志第十九 食货
王(wang)者量地以(yi)制邑(yi),度地以(yi)居人(ren),总土地所(suo)生,料山泽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利,式遵行(xing)令,敬(jing)授人(ren)时,农(nong)商趣向,各本事业(ye)(ye)。《书(shu)》称懋迁有(you)(you)无(wu),言谷货(huo)流通,咸(xian)得(de)其(qi)所(suo)者也。《周(zhou)(zhou)官》太府掌九(jiu)贡九(jiu)赋(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经用,各有(you)(you)等差(cha)。所(suo)谓取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)道(dao),用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)节,故(gu)能(neng)养百(bai)官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拯,勖战士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,救天(tian)灾(zai),服(fu)方外,活国安人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)经也。爰自(zi)轩、顼,至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)尧、舜,皆因其(qi)所(suo)利而(er)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因其(qi)所(suo)欲而(er)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不夺其(qi)时,不穷其(qi)力,轻(qing)(qing)其(qi)征(zheng),薄(bo)其(qi)赋(fu)(fu),此五(wu)(wu)帝(di)三(san)皇不易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教也。古语曰(yue):“善为(wei)人(ren)者,爱其(qi)力而(er)成(cheng)其(qi)财(cai)。”若使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不以(yi)道(dao),敛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如不及,财(cai)尽(jin)则怨,力尽(jin)则叛。昔禹制九(jiu)等而(er)康歌兴,周(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)十一而(er)颂声作。于(yu)(yu)是东周(zhou)(zhou)迁洛,诸侯(hou)不轨,鲁宣初(chu)税(shui)亩,郑产(chan)为(wei)丘赋(fu)(fu),先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,靡(mi)有(you)(you)孑遗(yi)。秦氏起自(zi)西戎,力正天(tian)下,驱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)刑罚,弃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)仁恩,以(yi)太半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)收,长城绝于(yu)(yu)地脉(mai),以(yi)头会之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敛,屯戍穷于(yu)(yu)岭(ling)外。汉(han)高祖承秦凋敝(bi),十五(wu)(wu)税(shui)一,中(zhong)元继武(wu),府禀弥殷。世(shi)宗(zong)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),用成(cheng)雄(xiong)侈,开边击胡,萧然(ran)咸(xian)罄。宫宇(yu)扪于(yu)(yu)天(tian)汉(han),巡游跨于(yu)(yu)海(hai)表(biao),旱岁除道(dao),凶(xiong)年尝(chang)秣,户(hu)口以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)减(jian)半,盗贼(zei)以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公行(xing)。于(yu)(yu)是谲诡赋(fu)(fu)税(shui),异端俱(ju)起,赋(fu)(fu)及童龀(chen),算至(zhi)船车。光武(wu)中(zhong)兴,聿遵前(qian)事,成(cheng)赋(fu)(fu)单薄(bo),足称经远。灵帝(di)开鸿都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榜,通卖官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,公卿州(zhou)郡,各有(you)(you)等差(cha)。汉(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常科,土贡方物,帝(di)又(you)遣先输(shu)中(zhong)署,名为(wei)导(dao)行(xing),天(tian)下贿成(cheng),人(ren)受其(qi)敝(bi)。自(zi)魏、晋(jin)二十一帝(di),宋(song)、齐十有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)主,虽用度有(you)(you)众寡,租赋(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)重轻(qing)(qing),大(da)抵不能(neng)倾人(ren)产(chan)业(ye)(ye),道(dao)阙政乱。
隋文帝既(ji)(ji)平江表,天(tian)下(xia)(xia)大(da)同,躬先俭(jian)约,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事府帑。开(kai)皇十七年(nian),户口滋盛,中外仓库,无不(bu)(bu)盈(ying)积。所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)赉给,不(bu)(bu)逾(yu)经费,京司帑屋(wu)既(ji)(ji)充(chong),积于(yu)(yu)(yu)廓庑之(zhi)下(xia)(xia),高祖(zu)遂停此(ci)年(nian)正赋,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赐黎元。炀(yang)皇嗣守(shou)鸿基,国家(jia)殷富,雅(ya)爱宏(hong)玩,肆情方(fang)骋,初造东(dong)都,穷诸巨丽(li)。帝昔居籓翰(han),亲平江左,兼以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)梁、陈曲折,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就规摹。曾(ceng)雉逾(yu)芒(mang),浮桥跨(kua)洛,金门(men)象阙,咸(xian)竦飞(fei)观,颓岩塞(sai)川,构成云绮,移岭(ling)树(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为林薮,包芒(mang)山以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为苑囿。长城御(yu)河,不(bu)(bu)计(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)力(li),运驴武(wu)马,指期于(yu)(yu)(yu)百姓,天(tian)下(xia)(xia)死于(yu)(yu)(yu)役而(er)家(jia)伤于(yu)(yu)(yu)财。既(ji)(ji)而(er)一讨(tao)浑庭,三驾辽泽,天(tian)子(zi)亲伐(fa),师兵(bing)大(da)举,飞(fei)粮輓秣,水陆交(jiao)至。疆埸(yi)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)倾败,劳(lao)敝之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)殂殒,虽(sui)复太(tai)半不(bu)(bu)归,而(er)每年(nian)兴发,比屋(wu)良家(jia)之(zhi)子(zi),多赴于(yu)(yu)(yu)边陲,分离(li)(li)哭泣之(zhi)声,连(lian)响于(yu)(yu)(yu)州县。老弱耕稼(jia),不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)救饥馁,妇工纺(fang)织,不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赡资装。九区之(zhi)内,鸾和(he)岁(sui)动,从行宫掖,常十万人(ren)(ren),所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)供须,皆仰州县。租赋之(zhi)外,一切征敛,趣以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周备,不(bu)(bu)顾元元,吏因割剥,盗其太(tai)半。遐(xia)方(fang)珍膳,必登庖厨,翔(xiang)禽毛羽(yu),用为玩饰(shi),买以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)供官(guan),千(qian)倍其价。人(ren)(ren)愁不(bu)(bu)堪,离(li)(li)弃(qi)室宇(yu),长吏叩扉(fei)而(er)达曙,猛犬(quan)迎吠而(er)终夕。自燕赵(zhao)跨(kua)于(yu)(yu)(yu)齐韩,江淮入(ru)于(yu)(yu)(yu)襄邓,东(dong)周洛邑之(zhi)地,西秦(qin)陇山之(zhi)右,僭伪(wei)交(jiao)侵(qin),盗贼充(chong)斥(chi)。宫观鞠为茂草,乡亭绝(jue)其烟火(huo),人(ren)(ren)相啖食(shi),十而(er)四五(wu)。关中疠(li)疫,炎旱伤稼(jia),代王开(kai)永丰之(zhi)粟,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)振饥人(ren)(ren),去仓数百里,老幼云集。吏在贪残,官(guan)无攸次,咸(xian)资镪货,动移旬月,顿(dun)卧墟野,欲返不(bu)(bu)能,死人(ren)(ren)如积,不(bu)(bu)可胜(sheng)计(ji)。虽(sui)复皇王抚运,天(tian)禄有(you)(you)(you)终,而(er)隋氏之(zhi)亡,亦由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)。
马迁为(wei)《平(ping)准书(shu)》,班固述《食(shi)货志》,上下数千载,损(sun)益粗举。自此史官,曾无概(gai)见(jian)。夫(fu)厥初生(sheng)人,食(shi)货为(wei)本。圣王割(ge)庐井以(yi)业(ye)之(zhi),通货财以(yi)富之(zhi)。富而教之(zhi),仁(ren)义以(yi)之(zhi)兴,贫而为(wei)盗(dao),刑(xing)罚不(bu)能止。故为(wei)《食(shi)货志》,用(yong)编前书(shu)之(zhi)末云。
