同(tong)(tong)义(yi)词(ci)(ci)是指意思(si)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或相(xiang)近(jin)的(de)(de)词(ci)(ci)。汉语中有(you)大量的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)义(yi)词(ci)(ci),然而,同(tong)(tong)学们对有(you)的(de)(de)词(ci)(ci)却(que)找不出它的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)义(yi)词(ci)(ci),什(shen)么原因呢?主要(yao)是没(mei)有(you)掌(zhang)握找同(tong)(tong)义(yi)词(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法。确定同(tong)(tong)义(yi)词(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)有(you)两种:
(1)从有共(gong)同词素(su)的词语(yu)中去找(zhao)
许多同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)都有一个共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)点,就是它们(men)中间往往有一个相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)词(ci)素(su)。这(zhei)些同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)中共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)词(ci)素(su),决定(ding)了它们(men)的(de)(de)基(ji)本意义(yi)(yi)(yi)是一致的(de)(de);而不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)词(ci)素(su),又(you)体(ti)现(xian)了它们(men)词(ci)义(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)差(cha)异。因此,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)学们(men)在找(zhao)一个词(ci)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)时,可(ke)以抓住这(zhei)个词(ci)中表(biao)示基(ji)本意义(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)词(ci)素(su),并用它来组(zu)词(ci),然后找(zhao)出同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)。
比如(ru)找(zhao)“疲(pi)(pi)劳”的(de)同义词(ci)(ci),可(ke)抓(zhua)住词(ci)(ci)素(su)“疲(pi)(pi)”来组(zu)词(ci)(ci):疲(pi)(pi)倦、疲(pi)(pi)乏、疲(pi)(pi)惫(bei),这(zhei)三(san)个(ge)词(ci)(ci)都(dou)是“疲(pi)(pi)劳”的(de)同义词(ci)(ci)。又如(ru)找(zhao)“艰难(nan)”的(de)同义词(ci)(ci),可(ke)以抓(zhua)住任何一个(ge)词(ci)(ci)素(su)组(zu)词(ci)(ci):艰辛(xin)、困难(nan),这(zhei)两个(ge)词(ci)(ci)都(dou)是“艰难(nan)”的(de)同义词(ci)(ci)。
(2)从词的意(yi)义上(shang)去找(zhao)
即先弄清这个词的意(yi)(yi)思,然后想一想和(he)它意(yi)(yi)思相同或(huo)相近的词。
如(ru)找“轻视(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)同义(yi)词(ci),先(xian)弄(nong)清“轻视(shi)(shi)(shi)”是看不起(qi)的(de)意思。然后(hou)想一想还(hai)有哪些(xie)词(ci)与“看不起(qi)”相(xiang)同或相(xiang)近?“轻蔑”、“蔑视(shi)(shi)(shi)”和“轻视(shi)(shi)(shi)”相(xiang)近,那(nei)么这两个词(ci)就是“轻视(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)同义(yi)词(ci)。
同学们掌握了找同义词的(de)方法(fa),还(hai)要注意积累词语(yu),词语(yu)积累多了,找同义词也就比较容易(yi)了。