其(qi)(qi)用,贫弱(ruo)者不得(de)资益(yi)。延兴(xing)末(mo),复立(li)监(jian)司,量其(qi)(qi)贵(gui)(gui)贱,节(jie)其(qi)(qi)赋入,于是(shi)公(gong)私兼利(li)。世宗即位,政存宽(kuan)简,复罢(ba)其(qi)(qi)禁(jin)(jin),与(yu)百姓共(gong)之(zhi)。共(gong)国(guo)用所须,别(bie)为条制,取足而已(yi)。自(zi)(zi)后豪(hao)贵(gui)(gui)之(zhi)家(jia)复乘势(shi)占夺,近池之(zhi)民(min),又辄障(zhang)吝(lin)。强(qiang)弱(ruo)相陵(ling),闻于远近。神龟初,太师、高(gao)阳(yang)王雍,太傅(fu)、清河王怿(yi)等(deng)奏(zou):“盐池天(tian)藏,资育群生。仰惟先朝限者,亦不苟与(yu)细民(min)竞兹赢(ying)利(li)。但利(li)起天(tian)池,取用无法,或(huo)豪(hao)贵(gui)(gui)封护(hu),或(huo)近者吝(lin)守,卑贱远来,超然绝(jue)望。是(shi)以因置主(zhu)司,令其(qi)(qi)裁(cai)察(cha),强(qiang)弱(ruo)相兼,务令得(de)所。且十一之(zhi)税,自(zi)(zi)古及今,取辄以次,所济为广。自(zi)(zi)尔沾洽,远近齐平(ping),公(gong)私两宜,储益(yi)不少。及鼓(gu)吹(chui)主(zhu)簿王后兴(xing)等(deng)词称(cheng)请(qing)供百官食盐二万斛之(zhi)外,岁(sui)求输(shu)马(ma)千匹(pi)、牛五百头(tou)。以此而推(tui),非可稍计(ji)。后中尉甄琛启求罢(ba)禁(jin)(jin),被敕付议。尚(shang)书执(zhi)奏(zou),称(cheng)琛启坐谈则(ze)理高(gao),行之(zhi)则(ze)事(shi)阙,请(qing)依常禁(jin)(jin)为允。诏(zhao)依琛计(ji)。乃为绕(rao)池之(zhi)民(min)尉保光等(deng)擅(shan)自(zi)(zi)固护(hu),语其(qi)(qi)障(zhang)禁(jin)(jin),倍于官司,取与(yu)自(zi)(zi)由,贵(gui)(gui)贱任口。若无大宥,罪合推(tui)断。详度二三,深乖王法。臣(chen)等(deng)商量,请(qing)依先朝之(zhi)诏(zhao),禁(jin)(jin)之(zhi)为便。防奸息暴,断遣轻重,亦准前旨。所置监(jian)司,一同(tong)往式(shi)。”于是(shi)复置监(jian)官以监(jian)检(jian)焉(yan)。其(qi)(qi)后更(geng)罢(ba)更(geng)立(li),以至(zhi)于永熙。
自迁鄴后,于(yu)沧(cang)、瀛(ying)、幽(you)、青(qing)四(si)州(zhou)之(zhi)境(jing),傍海煮盐。沧(cang)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灶一千(qian)四(si)百八(ba)十四(si),瀛(ying)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灶四(si)百五十二(er),幽(you)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灶一百八(ba)十,青(qing)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灶五百四(si)十六(liu),又(you)于(yu)邯郸置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灶四(si),计终岁合收盐二(er)十万九千(qian)七百二(er)斛四(si)升。军国所资,得(de)以周赡矣。
魏初至于太(tai)和,钱(qian)(qian)货无所周(zhou)流,高祖始(shi)诏天下(xia)用钱(qian)(qian)焉。十九年,冶铸(zhu)粗备,文曰(yue)“太(tai)和五铢”,诏京(jing)师(shi)及诸(zhu)州镇皆(jie)通行之。内外百(bai)官(guan)禄皆(jie)准绢(juan)给钱(qian)(qian),绢(juan)匹为钱(qian)(qian)二百(bai)。在所遣钱(qian)(qian)工备炉(lu)冶,民(min)有欲铸(zhu),听(ting)就铸(zhu)之,铜(tong)必精(jing)练,无所和杂(za)。世宗永平三(san)年冬,又(you)铸(zhu)五铢钱(qian)(qian)。肃宗初,京(jing)师(shi)及诸(zhu)州镇或铸(zhu)或否,或有止用古钱(qian)(qian),不行新铸(zhu),致商货不通,贸迁颇隔(ge)。