晋自中(zhong)原丧乱,元帝寓居江(jiang)左,百(bai)姓(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)自拔南(nan)奔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),并谓之(zhi)(zhi)侨人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。皆取旧(jiu)壤之(zhi)(zhi)名,侨立(li)郡县,往往散居,无有土(tu)(tu)(tu)著,而(er)江(jiang)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)俗(su),火耕水(shui)耨(nou),土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)卑湿,无有蓄(xu)积之(zhi)(zhi)资(zi)。诸蛮陬俚洞,沾沐(mu)王化者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),各随轻(qing)重,收(shou)其(qi)赕物,以裨国用。又(you)岭(ling)外(wai)酋帅,因(yin)生(sheng)口(kou)翡翠明珠(zhu)犀象之(zhi)(zhi)饶,雄于(yu)乡曲者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),朝廷多因(yin)而(er)署之(zhi)(zhi),以收(shou)其(qi)利(li)。历宋、齐、梁、陈,皆因(yin)而(er)不(bu)改。其(qi)军国所(suo)(suo)须杂(za)物,随土(tu)(tu)(tu)所(suo)(suo)出(chu),临时(shi)折课(ke)市取,乃(nai)无恆法定令。列州郡县,制其(qi)任(ren)土(tu)(tu)(tu)所(suo)(suo)出(chu),以为(wei)征(zheng)赋。其(qi)无贯之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)乐州县编户(hu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓之(zhi)(zhi)浮(fu)浪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),乐输(shu)亦无定数(shu)(shu),任(ren)量(liang)(liang),准所(suo)(suo)输(shu),终优于(yu)正课(ke)焉(yan)。都(dou)下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)多为(wei)诸王公贵(gui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)左右、佃客(ke)、典(dian)计(ji)、衣(yi)食客(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)类,皆无课(ke)役。官(guan)品(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)二(er)(er),佃客(ke)无过四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)。第(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五户(hu)。第(di)(di)四(si)(si)品(pin)(pin)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)。第(di)(di)五品(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五户(hu)。第(di)(di)六(liu)(liu)品(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)。第(di)(di)七品(pin)(pin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五户(hu)。第(di)(di)八(ba)(ba)品(pin)(pin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)。第(di)(di)九品(pin)(pin)五户(hu)。其(qi)佃谷皆与大家量(liang)(liang)分(fen)。其(qi)典(dian)计(ji),官(guan)品(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)二(er)(er),置三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。第(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)第(di)(di)四(si)(si),置二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。第(di)(di)五第(di)(di)六(liu)(liu)及公府参军、殿中(zhong)监、监军、长史、司马、部曲督(du)、关外(wai)侯、材官(guan)、议郎已(yi)上,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。皆通在佃客(ke)数(shu)(shu)中(zhong)。官(guan)品(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)六(liu)(liu)已(yi)上,并得(de)衣(yi)食客(ke)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。第(di)(di)七第(di)(di)八(ba)(ba)二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。第(di)(di)九品(pin)(pin)及举(ju)辇、迹禽、前(qian)驱(qu)、由基(ji)强弩司马、羽林郎、殿中(zhong)冗(rong)从(cong)(cong)武(wu)(wu)贲(bi)、殿中(zhong)武(wu)(wu)贲(bi)、持(chi)椎斧(fu)武(wu)(wu)骑(qi)武(wu)(wu)贲(bi)、持(chi)鈒冗(rong)从(cong)(cong)武(wu)(wu)贲(bi)、命中(zhong)武(wu)(wu)贲(bi)武(wu)(wu)骑(qi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。客(ke)皆注家籍。其(qi)课(ke),丁(ding)(ding)男调布(bu)绢(juan)各二(er)(er)丈,丝三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)两,绵八(ba)(ba)两,禄(lu)绢(juan)八(ba)(ba)尺(chi)(chi),禄(lu)绵三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)两二(er)(er)分(fen),租米五石,禄(lu)米二(er)(er)石。丁(ding)(ding)女(nv)并半(ban)之(zhi)(zhi)。男女(nv)年(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)岁已(yi)上至六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),为(wei)丁(ding)(ding)。男年(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu),亦半(ban)课(ke),年(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)正课(ke),六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)免课(ke)。女(nv)以嫁(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)丁(ding)(ding),若(ruo)在室者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),年(nian)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)乃(nai)为(wei)丁(ding)(ding)。其(qi)男丁(ding)(ding),每岁役不(bu)过二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)。又(you)率(lv)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)运(yun)丁(ding)(ding)役之(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)田(tian),亩(mu)税(shui)米二(er)(er)斗(dou)(dou)。盖大率(lv)如(ru)此。其(qi)度量(liang)(liang),斗(dou)(dou)则(ze)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)斗(dou)(dou)当今(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斗(dou)(dou),称则(ze)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)两当今(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)两,尺(chi)(chi)则(ze)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)二(er)(er)寸当今(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)。
其(qi)仓(cang)(cang)(cang),京都有龙首仓(cang)(cang)(cang),即石头(tou)津仓(cang)(cang)(cang)也,台(tai)城(cheng)内仓(cang)(cang)(cang),南塘仓(cang)(cang)(cang),常(chang)平仓(cang)(cang)(cang),东、西太(tai)(tai)仓(cang)(cang)(cang),东宫仓(cang)(cang)(cang),所贮(zhu)总不过五(wu)十余万。在外(wai)有豫章(zhang)仓(cang)(cang)(cang)、钓(diao)矶仓(cang)(cang)(cang)、钱(qian)塘仓(cang)(cang)(cang),并(bing)是大(da)贮(zhu)备之处。自余诸(zhu)州郡(jun)(jun)台(tai)传(chuan),亦各有仓(cang)(cang)(cang)。大(da)抵自侯景之乱,国用常(chang)褊。京官文武,月别唯得廪食,多遥带一(yi)郡(jun)(jun)县官而(er)(er)取其(qi)禄(lu)秩焉。扬、徐等(deng)(deng)大(da)州,比令、仆班(ban)(ban)。宁、桂等(deng)(deng)小州,比参(can)军班(ban)(ban)。丹阳、吴郡(jun)(jun)、会稽(ji)等(deng)(deng)郡(jun)(jun),同太(tai)(tai)子詹事、尚书班(ban)(ban)。高(gao)凉、晋康等(deng)(deng)小郡(jun)(jun),三班(ban)(ban)而(er)(er)已(yi)。大(da)县六班(ban)(ban),小县两转方至一(yi)班(ban)(ban)。品第既殊,不可委(wei)载。州郡(jun)(jun)县禄(lu)米(mi)绢布丝绵,当处输台(tai)传(chuan)仓(cang)(cang)(cang)库。若给(ji)刺史(shi)守令等(deng)(deng),先准其(qi)所部(bu)文武人(ren)物多少(shao),由敕而(er)(er)裁。凡如此禄(lu)秩,既通所部(bu)兵士给(ji)之,其(qi)家所得盖(gai)少(shao)。诸(zhu)王(wang)诸(zhu)主,出閤(he)就第婚冠所须(xu),及衣裳服饰,并(bing)酒米(mi)鱼鲑香油纸烛(zhu)等(deng)(deng),并(bing)官给(ji)之。王(wang)及主婿外(wai)禄(lu)者,不给(ji),解任还京,仍亦公给(ji)云。
魏自永安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),政道陵夷,寇乱(luan)实(shi)繁,农商失业。官有征伐,皆(jie)权调(diao)于(yu)人,犹不足(zu)以(yi)相(xiang)资(zi)奉,乃令所(suo)在迭(die)相(xiang)纠(jiu)发,百(bai)姓愁(chou)怨,无复聊生。寻而(er)(er)(er)六镇扰(rao)乱(luan),相(xiang)率内(nei)徙,寓食于(yu)齐、晋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郊。齐神武因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)成大业。魏武西(xi)迁(qian)(qian),连年战争,河(he)、洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),又并空竭(jie)。天平元(yuan)(yuan)年,迁(qian)(qian)都于(yu)鄴,出粟一百(bai)三十万(wan)石,以(yi)振(zhen)贫人。是时六坊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众(zhong),从(cong)武帝而(er)(er)(er)西(xi)者,不能(neng)万(wan)人,余(yu)皆(jie)北徙,并给常廪,春秋(qiu)二(er)时赐帛,以(yi)供衣服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费(fei)。常调(diao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,逐丰(feng)稔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,折绢籴(di)粟,以(yi)充(chong)(chong)国(guo)储。于(yu)诸(zhu)州缘河(he)津济,皆(jie)官仓(cang)贮(zhu)积,以(yi)拟漕(cao)运。于(yu)沧、瀛(ying)、幽、青四州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境,傍(bang)海(hai)置盐官,以(yi)煮盐,每岁(sui)收钱,军国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)资(zi),得以(yi)周赡。自是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),仓(cang)廪充(chong)(chong)实(shi),虽有水旱凶饥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,皆(jie)仰开仓(cang)以(yi)振(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。元(yuan)(yuan)象、兴和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,频岁(sui)大穰,谷(gu)斛至九钱。是时法(fa)网宽弛,百(bai)姓多离旧(jiu)居(ju),阙于(yu)徭(yao)赋。神武乃命(ming)孙腾、高(gao)隆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分括无籍(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)户(hu),得六十余(yu)万(wan)。于(yu)是侨居(ju)者各(ge)勒还本属(shu),是后(hou)租(zu)调(diao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入有加(jia)焉。及文(wen)襄嗣业,侯景北叛,河(he)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。困于(yu)兵革。寻而(er)(er)(er)侯景乱(luan)梁,乃命(ming)行台辛术,略有淮南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。其新附州郡,羁縻轻税而(er)(er)(er)已。
及(ji)文宣受(shou)禅,多所(suo)(suo)创(chuang)(chuang)革。六坊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内徙(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),更加简练(lian),每(mei)一人(ren)必当百(bai)人(ren),任(ren)其临(lin)阵必死,然后取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)保(bao)鲜(xian)卑。又(you)简华人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇力绝(jue)伦者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇士,以(yi)备边(bian)要。始立(li)九(jiu)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)户,富(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)税其钱(qian),贫(pin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)役(yi)其力。北兴(xing)长城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役(yi),南(nan)有(you)(you)金(jin)陵(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战,其后南(nan)征诸将,频(pin)岁陷没,士马死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)数十(shi)万(wan)计。重以(yi)修创(chuang)(chuang)台殿(dian),所(suo)(suo)役(yi)甚(shen)广,而帝刑罚酷(ku)滥(lan),吏道因而成奸(jian),豪(hao)党兼并,户口益多隐漏。旧制,未娶者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)输(shu)半床租调,阳翟一郡(jun),户至数万(wan),籍多无(wu)妻。有(you)(you)司劾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),帝以(yi)为生事,由是奸(jian)欺(qi)尤甚(shen)。户口租调,十(shi)亡六七。是时用度转(zhuan)广,赐与无(wu)节,府藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积,不足(zu)以(yi)供。乃(nai)减百(bai)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禄,撤(che)军人(ren)常(chang)廪,并省州郡(jun)县(xian)镇戍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职。又(you)制刺史(shi)守宰行兼者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),并不给干,以(yi)节国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费(fei)用焉。天(tian)保(bao)八年,议(yi)徙(xi)冀、定、瀛无(wu)田之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐迁,于(yu)幽州范阳宽乡以(yi)处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。百(bai)姓惊扰。属以(yi)频(pin)岁不熟,米(mi)籴踊贵(gui)矣。废(fei)帝乾(qian)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong),尚书左丞苏珍芝议(yi)修石(shi)鳖等屯,岁收数万(wan)石(shi)。自是淮南(nan)军防(fang),粮廪充足(zu)。孝(xiao)昭皇建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong),平州刺史(shi)嵇(ji)晔建(jian)(jian)议(yi),开幽州督(du)亢(kang)旧陂,长城左右营屯,岁收稻(dao)粟数十(shi)万(wan)石(shi),北境得(de)以(yi)周(zhou)赡。又(you)于(yu)河(he)(he)内置怀(huai)义等屯,以(yi)给河(he)(he)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费(fei)。自是稍止转(zhuan)输(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劳。
至河清(qing)三年定令,乃命人居(ju)十家为(wei)(wei)比邻,五十家为(wei)(wei)闾里(li),百家为(wei)(wei)族党。男子十八(ba)以上(shang)(shang)六(liu)(liu)十五已(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)丁,十六(liu)(liu)已(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)十七已(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)中,六(liu)(liu)十六(liu)(liu)已(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)老,十五已(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)小。率以十八(ba)受田,输租(zu)调(diao),二(er)十充兵,六(liu)(liu)十免力役,六(liu)(liu)十六(liu)(liu)退田,免租(zu)调(diao)。
京(jing)(jing)城四面,诸(zhu)坊之外(wai)三十(shi)里内为公(gong)田(tian)。受(shou)公(gong)田(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),三县代迁、内执(zhi)事官一(yi)品(pin)已(yi)(yi)下,逮于(yu)羽(yu)林武(wu)贲,各有差。其(qi)外(wai)畿郡,华人(ren)(ren)(ren)官第(di)一(yi)品(pin)已(yi)(yi)下,羽(yu)林武(wu)贲已(yi)(yi)上,各有差。职事及百(bai)(bai)姓请(qing)垦田(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),名(ming)为永业(ye)(ye)田(tian)。奴(nu)(nu)婢受(shou)田(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),亲王止(zhi)(zhi)三百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren);嗣(si)王止(zhi)(zhi)二(er)百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren);第(di)二(er)品(pin)嗣(si)王已(yi)(yi)下及庶姓王,止(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)五(wu)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren);正(zheng)三品(pin)已(yi)(yi)上及皇(huang)宗,止(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren);七(qi)品(pin)已(yi)(yi)上,限(xian)(xian)止(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren);八(ba)品(pin)已(yi)(yi)下至庶人(ren)(ren)(ren),限(xian)(xian)止(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。奴(nu)(nu)婢限(xian)(xian)外(wai)不给田(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),皆不输(shu)。其(qi)方百(bai)(bai)里外(wai)及州人(ren)(ren)(ren),一(yi)夫受(shou)露(lu)田(tian)八(ba)十(shi)亩(mu),妇(fu)四十(shi)亩(mu)。奴(nu)(nu)婢依良人(ren)(ren)(ren),限(xian)(xian)数与在京(jing)(jing)百(bai)(bai)官同。丁牛一(yi)头,受(shou)田(tian)六(liu)十(shi)亩(mu),限(xian)(xian)止(zhi)(zhi)四牛。又每丁给永业(ye)(ye)二(er)十(shi)亩(mu),为桑(sang)田(tian)。其(qi)中种桑(sang)五(wu)十(shi)根(gen),榆三根(gen),枣五(wu)根(gen),不在还受(shou)之限(xian)(xian)。非(fei)此田(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),悉入(ru)还受(shou)之分。土不宜桑(sang)者(zhe)(zhe),给麻田(tian),如(ru)桑(sang)田(tian)法。