熙平(ping)初,尚(shang)书令、任城王澄上言:“臣(chen)闻《洪范》八政(zheng)(zheng),货(huo)居二(er)焉(yan)。《易(yi)(yi)》称:‘天地之(zhi)(zhi)大德(de)曰生,圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)大宝曰位(wei),何以(yi)守位(wei)曰仁,何以(yi)聚人(ren)曰财(cai)(cai)。’财(cai)(cai)者(zhe),帝王所以(yi)聚人(ren)守位(wei),成养群(qun)生,奉顺天德(de),治国安民之(zhi)(zhi)本也。夏殷(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng),九州(zhou)贡金,以(yi)定五(wu)品。周仍其(qi)旧(jiu)。太(tai)公立九府之(zhi)(zhi)法,于(yu)是国货(huo)始行(xing)(xing),定铢(zhu)两之(zhi)(zhi)楷。齐桓循(xun)用(yong)(yong),以(yi)霸(ba)诸(zhu)侯。降及秦始、汉文(wen),遂(sui)有(you)轻重(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)异。吴濞、邓通之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),收利遍于(yu)天下,河南之(zhi)(zhi)地,犹甚多焉(yan)。逮于(yu)孝武,乃更(geng)造五(wu)铢(zhu),其(qi)中毁(hui)铸,随利改易(yi)(yi),故使(shi)钱(qian)(qian)有(you)小大之(zhi)(zhi)品。窃寻(xun)太(tai)和之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),高祖留心创(chuang)制,后与五(wu)铢(zhu)并(bing)行(xing)(xing),此乃不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)刊(kan)之(zhi)(zhi)式。但臣(chen)窃闻之(zhi)(zhi),君子行(xing)(xing)礼(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求变俗(su),因(yin)其(qi)所宜(yi),顺而致用(yong)(yong)。‘太(tai)和五(wu)铢(zhu)’虽(sui)(sui)利于(yu)京邑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)肆(si),而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入徐(xu)扬之(zhi)(zhi)市。土(tu)(tu)货(huo)既(ji)殊,贸鬻亦异,便(bian)(bian)于(yu)荆郢之(zhi)(zhi)邦(bang)者(zhe),则(ze)碍于(yu)兗(yan)豫之(zhi)(zhi)域。致使(shi)贫民有(you)重(zhong)困之(zhi)(zhi)切(qie),王道贻隔(ge)化之(zhi)(zhi)讼。去永平(ping)三年,都(dou)座奏(zou)断天下用(yong)(yong)钱(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)依(yi)(yi)准式者(zhe),时被敕云(yun):‘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),虽(sui)(sui)有(you)常禁(jin),其(qi)先用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)处,权可(ke)听行(xing)(xing),至(zhi)(zhi)年末(mo)悉(xi)令断之(zhi)(zhi)。’延昌(chang)二(er)年,徐(xu)州(zhou)民俭,刺史启奏(zou)求行(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)钱(qian)(qian),旨听权依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)用(yong)(yong)。谨寻(xun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),律(lv)(lv)有(you)明式,指(zhi)谓鸡眼、镮凿(zao),更(geng)无(wu)(wu)余禁(jin)。计(ji)河南诸(zhu)州(zhou),今(jin)所行(xing)(xing)者(zhe),悉(xi)非(fei)(fei)制限(xian)。昔来(lai)绳禁(jin),愚窃惑焉(yan)。又河北州(zhou)镇,既(ji)无(wu)(wu)新造五(wu)铢(zhu),设(she)有(you)旧(jiu)者(zhe),而复禁(jin)断,并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)行(xing)(xing),专以(yi)单丝之(zhi)(zhi)缣,疏缕之(zhi)(zhi)布(bu)(bu),狭幅促度,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)中常式,裂匹为(wei)(wei)尺,以(yi)济有(you)无(wu)(wu)。至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)徒成杼(zhu)轴之(zhi)(zhi)劳,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)饥寒(han)之(zhi)(zhi)苦,良由分截布(bu)(bu)帛(bo),壅塞钱(qian)(qian)货(huo)。实非(fei)(fei)救恤冻馁(nei),子育黎(li)元(yuan)。谨惟自古(gu)以(yi)来(lai),钱(qian)(qian)品不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一,前后累代,易(yi)(yi)变无(wu)(wu)常。且(qie)钱(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)名,欲(yu)泉流不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已。