率人一(yi)(yi)床,调(diao)绢一(yi)(yi)疋,绵(mian)八两,凡十斤(jin)绵(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),折一(yi)(yi)斤(jin)作丝,垦租(zu)(zu)二石,义(yi)租(zu)(zu)五斗。奴婢各准(zhun)(zhun)良人之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。牛(niu)调(diao)二尺(chi),垦租(zu)(zu)一(yi)(yi)斗,义(yi)租(zu)(zu)五升(sheng)。垦租(zu)(zu)送台,义(yi)租(zu)(zu)纳郡(jun),以备水旱(han)。垦租(zu)(zu)皆(jie)依贫富(fu)(fu)为三(san)枭。其赋税(shui)常调(diao),则少者(zhe)(zhe)直出上(shang)户,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)户,多者(zhe)(zhe)及下户。上(shang)枭输远处,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)枭输次远,下枭输当(dang)州仓。三(san)年一(yi)(yi)校焉。租(zu)(zu)入(ru)台者(zhe)(zhe),五百里内(nei)输粟,五百里外输米。入(ru)州镇(zhen)者(zhe)(zhe),输粟。人欲输钱者(zhe)(zhe),准(zhun)(zhun)上(shang)绢收钱。诸(zhu)州郡(jun)皆(jie)别(bie)置(zhi)富(fu)(fu)人仓。初立之(zhi)(zhi)日,准(zhun)(zhun)所领中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下户口(kou)数(shu),得支一(yi)(yi)年之(zhi)(zhi)粮,逐当(dang)州谷价(jia)(jia)贱时,斟(zhen)量(liang)割当(dang)年义(yi)租(zu)(zu)充入(ru)。谷贵(gui),下价(jia)(jia)粜之(zhi)(zhi);贱则还用(yong)所粜之(zhi)(zhi)物,依价(jia)(jia)粜贮。
每(mei)岁(sui)春月(yue),各依乡土早晚,课人农(nong)桑。自春及秋,男十五(wu)已上(shang)(shang),皆布(bu)田亩。桑蚕之(zhi)月(yue),妇(fu)女十五(wu)已上(shang)(shang),皆营蚕桑。孟冬,刺(ci)史(shi)听(ting)审邦教之(zhi)优劣,定殿最之(zhi)科品。人有(you)人力(li)无牛,或有(you)牛无力(li)者,须令相便,皆得纳种。使地无遗利,人无游(you)手焉。
缘边城守(shou)之(zhi)地(di),堪垦食者,皆营屯田(tian),署都使子(zi)使以(yi)统(tong)之(zhi)。一子(zi)使当(dang)田(tian)五十顷,岁终考其所入(ru),以(yi)论褒贬(bian)。
是(shi)时频(pin)岁大水,州郡多(duo)遇沉(chen)溺(ni),谷价腾踊(yong)。朝廷遣使开仓,从(cong)贵价以(yi)粜之,而百姓无益(yi),饥馑尤甚。重(zhong)以(yi)疾(ji)疫(yi)相(xiang)乘(cheng),死者十四五焉。至天统中(zhong),又(you)毁东宫(gong),造(zao)修文、偃(yan)武、隆基嫔嫱(qiang)诸(zhu)院,起(qi)玳瑁楼(lou)。又(you)于游豫(yu)园穿池,周以(yi)列馆,中(zhong)起(qi)三山,构(gou)台,以(yi)象(xiang)沧海,并大修佛(fo)寺,劳役钜万计。财用不给(ji),乃(nai)减朝士之禄,断诸(zhu)曹粮膳(shan)及九(jiu)州军人(ren)常(chang)赐以(yi)供之。武平(ping)之后,权幸并进(jin),赐与无限(xian),加之旱蝗,国用转屈,乃(nai)料境内六(liu)等富人(ren),调(diao)令出钱(qian)。而给(ji)事(shi)黄门侍郎颜(yan)之推(tui)奏请立关(guan)市邸店之税,开府邓长颙赞(zan)成之,后主大悦。于是(shi)以(yi)其所(suo)入(ru),以(yi)供御府声色(se)之费,军国之用不豫(yu)焉。未几而亡。
后周太祖作相,创制(zhi)六(liu)官。载师掌(zhang)任土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,辨夫家(jia)田(tian)里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),会六(liu)畜车乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稽,审赋役(yi)(yi)敛(lian)弛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节,制(zhi)畿疆(jiang)修广之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域(yu),颁施惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要,审牧产之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政。司(si)均(jun)掌(zhang)田(tian)里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政令。凡(fan)人(ren)口十(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)上,宅五(wu)亩(mu);口九已(yi)上,宅四(si)亩(mu),口五(wu)已(yi)下(xia)(xia),宅三(san)亩(mu)。有(you)室(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),田(tian)百(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu),丁(ding)(ding)(ding)者(zhe)(zhe)田(tian)百(bai)亩(mu)。司(si)赋掌(zhang)功赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政令。凡(fan)人(ren)自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)四(si),与轻癃者(zhe)(zhe),皆(jie)赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,有(you)室(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),岁(sui)不(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)绢一(yi)匹,绵八两,粟五(wu)斛;丁(ding)(ding)(ding)者(zhe)(zhe)半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其非(fei)桑(sang)土(tu),有(you)室(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),布一(yi)匹,麻十(shi)(shi)(shi)斤(jin);丁(ding)(ding)(ding)者(zhe)(zhe)又半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。丰(feng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)全赋,中(zhong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),皆(jie)以(yi)(yi)时征焉。若艰凶札(zha),则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)征其赋。司(si)役(yi)(yi)掌(zhang)力役(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政令。凡(fan)人(ren)自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)九,皆(jie)任于役(yi)(yi)。丰(feng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)不(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)三(san)旬(xun),中(zhong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)二旬(xun),下(xia)(xia)年(nian)(nian)(nian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)一(yi)旬(xun)。凡(fan)起(qi)徒役(yi)(yi),无过(guo)(guo)家(jia)一(yi)人(ren)。其人(ren)有(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),一(yi)子不(bu)(bu)从役(yi)(yi),百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)者(zhe)(zhe),家(jia)不(bu)(bu)从役(yi)(yi)。废疾非(fei)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)养者(zhe)(zhe),一(yi)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)从役(yi)(yi)。若凶札(zha),又无力征。掌(zhang)盐掌(zhang)四(si)盐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政令。一(yi)曰散盐,煮海(hai)以(yi)(yi)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);二曰监盐,引池以(yi)(yi)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);三(san)曰形(xing)盐,物地以(yi)(yi)出之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);四(si)曰饴盐,于戎以(yi)(yi)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。凡(fan)监盐形(xing)盐,每地为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禁,百(bai)姓取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),皆(jie)税焉。司(si)仓掌(zhang)辨九谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,以(yi)(yi)量(liang)国用。国用足(zu)(zu),即蓄其余,以(yi)(yi)待凶荒;不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)止(zhi)。余用足(zu)(zu),则(ze)(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)粟贷(dai)人(ren)。春颁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),秋敛(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
闵帝元(yuan)年,初除(chu)市(shi)(shi)门税。及宣帝即位,复兴人市(shi)(shi)之税。武帝保定元(yuan)年,改(gai)(gai)八丁(ding)兵为(wei)(wei)十二(er)丁(ding)兵,率(lv)岁一月(yue)役。建德二(er)年,改(gai)(gai)军士为(wei)(wei)侍官,募百姓充之,除(chu)其县籍(ji)。是(shi)后夏人半为(wei)(wei)兵矣。宣帝时(shi),发山东(dong)诸州(zhou),增一月(yue)功为(wei)(wei)四十五日役,以起(qi)洛阳宫。并移相州(zhou)六府(fu)于洛阳,称东(dong)京六府(fu)。
武帝保定二(er)年正(zheng)(zheng)月,初于(yu)蒲州(zhou)开(kai)河渠,同州(zhou)开(kai)龙首渠,以(yi)(yi)(yi)广溉灌(guan)。高祖登庸(yong),罢东(dong)京之(zhi)役(yi),除人(ren)(ren)市(shi)之(zhi)税。是时(shi)尉迥、王(wang)谦(qian)、司马消难相次(ci)叛逆,兴师诛(zhu)讨(tao),赏费钜(ju)万。及受禅(shan),又(you)(you)迁都(dou),发(fa)山东(dong)丁(ding)(ding),毁造宫室。仍依周制,役(yi)丁(ding)(ding)为十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)番,匠(jiang)则六(liu)(liu)番。及颁新令。制人(ren)(ren)五(wu)(wu)(wu)家为保,保有(you)长。保五(wu)(wu)(wu)为闾,闾四为族,皆有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)。畿外置里(li)正(zheng)(zheng),比闾正(zheng)(zheng),党(dang)长比族正(zheng)(zheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)相检察焉。男女三岁(sui)已下(xia)为黄,十(shi)(shi)(shi)岁(sui)已下(xia)为小,十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)已下(xia)为中,十(shi)(shi)(shi)八已上为丁(ding)(ding)。丁(ding)(ding)从课(ke)役(yi)。六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)为老,乃免(mian)。自(zi)诸王(wang)已下(xia),至于(yu)都(dou)督(du),皆给永(yong)业田(tian)(tian),各(ge)有(you)差(cha)(cha)。多者至一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)顷(qing),少者至四十(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)。其(qi)(qi)丁(ding)(ding)男、中男永(yong)业露(lu)田(tian)(tian),皆遵(zun)后齐之(zhi)制。并课(ke)树以(yi)(yi)(yi)桑榆及枣。其(qi)(qi)园(yuan)宅,率三口(kou)给一(yi)(yi)(yi)亩(mu),奴(nu)婢则五(wu)(wu)(wu)口(kou)给一(yi)(yi)(yi)亩(mu)。丁(ding)(ding)男一(yi)(yi)(yi)床,租(zu)粟(su)三石,桑土调(diao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)绢絁(shi),麻土以(yi)(yi)(yi)布(bu),绢絁(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)匹,加绵(mian)三两。布(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)端,加麻三斤(jin)。单丁(ding)(ding)及仆(pu)隶各(ge)半之(zhi)。未受地者皆不课(ke)。有(you)品(pin)(pin)爵(jue)及孝子顺孙义夫节妇(fu),并免(mian)课(ke)役(yi)。京官又(you)(you)给职分田(tian)(tian)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)品(pin)(pin)者给田(tian)(tian)五(wu)(wu)(wu)顷(qing)。每品(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)为差(cha)(cha),至五(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin),则为田(tian)(tian)三顷(qing),六(liu)(liu)品(pin)(pin)二(er)顷(qing)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)。其(qi)(qi)下(xia)每品(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)为差(cha)(cha),至九品(pin)(pin)为一(yi)(yi)(yi)顷(qing)。外官亦(yi)各(ge)有(you)职分田(tian)(tian),又(you)(you)给公廨(xie)田(tian)(tian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)供公用。
开皇三年正(zheng)月(yue),帝(di)入(ru)新宫。初令(ling)(ling)军人(ren)(ren)以(yi)二(er)十(shi)一(yi)成丁。减十(shi)二(er)番每岁为(wei)二(er)十(shi)日(ri)役(yi)。减调绢一(yi)疋(pi)为(wei)二(er)丈。先是尚依周末(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)弊,官(guan)置酒(jiu)坊收利,盐池(chi)盐井(jing),皆(jie)禁百(bai)姓采用。至是罢(ba)酒(jiu)坊,通盐池(chi)盐井(jing)与百(bai)姓共之(zhi)(zhi),远(yuan)(yuan)近大悦(yue)。是时突(tu)厥犯塞,吐谷浑(hun)寇(kou)边,军旅数起(qi),转输劳敝。帝(di)乃令(ling)(ling)朔州总管(guan)赵(zhao)仲卿,于长城以(yi)北大兴屯田(tian),以(yi)实塞下(xia)(xia)。又(you)于河西勒百(bai)姓立堡(bao),营田(tian)积(ji)谷。京师置常平监。是时山东尚承(cheng)齐(qi)俗,机巧奸(jian)伪,避役(yi)惰游者(zhe)十(shi)六七。四(si)方疲人(ren)(ren),或(huo)诈(zha)老诈(zha)小,规免租(zu)赋。高祖令(ling)(ling)州县(xian)大索貌(mao)阅,户口不实者(zhe),正(zheng)长远(yuan)(yuan)配,而(er)又(you)开相纠之(zhi)(zhi)科(ke)。大功(gong)已(yi)下(xia)(xia),兼令(ling)(ling)析籍,各(ge)为(wei)户头,以(yi)防(fang)容隐。于是计(ji)帐进四(si)十(shi)四(si)万三千丁,新附一(yi)百(bai)六十(shi)四(si)万一(yi)千五(wu)百(bai)口。高颎(jiong)又(you)以(yi)人(ren)(ren)间(jian)课输,虽(sui)有定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分,年常征纳,除注(zhu)恆多(duo),长吏肆(si)情,文帐出没,复无定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)簿(bu),难以(yi)推校,乃为(wei)输籍定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)样,请(qing)遍下(xia)(xia)诸州。每年正(zheng)月(yue)五(wu)日(ri),县(xian)令(ling)(ling)巡人(ren)(ren),各(ge)随便近,五(wu)党三党,共为(wei)一(yi)团,依样定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)户上(shang)下(xia)(xia)。帝(di)从之(zhi)(zhi)。自是奸(jian)无所容矣。
时(shi)百姓承平日久(jiu),虽数(shu)遭水旱,而(er)户口岁增。诸(zhu)州调物(wu),每岁河(he)南(nan)自潼关,河(he)北自蒲坂,达于(yu)(yu)(yu)京师(shi),相属于(yu)(yu)(yu)路,昼夜(ye)不绝者数(shu)月(yue)。帝(di)(di)既躬履俭约,六宫咸服(fu)浣濯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣。乘(cheng)舆供御有故敝者,随(sui)令补用,皆不改(gai)作(zuo)。非享燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,所食(shi)不过一(yi)肉而(er)已。有司尝进(jin)干(gan)姜,以(yi)布袋贮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),帝(di)(di)用为(wei)伤费,大加谴责(ze)。后(hou)进(jin)香,复以(yi)氈袋,因(yin)笞所司,以(yi)为(wei)后(hou)诫焉。由是内(nei)外率职,府帑充实,百官禄赐及赏功臣(chen),皆出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)丰厚(hou)焉。九年(nian),陈平,帝(di)(di)亲御硃雀门(men)劳凯旋师(shi),因(yin)行庆(qing)赏。自门(men)外夹道列布帛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积,达于(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)郭,以(yi)次颁给。所费三(san)百余(yu)万(wan)段(duan)。帝(di)(di)以(yi)江表初定,给复十(shi)年(nian)。自余(yu)诸(zhu)州,并免(mian)当年(nian)租(zu)(zu)赋(fu),十(shi)年(nian)五月(yue),又以(yi)宇内(nei)无事,益宽徭(yao)赋(fu)。百姓年(nian)五十(shi)者,输庸停防(fang)。十(shi)一(yi)年(nian),江南(nan)又反(fan),越国(guo)公杨(yang)素讨平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),师(shi)还(hai),赐物(wu)甚广。其余(yu)出(chu)师(shi)命赏,亦莫(mo)不优隆。十(shi)二年(nian),有司上言(yan),库藏(zang)皆满。帝(di)(di)曰:“朕既薄赋(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)人,又大经(jing)赐用,何得(de)尔也?” 对(dui)曰:“用处(chu)常出(chu),纳处(chu)常入。略(lve)计每年(nian)赐用至数(shu)百万(wan)段(duan),曾(ceng)无减损(sun)。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是乃(nai)更辟(pi)左藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)院(yuan),构屋(wu)以(yi)受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下诏曰:“既富(fu)而(er)教,方(fang)知廉耻,宁积于(yu)(yu)(yu)人,无藏(zang)府库。河(he)北、河(he)东今年(nian)田租(zu)(zu),三(san)分减一(yi),兵减半,功调全免(mian)。”
时(shi)天下(xia)户(hu)口岁增,京辅(fu)及三河(he),地(di)少而人众,衣食不(bu)给(ji)。议者咸欲徙(xi)就宽(kuan)乡(xiang)。其年冬,帝命(ming)诸(zhu)州(zhou)考使(shi)议之。又令尚书以其事(shi)策问四方贡(gong)士,竟无长(zhang)算。帝乃发使(shi)四出,均天下(xia)之田。其狭乡(xiang),每丁才(cai)至二十亩(mu),老小又少焉。
十三(san)年,帝(di)(di)命杨素(su)出(chu),于(yu)岐州(zhou)北造(zao)仁寿宫(gong)(gong)。素(su)遂夷山堙谷,营构观宇,崇台累榭,宛转相属(shu)。役(yi)使(shi)严急,丁(ding)夫多死,疲(pi)敝颠(dian)仆者(zhe),推填坑坎,覆以土石,因(yin)而(er)筑为(wei)平地。死者(zhe)以万(wan)数。宫(gong)(gong)成,帝(di)(di)行幸焉。时方暑月,而(er)死人相次于(yu)道(dao),素(su)乃(nai)一切焚除之。帝(di)(di)颇知其(qi)事,甚不悦。及入新宫(gong)(gong)游(you)观,乃(nai)喜,又(you)谓(wei)素(su)为(wei)忠。后帝(di)(di)以岁暮(mu)晚(wan)日登仁寿殿,周望原(yuan)隰,见(jian)宫(gong)(gong)外(wai)磷火弥(mi)漫,又(you)闻哭(ku)声。令左右观之,报曰(yue)(yue):“鬼火。” 帝(di)(di)曰(yue)(yue):“此(ci)等工役(yi)而(er)死,既属(shu)年暮(mu),魂(hun)魄思归耶(ye)?”乃(nai)令洒酒宣(xuan)敕,以咒遣之,自是乃(nai)息。