愚意谓今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)和与新铸五(wu)铢(zhu),及诸(zhu)古(gu)钱(qian)(qian)方俗(su)所便(bian)(bian)用(yong)(yong)者(zhe),虽(sui)(sui)有(you)大小之(zhi)(zhi)异,并(bing)得(de)通行(xing)(xing)。贵贱之(zhi)(zhi)差,自依(yi)(yi)乡价。庶(shu)货(huo)环海内,公私无(wu)(wu)壅。其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),及盗铸毁(hui)大为(wei)(wei)小,巧伪不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如法者(zhe),据律(lv)(lv)罪之(zhi)(zhi)。”诏曰:“钱(qian)(qian)行(xing)(xing)已久,今(jin)东尚(shang)有(you)事,且(qie)依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)用(yong)(yong)。”
澄又奏:“臣(chen)猥属(shu)枢(shu)衡,庶罄(qing)心(xin)力,常愿货物均(jun)通(tong)(tong),书轨一(yi)范(fan)。谨(jin)详《周(zhou)礼》,外府掌(zhang)邦布之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入出。布犹泉(quan)(quan)也,其(qi)(qi)藏曰泉(quan)(quan),其(qi)(qi)流(liu)曰布。然则钱(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兴也始于(yu)(yu)一(yi)品,欲今世(shi)匠均(jun)同,圜流(liu)无极。爰暨(ji)周(zhou)景,降(jiang)逮亡(wang)新(xin),易(yi)铸相寻,参(can)差百品,遂令接境乖(guai)(guai)商,连邦隔贸。臣(chen)比奏求宣下(xia)海(hai)内(nei)(nei),依(yi)(yi)式行钱(qian)(qian)。登被旨敕(chi),‘钱(qian)(qian)行已(yi)久,且何依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)’。谨(jin)重参(can)量(liang),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)‘太和(he)五(wu)铢(zhu)’乃大(da)魏(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)货,不(bu)(bu)(bu)朽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恆(heng)模(mo),宁可专贸于(yu)(yu)京(jing)(jing)(jing)邑,不(bu)(bu)(bu)行于(yu)(yu)天下(xia)!但(dan)今戎马在郊(jiao),江疆未一(yi),东南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州,依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)便(bian)。至于(yu)(yu)京(jing)(jing)(jing)西、京(jing)(jing)(jing)北(bei)域内(nei)(nei)州镇(zhen)未用(yong)(yong)(yong)钱(qian)(qian)处,行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)难,塞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则有乖(guai)(guai)通(tong)(tong)典(dian)。何者(zhe)?布帛不(bu)(bu)(bu)可尺(chi)寸而(er)裂,五(wu)谷则有负担之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)难,钱(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong),贯繦相属(shu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)假斗斛(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)劳秤尺(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平,济(ji)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜,谓为(wei)(wei)(wei)深允。请并(bing)下(xia)诸(zhu)方州镇(zhen),其(qi)(qi)太和(he)及新(xin)铸五(wu)铢(zhu)并(bing)古钱(qian)(qian)内(nei)(nei)外全好者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)限大(da)小,悉听(ting)(ting)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。鸡眼、镮凿,依(yi)(yi)律而(er)禁。