开皇(huang)三(san)年(nian),朝廷以京(jing)师(shi)仓(cang)廪尚虚,议为水旱之(zhi)备,于是诏(zhao)(zhao)于蒲(pu)、陕(shan)、虢、熊、伊、洛(luo)、郑、怀、邵、卫、汴、许、汝等水次十三(san)州(zhou),置(zhi)(zhi)募运米丁。又(you)于卫州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)黎(li)阳(yang)仓(cang),洛(luo)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)河阳(yang)仓(cang),陕(shan)州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)常平仓(cang),华州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)广(guang)通(tong)仓(cang),转相灌注。漕(cao)关东及(ji)汾、晋之(zhi)粟,以给(ji)京(jing)师(shi)。又(you)遣仓(cang)部侍郎韦瓚(zan),向蒲(pu)、陕(shan)以东募人(ren)能于洛(luo)阳(yang)运米四十石,经砥柱(zhu)之(zhi)险(xian),达于常平者,免其(qi)征(zheng)戍(shu)。其(qi)后以渭(wei)水多沙,流有深浅,漕(cao)者苦之(zhi)。四年(nian),诏(zhao)(zhao)曰:
京邑(yi)所居,五方(fang)(fang)辐凑,重关四(si)塞(sai),水(shui)陆艰难,大河之(zhi)流,波澜东注(zhu),百(bai)川海渎,万(wan)里交(jiao)通。虽三门之(zhi)下,或有危虑,但发(fa)自小平,陆运(yun)至陕,还从河水(shui),入于渭川,兼及上流,控引(yin)汾、晋,舟(zhou)车来(lai)去,为(wei)益殊广。而渭川水(shui)力,大小无(wu)常,流浅沙深(shen),即成阻阂(he)。计其途路,数百(bai)而已,动移(yi)气序,不(bu)能往复(fu),泛(fan)舟(zhou)之(zhi)役,人(ren)亦劳止。朕君临区宇,兴利除害,公私之(zhi)弊,情实愍(min)之(zhi)。故东发(fa)潼关,西引(yin)渭水(shui),因藉(jie)人(ren)力,开(kai)(kai)通漕(cao)渠,量事计功,易(yi)可(ke)成就。已令工匠,巡历渠道,观地(di)理之(zhi)宜,审终久之(zhi)义,一得开(kai)(kai)凿,万(wan)代无(wu)毁。可(ke)使官及私家(jia),方(fang)(fang)舟(zhou)巨舫,晨昏(hun)漕(cao)运(yun),沿溯不(bu)停(ting),旬日之(zhi)功,堪省亿万(wan)。诚知时当炎暑,动致疲勤,然不(bu)有暂劳,安能永逸。宣告(gao)人(ren)庶,知朕意焉。
于是命宇(yu)文恺率水(shui)工凿渠,引渭水(shui),自大兴城东至潼关(guan)三百余里(li),名曰(yue)广通渠。转运(yun)通利(li),关(guan)内赖之。诸州水(shui)旱凶(xiong)饥之处(chu),亦便开仓赈给(ji)。
五年(nian)五月,工(gong)部尚书、襄阳县(xian)公长孙平奏曰:“古者三年(nian)耕(geng)而余(yu)一年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积,九年(nian)作而有(you)三年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)储,虽水旱为灾,而人(ren)(ren)无菜色(se),皆由(you)劝导(dao)有(you)方,蓄积先备故(gu)也。去年(nian)亢(kang)阳,关(guan)(guan)内不(bu)熟,陛下哀愍黎(li)元,甚于(yu)赤子。运山东之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粟(su)(su)(su),置常平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官,开(kai)(kai)发(fa)仓(cang)廪,普加赈赐。少食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),莫不(bu)丰足。鸿恩大德,前古未比。其强宗富室,家道有(you)余(yu)者,皆竞出私(si)财,递相赒赡。此乃(nai)(nai)风(feng)行草偃,从化而然。但经国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,须存定式。” 于(yu)是(shi)奏令诸州(zhou)百姓及(ji)军(jun)人(ren)(ren),劝课当(dang)(dang)社(she)(she)(she),共立养仓(cang)。收(shou)获之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,随其所得(de),观课出粟(su)(su)(su)及(ji)麦(mai),于(yu)当(dang)(dang)社(she)(she)(she)造仓(cang)窖贮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。即委(wei)社(she)(she)(she)司,执帐(zhang)检校,每(mei)年(nian)收(shou)积,勿(wu)使捐败(bai)。若(ruo)时或不(bu)熟,当(dang)(dang)社(she)(she)(she)有(you)饥谨者,即以(yi)此谷赈给。自是(shi)诸州(zhou)储峙委(wei)积。其后(hou)关(guan)(guan)中(zhong)连年(nian)大旱,而青、兗(yan)、汴、许、曹、亳(bo)、陈、仁、谯、豫、郑、洛(luo)、伊(yi)、颍(ying)、邳等州(zhou)大水,百姓饥馑。高祖乃(nai)(nai)命苏威(wei)等,分道开(kai)(kai)仓(cang)赈给。又命司农丞(cheng)王禀,发(fa)广通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粟(su)(su)(su)三百余(yu)万石,以(yi)拯关(guan)(guan)中(zhong),又发(fa)故(gu)城中(zhong)周代旧粟(su)(su)(su),贱粜(tiao)与人(ren)(ren)。买牛驴六(liu)千(qian)余(yu)头,分给尤(you)贫(pin)者,令往(wang)关(guan)(guan)东就食(shi)。其遭(zao)水旱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou),皆免(mian)其年(nian)租赋。
十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),关中(zhong)大旱(han),人饥。上幸洛阳,因令百姓(xing)就(jiu)食。从官(guan)(guan)并(bing)准见口赈给(ji),不以官(guan)(guan)位为限。明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),东巡狩(shou),因祠泰山。是(shi)时义(yi)仓(cang)贮在人间,多有费捐。十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二月(yue),诏曰(yue):“本(ben)置(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)仓(cang),止防(fang)水(shui)旱(han),百姓(xing)之徒(tu),不思久计,轻尔费捐,于(yu)后乏绝。又北境诸州,异于(yu)余(yu)处(chu),云、夏、长、灵、盐、兰、丰、鄯(shan)、凉(liang)、甘、瓜(gua)等(deng)(deng)州,所有义(yi)仓(cang)杂种(zhong),并(bing)纳本(ben)州。若(ruo)人有旱(han)俭少粮(liang),先(xian)给(ji)杂种(zhong)及远年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)粟。”十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正月(yue),又诏秦、叠(die)、成、康、武、文、芳(fang)、宕(dang)、旭(xu)、洮(tao)、岷、渭、纪、河、廓、豳、陇(long)、泾、宁、原(yuan)、敷(fu)、丹(dan)、延、绥、银、扶等(deng)(deng)州社仓(cang),并(bing)于(yu)当县(xian)安置(zhi)(zhi)。二月(yue),又诏社仓(cang),准上中(zhong)下三等(deng)(deng)税,上户(hu)不过一石,中(zhong)户(hu)不过七斗(dou),下户(hu)不过四斗(dou)。其后山东频(pin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)霖雨,杞、宋、陈(chen)、亳、曹、戴、谯(qiao)、颍等(deng)(deng)诸州,达于(yu)沧(cang)海(hai),皆困水(shui)灾(zai),所在沉溺。十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),天子遣使,将水(shui)工(gong),巡行川源,相视高下,发随近丁以疏(shu)导之。困乏者(zhe),开(kai)仓(cang)赈给(ji),前后用谷五百余(yu)石。遭水(shui)之处(chu),租调皆免。自是(shi)频(pin)有年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)矣。
开皇八年(nian)五月,高(gao)颎奏诸州(zhou)(zhou)无课(ke)调处(chu),及(ji)课(ke)州(zhou)(zhou)管户(hu)数少者,官(guan)人禄力,乘前已来,恆出随近之州(zhou)(zhou)。但判(pan)官(guan)本(ben)为牧人,役(yi)力理出所部。请于(yu)所管户(hu)内,计户(hu)征税。帝从之。先是京官(guan)及(ji)诸州(zhou)(zhou),并给公廨(xie)(xie)钱,回易生(sheng)(sheng)利,以给公用。至十四年(nian)六月,工部尚书、安平郡公苏孝(xiao)慈等,以为所在(zai)官(guan)司,因循往(wang)昔,以公廨(xie)(xie)钱物,出举兴(xing)生(sheng)(sheng),唯(wei)利是求(qiu),烦扰百姓(xing),败(bai)损风俗,莫(mo)斯之甚。于(yu)是奏皆(jie)给地(di)以营(ying)农,回易取利,一皆(jie)禁止(zhi)。十七年(nian)十一月,诏在(zai)京及(ji)在(zai)外诸司公廨(xie)(xie),在(zai)市(shi)回易及(ji)诸处(chu)兴(xing)生(sheng)(sheng),并听(ting)之。唯(wei)禁出举收利云(yun)。
炀帝(di)即位(wei),是时(shi)户口益多,府库(ku)盈溢(yi),乃除妇人(ren)(ren)及奴婢部曲之(zhi)课。男(nan)子以(yi)(yi)二(er)十(shi)二(er)成(cheng)丁(ding)。始(shi)建(jian)东(dong)都,以(yi)(yi)尚书(shu)令杨素为(wei)营作(zuo)大监,每月(yue)役丁(ding)二(er)百万人(ren)(ren)。徙洛(luo)州(zhou)(zhou)郭内(nei)人(ren)(ren)及天(tian)下(xia)诸(zhu)州(zhou)(zhou)富商(shang)大贾数万家以(yi)(yi)实之(zhi)。新置(zhi)兴洛(luo)及回洛(luo)仓。又(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)皁(zao)涧营显仁宫,苑(yuan)囿连接(jie),北(bei)至(zhi)新安,南(nan)及飞山(shan),西至(zhi)渑池(chi),周围数百里。课天(tian)下(xia)诸(zhu)州(zhou)(zhou),各贡草木(mu)花果、奇禽(qin)异兽于(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)中,开渠,引谷、洛(luo)水,自苑(yuan)西入(ru),而东(dong)注于(yu)(yu)(yu)洛(luo)。又(you)自板渚引河(he),达于(yu)(yu)(yu)淮(huai)海(hai),谓之(zhi)御(yu)河(he)。河(he)畔筑御(yu)道,树(shu)以(yi)(yi)柳。又(you)命黄(huang)门侍郎王弘(hong),上仪同于(yu)(yu)(yu)士澄(cheng),往江南(nan)诸(zhu)州(zhou)(zhou)采大木(mu),引至(zhi)东(dong)都。所经(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)县(xian),递(di)送往返(fan),首尾相属,不(bu)绝者千里。而东(dong)都役使(shi)促迫(po),僵仆(pu)而毙者,十(shi)四五焉(yan)。每月(yue)载死丁(ding),东(dong)至(zhi)城皋,北(bei)至(zhi)河(he)阳,车相望于(yu)(yu)(yu)道。时(shi)帝(di)将事(shi)辽、碣,增(zeng)置(zhi)军府,扫地(di)为(wei)兵。自是租赋之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)益减矣。又(you)造龙舟凤(feng)甗,黄(huang)龙赤舰,楼船篾舫。募诸(zhu)水工(gong),谓之(zhi)殿脚,衣锦行袴,执青(qing)丝缆挽船,以(yi)(yi)幸(xing)江都,帝(di)御(yu)龙舟,文武官五品已上给(ji)(ji)楼船,九品已上给(ji)(ji)黄(huang)篾舫,舳舻相接(jie),二(er)百余里。所经(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)县(xian),并令供顿,献食丰办者加官爵(jue),阙乏者谴至(zhi)死。又(you)盛(sheng)修车舆(yu)辇辂,旌(jing)旗(qi)羽(yu)仪之(zhi)饰(shi)。课天(tian)下(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)县(xian),凡骨(gu)角齿牙,皮革(ge)毛羽(yu),可饰(shi)器(qi)用,堪(kan)为(wei)氅(chang)毦者,皆责焉(yan)。征发仓卒(zu),朝命夕(xi)办,百姓求捕,网罟遍野,水陆(lu)禽(qin)兽殆尽,犹(you)不(bu)能给(ji)(ji),而买(mai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)豪富蓄积之(zhi)家,其(qi)价(jia)腾踊。是岁,翟雉尾一(yi)直(zhi)十(shi)缣,白鹭鲜半之(zhi)。