河南州镇(zhen)先用(yong)(yong)(yong)钱(qian)(qian)者(zhe),既听(ting)(ting)依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)在断限。唯太和(he)、五(wu)铢(zhu)二钱(qian)(qian)得用(yong)(yong)(yong)公造(zao)新(xin)者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)余杂种,一(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)古钱(qian)(qian),生新(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,普(pu)同禁约。诸(zhu)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)京(jing)(jing)(jing)师,其(qi)(qi)听(ting)(ting)依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,与太和(he)钱(qian)(qian)及新(xin)造(zao)五(wu)铢(zhu)并(bing)行,若盗铸者(zhe)罪(zui)重常宪。既欲均(jun)齐物品,廛井(jing)斯和(he),若不(bu)(bu)(bu)绳(sheng)以(yi)(yi)严法,无以(yi)(yi)肃(su)兹违(wei)犯。符旨一(yi)宣,仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)遵用(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe),刺史守(shou)令依(yi)(yi)律治罪(zui)。”诏从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)河北(bei)诸(zhu)州,旧(jiu)少钱(qian)(qian)货,犹以(yi)(yi)他物交(jiao)易(yi),钱(qian)(qian)略不(bu)(bu)(bu)入市也。
二年冬,尚(shang)书崔亮奏(zou):“恆农郡铜(tong)(tong)(tong)青(qing)谷有铜(tong)(tong)(tong)矿,计(ji)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)得(de)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)五两(liang)四(si)铢(zhu),苇池谷矿,计(ji)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou),得(de)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)五两(liang);鸾帐山(shan)矿,计(ji)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)得(de)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)四(si)两(liang);河内(nei)郡王屋山(shan)矿,计(ji)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)得(de)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)八两(liang);南青(qing)州苑烛山(shan)、齐州商山(shan)并(bing)是往(wang)昔铜(tong)(tong)(tong)官,旧迹(ji)见在(zai)。谨按(an)铸(zhu)钱方兴,用铜(tong)(tong)(tong)处广,既有治利,并(bing)宜开(kai)铸(zhu)。”诏从之。自后(hou)所行之钱,民多私(si)铸(zhu),稍就小薄(bo),价用弥贱。
建义(yi)初,重(zhong)盗(dao)铸(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)禁,开纠赏之(zhi)格(ge)。至(zhi)永(yong)安二年秋,诏(zhao)更改铸(zhu)(zhu),文曰“永(yong)安五(wu)铢”,官(guan)自(zi)(zi)立炉,起自(zi)(zi)九月(yue)至(zhi)三(san)(san)年正(zheng)月(yue)而止。官(guan)欲贵钱,乃出藏绢,分(fen)遣使人于二市(shi)赏之(zhi),绢匹止钱二百,而私市(shi)者犹三(san)(san)百。利之(zhi)所在,盗(dao)铸(zhu)(zhu)弥众,巧伪(wei)既多,轻重(zhong)非(fei)一,四方州镇,用各不同。
迁鄴之后,轻滥尤多。武定初,齐文襄王奏革其弊。于是诏遣使人诣诸州镇,收铜及钱,悉更改铸,其文仍旧。然奸侥之徒,越法趋利,未几之间,渐复细薄。六年,文襄王以钱文五铢,名须称实,宜称钱一文重五铢者,听入市用。计百钱重一斤四两二十铢,自余皆准此为数。其京邑二市、天下州镇郡县之市,各置二称,悬于市门,私民所用之称,皆准市称以定轻重。凡有私铸,悉不禁断,但重五铢,然后听用。若入市之钱,重不五铢,或虽重五铢而多杂铅镴,并不听用。若有辄以小薄杂钱入市,有人纠获,其钱悉入告者。其小薄之钱,若即禁断,恐人交乏绝。畿内五十日,外州百日为限。群官参议,咸以时谷颇贵,请待有年。上从之而止。
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