乃使(shi)屯田主(zhu)事常骏使(shi)赤土国,致罗刹(cha)。又(you)使(shi)朝请大夫张镇州击流(liu)求,俘虏(lu)数万。士卒深入(ru),蒙犯瘴疠,馁(nei)疾而死者(zhe)十八(ba)九。又(you)以西域(yu)多诸(zhu)宝物,令裴(pei)矩(ju)往(wang)张掖,监诸(zhu)商胡互市(shi)。啖(dan)之以利,劝令入(ru)朝。自是西域(yu)诸(zhu)蕃,往(wang)来(lai)相继,所(suo)经州郡,疲于送(song)迎,糜费以万万计。
明(ming)年(nian),帝(di)北(bei)巡(xun)狩。又兴众百万,北(bei)筑长(zhang)城,西距榆(yu)林,东至紫河(he)(he),绵亘千余里(li),死者(zhe)太(tai)半。四(si)年(nian),发(fa)河(he)(he)北(bei)诸郡(jun)(jun)百余万众,引沁水,南达(da)于河(he)(he),北(bei)通涿郡(jun)(jun)。自是以(yi)丁(ding)男不(bu)供,始以(yi)妇人(ren)从役。五年(nian),西巡(xun)河(he)(he)右。西域诸胡,佩金(jin)玉,被锦罽,焚香奏乐(le),迎候道左(zuo)。帝(di)乃令(ling)武威、张掖士(shi)女,盛饰(shi)纵观(guan)。衣服(fu)车马不(bu)鲜者(zhe),州县督(du)课,以(yi)夸(kua)示之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其年(nian),帝(di)亲征吐谷(gu)(gu)浑(hun),破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于赤水。慕容佛(fo)允委(wei)其家属,西奔(ben)青海。帝(di)驻兵不(bu)出,遇(yu)天(tian)霖雨,经大斗拔(ba)谷(gu)(gu),士(shi)卒死者(zhe)十二(er)三(san)焉,马驴(lv)十八(ba)九。于是置河(he)(he)源(yuan)郡(jun)(jun)、积石镇(zhen)。又于西域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)置西海、鄯(shan)善(shan)、且末等郡(jun)(jun)。谪天(tian)下罪人(ren),配为戍卒,大开屯田,发(fa)西方诸郡(jun)(jun)运粮(liang)以(yi)给(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。道里(li)悬远(yuan),兼遇(yu)寇抄,死亡相续。
六年,将(jiang)征(zheng)(zheng)高丽,有(you)司奏兵(bing)(bing)马(ma)已多(duo)(duo)损耗。诏又课天(tian)下(xia)富人(ren)(ren),量其(qi)赀产,出(chu)钱市(shi)武马(ma),填元数(shu)(shu)。限令取足(zu)。复点兵(bing)(bing)具器仗,皆(jie)令精(jing)新,滥恶(e)则使(shi)人(ren)(ren)便斩。于(yu)是(shi)马(ma)匹至(zhi)十(shi)(shi)万(wan)。七年冬,大会涿郡。分江淮南(nan)兵(bing)(bing),配骁卫大将(jiang)军来护兒,别以(yi)(yi)舟(zhou)师(shi)济沧海,舳(zhu)舻数(shu)(shu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)。并载军粮(liang),期(qi)与大兵(bing)(bing)会平壤。是(shi)岁山(shan)东(dong)、河南(nan)大水(shui),漂(piao)没四十(shi)(shi)余郡,重以(yi)(yi)辽(liao)(liao)东(dong)覆败(bai),死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)数(shu)(shu)十(shi)(shi)万(wan),因属疫疾(ji),山(shan)东(dong)尤甚。所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)皆(jie)以(yi)(yi)征(zheng)(zheng)敛供帐(zhang)军旅所(suo)(suo)资为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)务,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)虽(sui)困(kun)(kun),而(er)(er)(er)弗之(zhi)恤(xu)也。每(mei)急(ji)徭卒(zu)赋,有(you)所(suo)(suo)征(zheng)(zheng)求(qiu),长吏必先贱买之(zhi),然后宣下(xia),乃(nai)贵卖与人(ren)(ren),旦暮之(zhi)间,价盈(ying)数(shu)(shu)倍,裒刻征(zheng)(zheng)敛,取办一(yi)时(shi)。强(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)聚而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盗(dao)(dao),弱者(zhe)(zhe)自卖为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奴婢。九年,诏又课关中富人(ren)(ren),计其(qi)赀产出(chu)驴,往伊(yi)吾、河源、且末运粮(liang)。多(duo)(duo)者(zhe)(zhe)至(zhi)数(shu)(shu)百(bai)(bai)头,每(mei)头价至(zhi)万(wan)余。又发(fa)(fa)诸州丁,分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四番,于(yu)辽(liao)(liao)西柳城营屯,往来艰(jian)苦,生业(ye)(ye)尽(jin)罄。盗(dao)(dao)贼(zei)四起,道路(lu)隔绝,陇右牧马(ma),尽(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奴贼(zei)所(suo)(suo)掠,杨玄(xuan)感乘(cheng)虚为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱。时(shi)帝(di)在(zai)(zai)辽(liao)(liao)东(dong),闻之(zhi),遽归于(yu)高阳郡。及(ji)玄(xuan)感平,帝(di)谓侍臣(chen)曰:“玄(xuan)感一(yi)呼而(er)(er)(er)从者(zhe)(zhe)如市(shi),益(yi)(yi)知天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)(ren)不欲多(duo)(duo),多(duo)(duo)则为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贼(zei)。不尽(jin)诛(zhu),后无(wu)以(yi)(yi)示劝。”乃(nai)令裴(pei)蕴穷其(qi)党(dang)与,诏郡县(xian)坑杀之(zhi),死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)不可胜(sheng)数(shu)(shu)。所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)惊骇。举天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)十(shi)(shi)分,九为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盗(dao)(dao)贼(zei),皆(jie)盗(dao)(dao)武马(ma),始作长枪,攻陷城邑(yi)。帝(di)又命郡县(xian)置督捕以(yi)(yi)讨贼(zei)。益(yi)(yi)遣募人(ren)(ren)征(zheng)(zheng)辽(liao)(liao),马(ma)少不充(chong)八驮,而(er)(er)(er)许为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六驮。又不足(zu),听半以(yi)(yi)驴充(chong)。在(zai)(zai)路(lu)逃者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)继(ji),执获皆(jie)斩之(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)莫能止。帝(di)不怿。遇(yu)高丽执送(song)叛臣(chen)斛(hu)斯(si)政,遣使(shi)求(qiu)降(jiang),发(fa)(fa)诏赦之(zhi)。囚政至(zhi)于(yu)京(jing)师(shi),于(yu)开(kai)远门外,磔而(er)(er)(er)射杀之(zhi)。遂幸太(tai)原,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)突厥(jue)围于(yu)雁门。突厥(jue)寻散,遽还洛阳,募益(yi)(yi)骁果,以(yi)(yi)充(chong)旧数(shu)(shu)。是(shi)时(shi)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)废业(ye)(ye),屯集城堡(bao),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)自给(ji)。然所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)仓库,犹大充(chong)爨,吏皆(jie)惧法(fa),莫肯赈(zhen)救,由是(shi)益(yi)(yi)困(kun)(kun)。初皆(jie)剥树皮以(yi)(yi)食(shi)之(zhi),渐及(ji)于(yu)叶,皮叶皆(jie)尽(jin),乃(nai)煮土或捣稿(gao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)末而(er)(er)(er)食(shi)之(zhi)。其(qi)后人(ren)(ren)乃(nai)相(xiang)食(shi)。十(shi)(shi)二年,帝(di)幸江都(dou)。是(shi)时(shi)李密据(ju)洛口仓,聚众(zhong)百(bai)(bai)万(wan)。越(yue)王侗与段达等守东(dong)都(dou)。东(dong)都(dou)城内粮(liang)尽(jin),布(bu)帛山(shan)积,乃(nai)以(yi)(yi)绢为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)汲绠,然布(bu)以(yi)(yi)爨。代(dai)王侑(you)与卫玄(xuan)守京(jing)师(shi),百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)饥(ji)馑,亦不能救。义师(shi)入长安,发(fa)(fa)永(yong)丰(feng)仓以(yi)(yi)赈(zhen)之(zhi),百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)方苏息矣。
晋自过(guo)江,凡货(huo)(huo)卖奴婢马牛(niu)田宅,有(you)(you)文券,率(lv)钱一(yi)万,输估(gu)四(si)百(bai)(bai)入官(guan),卖者三百(bai)(bai),买者一(yi)百(bai)(bai)。无(wu)文券者,随(sui)物(wu)所(suo)堪,亦百(bai)(bai)分收四(si),名为散(san)估(gu)。历宋齐梁陈,如此(ci)以为常。以此(ci)人(ren)竞商贩,不(bu)为田业,故使(shi)均输,欲为惩(cheng)励(li)。虽(sui)以此(ci)为辞(ci),其(qi)实利在侵削。又(you)都西有(you)(you)石头津(jin)(jin)(jin),东有(you)(you)方(fang)山(shan)津(jin)(jin)(jin),各置津(jin)(jin)(jin)主一(yi)人(ren),贼曹一(yi)人(ren),直(zhi)水(shui)五人(ren),以检察禁物(wu)及亡叛者。其(qi)荻炭鱼薪之(zhi)类过(guo)津(jin)(jin)(jin)者,并十(shi)分税(shui)一(yi)以入官(guan)。其(qi)东路无(wu)禁货(huo)(huo),故方(fang)山(shan)津(jin)(jin)(jin)检察甚简。淮水(shui)北有(you)(you)大(da)市(shi)(shi)百(bai)(bai)余,小市(shi)(shi)十(shi)余所(suo)。大(da)市(shi)(shi)备置官(guan)司,税(shui)敛既重,时甚苦之(zhi)。
梁初,唯京师(shi)及(ji)三(san)吴、荆、郢(ying)、江、湘、梁、益用(yong)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。其余州郡,则杂以(yi)谷帛交(jiao)易。交(jiao)、广之(zhi)域,全以(yi)金银为(wei)货。武帝乃(nai)铸(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),肉(rou)好周郭,文曰“五(wu)(wu)铢(zhu)”,重如其文。而又别(bie)铸(zhu),除其肉(rou)郭,谓(wei)之(zhi)女钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。二(er)品并行。百(bai)姓或(huo)私以(yi)古钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)交(jiao)易,有直(zhi)百(bai)五(wu)(wu)铢(zhu)、五(wu)(wu)铢(zhu)、女钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、太平(ping)百(bai)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、定平(ping)一百(bai)、五(wu)(wu)铢(zhu)雉(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、五(wu)(wu)铢(zhu)对(dui)文等号。轻重不(bu)一。天子(zi)频下(xia)诏(zhao)书,非新(xin)铸(zhu)二(er)种之(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),并不(bu)许用(yong)。而趣利之(zhi)徒,私用(yong)转(zhuan)甚。至(zhi)普通中(zhong),乃(nai)议尽罢铜钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),更铸(zhu)铁钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。人以(yi)铁贱(jian)易得(de),并皆(jie)私铸(zhu)。及(ji)大同(tong)已后(hou),所在(zai)铁钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),遂(sui)如丘山,物价腾贵(gui)。交(jiao)易者以(yi)车载钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),不(bu)复计数,而唯论贯。商(shang)旅(lv)奸诈,因(yin)之(zhi)以(yi)求利,自破岭(ling)以(yi)东(dong),八十为(wei)百(bai),名曰东(dong)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。江、郢(ying)已上,七十为(wei)百(bai),名曰西钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。京师(shi)以(yi)九十为(wei)百(bai),名曰长钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。中(zhong)大同(tong)元(yuan)年(nian),天子(zi)乃(nai)诏(zhao)通用(yong)足陌。诏(zhao)下(xia)而人不(bu)从,钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陌益少(shao)。至(zhi)于(yu)末年(nian),遂(sui)以(yi)三(san)十五(wu)(wu)为(wei)百(bai)云。
陈初,承(cheng)梁丧乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,铁钱(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)行(xing)。始梁末又有两柱钱(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)鹅(e)眼钱(qian)(qian)(qian),于时(shi)人杂用(yong),其(qi)价同,但两柱重而(er)鹅(e)眼轻(qing)。私(si)家多(duo)熔钱(qian)(qian)(qian),又间以(yi)(yi)锡铁,兼(jian)以(yi)(yi)粟(su)帛为货。至文帝天嘉五年,改(gai)铸五铢(zhu)(zhu)。初出,一(yi)当(dang)鹅(e)眼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十。宣帝太建(jian)十一(yi)年,又铸大货六(liu)(liu)铢(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)(yi)一(yi)当(dang)五铢(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十,与五铢(zhu)(zhu)并行(xing)。后还(hai)当(dang)一(yi),人皆(jie)不(bu)便(bian)。乃相与讹言曰:“六(liu)(liu)铢(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)有不(bu)利(li)县(xian)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”未几而(er)帝崩,遂废(fei)六(liu)(liu)铢(zhu)(zhu)而(er)行(xing)五铢(zhu)(zhu)。竟(jing)至陈亡。其(qi)岭南(nan)诸州,多(duo)以(yi)(yi)盐米布交(jiao)易,俱不(bu)用(yong)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)云。
齐(qi)神武霸政之(zhi)初,承魏犹(you)用(yong)永(yong)安(an)五(wu)铢(zhu)。迁鄴已(yi)后,百姓私铸,体(ti)制渐别,遂各以为名。有(you)雍州青赤,梁州生(sheng)厚、紧钱(qian)(qian)、吉(ji)钱(qian)(qian),河阳生(sheng)涩、天(tian)柱、赤牵(qian)之(zhi)称。冀(ji)州之(zhi)北,钱(qian)(qian)皆不行(xing),交贸者(zhe)皆以绢布。神武帝乃收(shou)境内(nei)之(zhi)铜(tong)及钱(qian)(qian),仍依旧(jiu)文更(geng)铸,流之(zhi)四境。未几之(zhi)间,渐复细(xi)薄(bo),奸伪竞起。文宣受(shou)禅,除永(yong)安(an)之(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),改铸常(chang)平(ping)五(wu)铢(zhu),重如其文。其钱(qian)(qian)甚贵,且制造甚精。至乾明、皇建之(zhi)间,往往私铸。鄴中(zhong)用(yong)钱(qian)(qian),有(you)赤熟、青熟、细(xi)眉、赤生(sheng)之(zhi)异(yi)。河南(nan)所用(yong),有(you)青薄(bo)铅锡之(zhi)别。青、齐(qi)、徐、兗、梁、豫州,辈类各殊。武平(ping)已(yi)后,私铸转甚,或以生(sheng)铁和铜(tong)。至于齐(qi)亡,卒不能禁。
后(hou)周之(zhi)(zhi)初,尚用魏钱(qian)。及(ji)武帝保定(ding)元年(nian)七(qi)月(yue),及(ji)更(geng)(geng)铸(zhu)布(bu)(bu)泉(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian),以一(yi)(yi)当(dang)五,与(yu)(yu)(yu)五铢并(bing)行(xing)(xing)。时(shi)梁、益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)境(jing),又(you)杂用古(gu)钱(qian)交(jiao)易(yi)。河西诸郡,或用西域金银之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian),而(er)官不(bu)禁(jin)(jin)。建德三年(nian)六月(yue),更(geng)(geng)铸(zhu)五行(xing)(xing)大(da)布(bu)(bu)钱(qian),以一(yi)(yi)当(dang)十,大(da)收(shou)商(shang)估之(zhi)(zhi)利,与(yu)(yu)(yu)布(bu)(bu)泉(quan)钱(qian)并(bing)行(xing)(xing)。四(si)年(nian)七(qi)月(yue),又(you)以边(bian)境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),人多(duo)盗铸(zhu),乃禁(jin)(jin)五行(xing)(xing)大(da)布(bu)(bu),不(bu)得出入四(si)关,布(bu)(bu)泉(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian),听入而(er)不(bu)听出。五年(nian)正月(yue),以布(bu)(bu)泉(quan)渐贱而(er)人不(bu)用,遂废之(zhi)(zhi)。初令私铸(zhu)者绞(jiao),从者远配(pei)为户。齐平已后(hou),山东之(zhi)(zhi)人,犹杂用齐氏旧(jiu)钱(qian)。至宣帝大(da)象元年(nian)十一(yi)(yi)月(yue),又(you)铸(zhu)永通(tong)万国钱(qian)。以一(yi)(yi)当(dang)十,与(yu)(yu)(yu)五行(xing)(xing)大(da)布(bu)(bu)及(ji)五铢,凡(fan)三品并(bing)用。
高祖既受周禅,以天下钱货轻重不等,乃更铸新钱。背面肉好,皆有周郭,文曰“五铢”,而重如其文。每钱一千重四斤二两。是时钱既新出,百姓或私有熔铸。三年四月,诏四面诸关,各付百钱为样。从关外来,勘样相似,然后得过。样不同者,即坏以为铜,入官。诏行新钱已后,前代旧钱,有五行大布、永通万国及齐常平,所在用以贸易不止。四年,诏仍依旧不禁者,县令夺半年禄。然百姓习用既久,尚犹不绝。五年正月,诏又严其制。自是钱货始一,所在流布,百姓便之。是时见用之钱,皆须和以锡镴。锡镴既贱,求利者多,私铸之钱,不可禁约。其年,诏乃禁出锡镴之处,并不得私有采取。十年,诏晋王广听于扬州立五炉铸钱。其后奸狡稍渐磨鑢钱郭,取铜私铸,又杂以锡钱。递相放效,钱遂轻薄。乃下恶钱之禁。京师及诸州邸肆之上,皆令立榜,置样为准。不中样者,不入于市。十八年,诏汉王谅听于并州立五炉铸钱。是时江南人间钱少,晋王广又听于鄂州白纻山有铜筼处,锢铜铸钱。于是诏听置十炉铸钱。又诏蜀王秀听于益州立五炉铸钱。是时钱益滥恶,乃令有司,括天下邸肆见钱,非官铸者皆毁之,其铜入官。而京师以恶钱贸易,为吏所执,有死者。数年之间,私铸颇息。大业已后,王纲弛紊,巨奸大猾,遂多私铸,钱转薄恶。初每千犹重二斤,后渐轻至一斤。或翦铁鍱,裁皮糊纸以为钱,相杂用之。货贱物贵,以至于亡。
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